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Paolo Bertoldi
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Energy and Buildings
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With energy transition setting the ground for innovation and new ways of conducting business, one-stop shops (OSSs) have recently gained momentum in the renovation market. By transforming a complex set of multiple-actor decisions into a single entry and customer-centric service, OSSs have the potential of establishing a bridge between the fragmented demand and supply sides of the traditional renovation value chain. To assess the viability of the OSSs model as a vehicle of accelerating decarbonisation efforts in the European building stock, this paper collects and analyses 63 case studies of OSSs across Europe. The study offers insights into the dynamics of their business model, key benefits and ways forward, by explicitly exploring OSSs’ role in incentivising homeowners to decide to renovate. Our findings show that OSSs can be instrumental in addressing the multitude of barriers that prevent homeowners to renovate. With around 100,000 OSSs projects per year, their activity is expected to substantially contribute to the European renovation targets to rise, subject to favourable policy framework, availability of affordable financing solutions and experience sharing within and across countries. With some OSSs already supporting vulnerable households to renovate, OSSs might be well-placed in the future to contribute to tackle energy poverty by assisting in accessing financing and engaging property owners to renovate.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Benigna Boza-Kiss; Nives Della Valle; Marina Economidou. The role of one-stop shops in energy renovation - a comparative analysis of OSSs cases in Europe. Energy and Buildings 2021, 250, 111273 .

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Benigna Boza-Kiss, Nives Della Valle, Marina Economidou. The role of one-stop shops in energy renovation - a comparative analysis of OSSs cases in Europe. Energy and Buildings. 2021; 250 ():111273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Benigna Boza-Kiss; Nives Della Valle; Marina Economidou. 2021. "The role of one-stop shops in energy renovation - a comparative analysis of OSSs cases in Europe." Energy and Buildings 250, no. : 111273.

Review
Published: 24 July 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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The reduction of energy demand in buildings through the adoption of energy efficiency policy is a key pillar of the European Union (EU) climate and energy strategy. Energy efficiency first emerged in the EU energy policy agenda in the 1970s and was progressively transformed with shifting global and EU energy and climate policies and priorities. The paper offers a review of EU energy policies spanning over the last half century with a focus on policy instruments to encourage measures on energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. Starting from early policies set by the EU in response to the Oil Embargo in the 1973, the paper discusses the impact of EU policies in stimulating energy efficiency improvements in the building sector ranging from the SAVE Directive to the recently 2018 updated Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive. The review explores the progress made over the last 50 years in addressing energy efficiency in buildings and highlights successes as well as remaining challenges. It discusses the impact of political priorities in reshaping how energy efficiency is addressed by EU policymakers, leading to a holistic approach to buildings, and provides insights and suggestions on how to further exploit the EU potential to save energy from buildings.

ACS Style

M. Economidou; V. Todeschi; P. Bertoldi; D. D'Agostino; P. Zangheri; L. Castellazzi. Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy and Buildings 2020, 225, 110322 .

AMA Style

M. Economidou, V. Todeschi, P. Bertoldi, D. D'Agostino, P. Zangheri, L. Castellazzi. Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 225 ():110322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Economidou; V. Todeschi; P. Bertoldi; D. D'Agostino; P. Zangheri; L. Castellazzi. 2020. "Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings." Energy and Buildings 225, no. : 110322.

Review
Published: 21 June 2020 in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment
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The Paris Agreement goals require net‐zero CO2 emissions by mid‐century. The European Commission in its recent proposal for climate and energy strategy for 2050 indicated the need for more intensified actions to substantially improve the energy performances of buildings. With the rate of new construction in Europe, the challenge is to increase both the pace and depth of building energy renovations. Several barriers inhibit the wide uptake of comprehensive energy renovations, including the inability or inertia to finance upfront costs of energy renovations. Despite various policies implemented to address some of these barriers, current investments in buildings remain at suboptimal levels. The paper reviews current financing practices for energy renovations and investigates some innovative instruments with a special focus on their applicability to residential buildings. In addition to “traditional” financial schemes such as subsidies, tax incentives, and loans, the paper assesses innovative financing schemes: On property tax and on‐bill financing, energy efficiency mortgages, and energy efficiency feed‐in tariffs. The paper also investigates the concept of one‐stop shops for building renovations and crowdfunding. The paper offers an assessment of the characteristics, benefits, and challenges of each analyzed financing instrument and provides policy recommendations for their successful implementation. In general, as financing instruments involve different stakeholders and due to complex nature of the sector, there is no single solution to accelerate energy renovation investment in buildings. The emerging financial models offer the potential to address the long‐standing barriers to investment in energy efficiency. This article is categorized under: Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy Energy Efficiency > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Marina Economidou; Valentina Palermo; Benigna Boza‐Kiss; Valeria Todeschi. How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings: Review of current and emerging financing instruments in the EU. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Marina Economidou, Valentina Palermo, Benigna Boza‐Kiss, Valeria Todeschi. How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings: Review of current and emerging financing instruments in the EU. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. 2020; 10 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Marina Economidou; Valentina Palermo; Benigna Boza‐Kiss; Valeria Todeschi. 2020. "How to finance energy renovation of residential buildings: Review of current and emerging financing instruments in the EU." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 10, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2020 in Energy Policy
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Over the last two decades, the European Union and its Member States have introduced policies aimed at improving energy efficiency. The Energy Service Directives (ESD) introduced the concept of measurement of energy savings attributed to policies. Two different and complementary methodologies for the evaluation of energy savings have been developed under the ESD: the bottom-up (BU) approach, based on a technical analysis of each measure, and the top-down (TD) approach, based on the analysis of how energy intensity changes over time. BU methods can hardly take into account policy-induced behavioural changes, whereas TD methods have difficulties in disentangling policy-induced savings from other savings. Econometric models have been proposed as a viable alternative to deal with both drawbacks. The purpose of this article is to present an econometric model aimed at estimating the energy savings induced by energy efficiency policies in the EU Member States in the period 1990–2013. We introduce an explicit measure of Energy Policy Intensity based on the MURE database, which is used as explanatory variable in a dynamic panel model for 29 European countries. Our results suggest that energy consumption in 2013 in Europe would have been about 12% higher in the absence of energy efficiency policies.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Rocco Mosconi. Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States). Energy Policy 2020, 139, 111320 .

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Rocco Mosconi. Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States). Energy Policy. 2020; 139 ():111320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Rocco Mosconi. 2020. "Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States)." Energy Policy 139, no. : 111320.

Review
Published: 06 October 2019 in Energies
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In order to achieve the goal of the Paris Agreement and reduce energy consumption there is the need for a behavior change in energy end-users. Many studies have demonstrated that by delivering to energy users customized feedback on their energy consumption it can encourage a change in their behavior and support investments in energy efficiency and sustainable energy use. However, the resulting impact on energy consumption can vary largely depending on how, when, and to whom the feedback is delivered. This paper aims to provide an updated overview of the energy savings for the main energy consumptions in residential buildings associated with different types of feedback and against some key determinants, i.e., geographical area, time period, type of medium. This analysis is based on a comprehensive literature review of over 70 studies. Based on the review the paper draws conclusions relevant for policymakers and stakeholders interested in developing feedback strategies and tools for their wide applications. The paper focuses also on the ongoing process implementing the EU Energy Efficiency Directive articles related to billing and metering, which will enable more proactive consumer feedback.

ACS Style

Paolo Zangheri; Tiago Serrenho; Paolo Bertoldi. Energy Savings from Feedback Systems: A Meta-Studies’ Review. Energies 2019, 12, 3788 .

AMA Style

Paolo Zangheri, Tiago Serrenho, Paolo Bertoldi. Energy Savings from Feedback Systems: A Meta-Studies’ Review. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Zangheri; Tiago Serrenho; Paolo Bertoldi. 2019. "Energy Savings from Feedback Systems: A Meta-Studies’ Review." Energies 12, no. 19: 3788.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2019 in Energies
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This article analyses the status and trends of the European Union (EU) residential energy consumption in light of the energy consumption targets set by the EU 2020 and 2030 energy and climate strategies. It assesses the energy efficiency progress from 2000 to 2016, using the official Eurostat data. In 2016, the residential energy consumption amounted to 25.71% of the EU’s final energy consumption, representing the second largest consuming sector after transport. Consumption-related data are discussed together with data on some main energy efficiency policies and energy consumption determinants, such as economic and population growth, weather conditions, and household and building characteristics. Indicators are identified to show the impact of specific determinants on energy consumption and a new indicator is proposed, drawing a closer link between energy trends and policy and technological changes in the sector. The analysis of these determinants highlights the complex dynamics behind the demand of energy in the residential sector. Decomposition analysis is carried out using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index technique to provide a more complete picture of the impact of various determinants (population, wealth, intensity, and weather) on the latest EU-28 residential energy consumption trends. The article provides a better understanding of the EU residential energy consumption, its drivers, the impact of current policies, and recommendations on future policies.

ACS Style

Sofia Tsemekidi Tzeiranaki; Paolo Bertoldi; Francesca Diluiso; Luca Castellazzi; Marina Economidou; Nicola Labanca; Tiago Ribeiro Serrenho; Paolo Zangheri. Analysis of the EU Residential Energy Consumption: Trends and Determinants. Energies 2019, 12, 1065 .

AMA Style

Sofia Tsemekidi Tzeiranaki, Paolo Bertoldi, Francesca Diluiso, Luca Castellazzi, Marina Economidou, Nicola Labanca, Tiago Ribeiro Serrenho, Paolo Zangheri. Analysis of the EU Residential Energy Consumption: Trends and Determinants. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):1065.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sofia Tsemekidi Tzeiranaki; Paolo Bertoldi; Francesca Diluiso; Luca Castellazzi; Marina Economidou; Nicola Labanca; Tiago Ribeiro Serrenho; Paolo Zangheri. 2019. "Analysis of the EU Residential Energy Consumption: Trends and Determinants." Energies 12, no. 6: 1065.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2019 in Energies
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Local authorities and cities are at the forefront of driving the energy transition, which plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of climate change. The greenhouse gas emissions in cities, due to energy consumption, are placed into two categories: direct emissions generated from the combustion of fossil fuels mainly in buildings and transport sectors, and indirect emissions from grid-supplied energy, such as electricity and district heating and/or cooling. While there is extensive literature focused on direct greenhouse gas emissions accounting in cities’ inventories, research has focused to a lesser extent on allocation methods of indirect emissions from grid-supplied energy. The present paper provides an updated definition for the concept of local energy generation within the Covenant of Mayors initiative and proposes a new methodology for indirect emission accounting in cities’ greenhouse gas emission inventories. In addition, a broader policy framework in which local action is taken is discussed based on the European Union energy and climate policies, and over 80 exemplary Covenant of Mayors good practices are identified across the technology areas of local energy generation and four modes of urban climate governance. The contributions of the paper demonstrate that local authorities have the capacity to support and mobilize action for local energy generation investments through the multiple modes of urban climate governance to update and strengthen climate action

ACS Style

Albana Kona; Paolo Bertoldi; Şiir Kılkış. Covenant of Mayors: Local Energy Generation, Methodology, Policies and Good Practice Examples. Energies 2019, 12, 985 .

AMA Style

Albana Kona, Paolo Bertoldi, Şiir Kılkış. Covenant of Mayors: Local Energy Generation, Methodology, Policies and Good Practice Examples. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):985.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albana Kona; Paolo Bertoldi; Şiir Kılkış. 2019. "Covenant of Mayors: Local Energy Generation, Methodology, Policies and Good Practice Examples." Energies 12, no. 6: 985.

Review article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP 21, including the Paris Agreement, has underlined the role of non-state-actors in limiting temperature increase to 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels. Worldwide, there are an increasing number of transnational networks on climate actions driven by non-state actors. The first attempt to understand the global extent of climate actions taken by non-state actors (such as regional and municipal governments and the corporate sector) was made by a UNFCCC platform launched in 2014 called the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Actions (NAZCA). However, different reporting frameworks of core data partners contributing to the NAZCA platform represent challenges for tracking and comparing the outcomes of transnational initiatives and their global impact. In this contribution, we focus on the two initiatives most represented in the NAZCA platform: Covenant of Mayors and Compact of Mayors, which were merged into the Global Covenant of Mayors (GCoM) in 2016. We provide a comparative analysis of the reporting frameworks, constituting the starting point of the GCoM merging process. Consequently, we review recent studies investigating their performance and identity in terms of drivers, barriers and mitigation ambition with reference to the particular case of the cities’ contribution to the 1.5 °C global warming target. In sum, there is a wealthy literature in investigating the role of the transnational initiatives in supporting cities and promoting the standards for emission accounting, while we are currently lacking a systematic knowledge on their global contribution. The new era of transnational network consolidation entails and reinforces the need for a global, comprehensive and transparent reporting framework for cities and local governments enabling to effectively contribute to the Paris Agreement.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Albana Kona; Silvia Rivas; Jean François Dallemand. Towards a global comprehensive and transparent framework for cities and local governments enabling an effective contribution to the Paris climate agreement. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 30, 67 -74.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Albana Kona, Silvia Rivas, Jean François Dallemand. Towards a global comprehensive and transparent framework for cities and local governments enabling an effective contribution to the Paris climate agreement. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 30 ():67-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Albana Kona; Silvia Rivas; Jean François Dallemand. 2018. "Towards a global comprehensive and transparent framework for cities and local governments enabling an effective contribution to the Paris climate agreement." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 30, no. : 67-74.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2017 in Energies
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Climate change is recognised as one of the key challenges humankind is facing. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector including data centres generates up to 2% of the global CO2 emissions, a number on par to the aviation sector contribution, and data centres are estimated to have the fastest growing carbon footprint from across the whole ICT sector, mainly due to technological advances such as the cloud computing and the rapid growth of the use of Internet services. There are no recent estimations of the total energy consumption of the European data centre and of their energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to evaluate, analyse and present the current trends in energy consumption and efficiency in data centres in the European Union using the data submitted by companies participating in the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency programme, a voluntary initiative created in 2008 in response to the increasing energy consumption in data centres and the need to reduce the related environmental, economic and energy supply security impacts. The analysis shows that the average Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of the facilities participating in the programme is declining year after year. This confirms that voluntary approaches could be effective in addressing climate and energy issue.

ACS Style

Maria Avgerinou; Paolo Bertoldi; Luca Castellazzi. Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency. Energies 2017, 10, 1470 .

AMA Style

Maria Avgerinou, Paolo Bertoldi, Luca Castellazzi. Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency. Energies. 2017; 10 (10):1470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Avgerinou; Paolo Bertoldi; Luca Castellazzi. 2017. "Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency." Energies 10, no. 10: 1470.

Chapter
Published: 03 May 2017 in Green Energy and Technology
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The main research and policy indications produced by the authors of the book are summarised in this final chapter. Formulated research and policy indications reflect the positivist and the constructivist approaches adopted by these scholars to study the ongoing transition to renewables. Contributing authors conducting their studies from a positivist perspective mainly stress the need for researchers and policy makers to give priority to a complex system approach when addressing this transition. Rather than just focusing on decarbonisation of countries, some of them highlight, in particular, the relevant effects that can be generated by de-olification of societies and by a close monitoring of the environmental impact of giant corporations. Others discuss the urgency of going beyond purely neoliberal approaches to energy sustainability and of complementing energy efficiency with energy conservation policies. On the other hand, scholars representing the constructivist perspective point to the need for researchers and policy makers to go beyond approaches informed by complexity by avoiding, among others, constantly taking literally the metaphors developed around the energy and information concepts. At the same time, they urge to move the focus of policy and research agendas from an abstract notion of energy to social practices and to develop technical tools enabling the dynamic match between energy end-uses and available renewable energy sources entailed by radical transitions to renewables. In addition, they highlight the importance of achieving a deeper understanding of the concept of smartness and of expanding current approaches to demand response and demand management by focusing on the role played by people’s practices and on how existing disparities on energy generation, transmission and use can be reduced. The chapter finally draws some main conclusions concerning how the above-mentioned complementary approaches have allowed framing the problem of energy sustainability in this publication.

ACS Style

Nicola Labanca; Paolo Bertoldi; Daniele Paci; Isabella Maschio. Key Messages from the Authors of the Book. Green Energy and Technology 2017, 323 -337.

AMA Style

Nicola Labanca, Paolo Bertoldi, Daniele Paci, Isabella Maschio. Key Messages from the Authors of the Book. Green Energy and Technology. 2017; ():323-337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicola Labanca; Paolo Bertoldi; Daniele Paci; Isabella Maschio. 2017. "Key Messages from the Authors of the Book." Green Energy and Technology , no. : 323-337.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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International audienceAlthough a substantial economic energy saving potential exists in the residential sector of the EuropeanUnion, the energy efficiency service (EES) market is much less developed in this market segment than inother demand sectors (e.g. the industry or the public/service sector).This paper presents an analysis of the current situation and existing potentials for future expansion. Aspecific analysis methodology has been developed and applied by a research consortium in 18 EUcountries. This methodology has mostly built upon an extensive review of the existing literature and oninterviews of a large number of acknowledged experts. Its application has allowed identifyingencouraging development trends in specific market segments where the possibility of aggregating theEES demand or of exploiting good relationships with customers have created interesting investmentopportunities. These trends have been observed in particular in Germany, Denmark, France, Flanders(BE), Hungary, Romania and UK. The assessment performed has also allowed discussing a series ofstrategies and policy measures that can be adopted to overcome existing barriers to market development.The general conclusion drawn in the paper is that energy efficiency policies supporting EESmarkets in the residential sector are highly needed. Although EU policies have typically a limited directimpact, they can increase trust into EESs and EES providers. At the national level, a stronger collaborationof governments or local administrations with banks to finance EESs is still very necessary in manyEU countries

ACS Style

Nicola Labanca; Felix Suerkemper; Paolo Bertoldi; Wolfgang Irrek; Bruno Duplessis. Energy efficiency services for residential buildings: market situation and existing potentials in the European Union. Journal of Cleaner Production 2015, 109, 284 -295.

AMA Style

Nicola Labanca, Felix Suerkemper, Paolo Bertoldi, Wolfgang Irrek, Bruno Duplessis. Energy efficiency services for residential buildings: market situation and existing potentials in the European Union. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 109 ():284-295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicola Labanca; Felix Suerkemper; Paolo Bertoldi; Wolfgang Irrek; Bruno Duplessis. 2015. "Energy efficiency services for residential buildings: market situation and existing potentials in the European Union." Journal of Cleaner Production 109, no. : 284-295.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2011 in Energy Policy
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As of 2010, the energy service market in Europe is still far from utilising its full potential. Wide-scale peer-reviewed studies investigating the development and up-to-date status of the European ESCo market are scarce. This article presents a comprehensive insight of the European ESCo industry based on the results from a large-scale survey carried out 2009–2010 in 39 European countries. The observed market development during the period 2007–2010, trends in business practices, and factors influencing the ESCo industry evolution are described. Finally, having considered the remaining barriers and the supporting factors as well as the successful experiences in Europe, policy measures that could further promote ESCo activities are proposed.

ACS Style

Angelica Marino; Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Benigna Boza-Kiss. A snapshot of the European energy service market in 2010 and policy recommendations to foster a further market development. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 6190 -6198.

AMA Style

Angelica Marino, Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, Benigna Boza-Kiss. A snapshot of the European energy service market in 2010 and policy recommendations to foster a further market development. Energy Policy. 2011; 39 (10):6190-6198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelica Marino; Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Benigna Boza-Kiss. 2011. "A snapshot of the European energy service market in 2010 and policy recommendations to foster a further market development." Energy Policy 39, no. 10: 6190-6198.

Original articles
Published: 25 May 2011 in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
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A lot of policy interest and analysis has been focused on energy saving obligations on energy distributors or suppliers (mainly electricity and gas) coupled with trading of certified energy savings via tradable white certificates. While in the European Union the Energy Services Directive (2006/32/EC) also applies to transport fuels and some of the existing energy saving obligations allow certification of savings from transport projects, as of the end of 2009 no EU Member State has energy saving obligations on transport fuel distributors. The article explores the application of energy saving obligations in road transport, discussing the imposition of energy saving obligations on transport fuel suppliers, the definition of eligible technologies and projects, and considering energy saving obligations as a stand-alone tool or integrated with existing electricity and gas obligations. The article intends to open further discussion and research on the topic.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Jillian Anable; Patrick Jochem; Vlasis Oikonomou. Energy Saving Obligations and White Certificates: Ideas and Considerations for the Transport Sector. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2011, 5, 345 -374.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, Jillian Anable, Patrick Jochem, Vlasis Oikonomou. Energy Saving Obligations and White Certificates: Ideas and Considerations for the Transport Sector. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2011; 5 (6):345-374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Jillian Anable; Patrick Jochem; Vlasis Oikonomou. 2011. "Energy Saving Obligations and White Certificates: Ideas and Considerations for the Transport Sector." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 5, no. 6: 345-374.

Original articles
Published: 08 October 2010 in International Journal of Green Energy
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Over the period 2004–2007, the final energy consumption in the European Union 27 Member States (EU-27) decreased, while electricity end-use consumption in the EU-27 continued to grow, but at a lower rate than the economic growth. The final electricity consumption in the EU-27 Member States has continued to grow in the past few years, despite numerous energy efficiency policies and programs at EU and national level. However, for the very first time, in 2007 the EU-27 electricity residential consumption decreased by 7.5% as compared with 2006 and this seems to indicate that residential energy efficiency policies and measures start to be effective. Nevertheless, it is too early to draw final conclusions due to the impact of warm winters that influence heating energy consumption. This paper summarizes the result of an in-depth survey on the electricity consumption in the EU-27 residential buildings, the main findings of the first preparatory studies for implementing the Eco-design Directive as well as other related analysis and studies. One of the aims of this paper is to show the present status of electricity consumption for the main appliances and equipments, the energy efficiency progress, and estimates of the electricity-saving potential in the EU-27 residential sector.

ACS Style

Bogdan Atanasiu; Paolo Bertoldi. Latest Assessment of Residential Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the European Union. International Journal of Green Energy 2010, 7, 552 -575.

AMA Style

Bogdan Atanasiu, Paolo Bertoldi. Latest Assessment of Residential Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the European Union. International Journal of Green Energy. 2010; 7 (5):552-575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bogdan Atanasiu; Paolo Bertoldi. 2010. "Latest Assessment of Residential Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the European Union." International Journal of Green Energy 7, no. 5: 552-575.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2010 in Energy Policy
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A number of Member States of the European Union (EU) have introduced market-based policy portfolios based on quantified energy savings obligations on energy distributors or suppliers, possibly coupled with certification of project-based energy savings (via white certificates), and the option to trade the certificates or obligations. The paper provides an up-to-date review and analysis of results to date of white certificate schemes in the EU. In the EU supplier obligations and white certificate schemes have delivered larger savings than originally expected with obliged companies exceeding targets and, in some cases, at cost below what policy makers have anticipated. Supplier obligations foster the uptake of standardised energy efficiency actions often targeting smaller energy users (residential sector), lowering the transaction costs and contributing to market transformation. The role of certificate trading is more ambiguous. Trading can bring benefits where the target is set sufficiently high with respect to the energy-saving potential in the sectors covered. Theoretically trading may be better suited for broader systems with comprehensive coverage, but even in smaller schemes trading may reduce the transaction costs of compliance for obliged actors without sufficient expertise on end-use energy efficiency. Yet, trading increases the administrative cost ratio of energy-saving obligations.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Eoin Lees; Paul Baudry; Alexandre Jeandel; Nicola Labanca. Energy supplier obligations and white certificate schemes: Comparative analysis of experiences in the European Union. Energy Policy 2010, 38, 1455 -1469.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, Eoin Lees, Paul Baudry, Alexandre Jeandel, Nicola Labanca. Energy supplier obligations and white certificate schemes: Comparative analysis of experiences in the European Union. Energy Policy. 2010; 38 (3):1455-1469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy; Eoin Lees; Paul Baudry; Alexandre Jeandel; Nicola Labanca. 2010. "Energy supplier obligations and white certificate schemes: Comparative analysis of experiences in the European Union." Energy Policy 38, no. 3: 1455-1469.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2008 in Energy Efficiency
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A number of European countries have introduced market-based instruments to encourage investment in energy efficiency improvement and achieve national energy savings targets. Some of these schemes are based on quantified energy savings obligations imposed on energy distributors or suppliers, coupled with a certification of the energy savings (via white certificates), and a possibility to trade certificates. The paper describes the concept and the main elements of a tradable white certificate scheme, where appropriate giving examples from existing schemes in Europe. It discusses design and operational features that are key to achieve the overall savings targets, such as delineation of the scheme in terms of obliged parties, eligible projects and technologies, institutional structure, and processes to support the scheme, such as measurement and verification. Finally, the paper looks at a number of open issues, most importantly the possibility of creating a voluntary market for white certificates via integration into the carbon market.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy. Tradable white certificate schemes: fundamental concepts. Energy Efficiency 2008, 1, 237 -255.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy. Tradable white certificate schemes: fundamental concepts. Energy Efficiency. 2008; 1 (4):237-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy. 2008. "Tradable white certificate schemes: fundamental concepts." Energy Efficiency 1, no. 4: 237-255.

Original articles
Published: 15 February 2008 in International Journal of Green Energy
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Lighting represents a considerable share of the electricity consumption in the residential sector of the enlarged European Union (EU-27). Although most citizens are well aware that lighting is an important part of their electricity consumption, they are still either unaware of the benefits of installing efficient lighting technologies or are reluctant to change their habits. The European Commission has promoted the reduction of lighting consumption through a number of polices and programmes, which together with successful national and utility driven programmes have contributed to a substantial market transformation in some Member States. However, there is still a large cost-effective saving potential of at least 12.8 TWh per year in the EU-27. With more aggressive policies the saving potential could reach 24.1 TWh. These savings can be achieved in a rather short time (e.g. by 2010), due to the fast turnover of lamps. This paper provides updated information on the lighting consumption in the residential sector, the penetration of efficient technologies and estimates of the saving potential if new polices and programmes for the reduction of residential lighting consumption are introduced. In particular the role of promotional campaigns, efficiency standards, building codes, and white certificates are discussed. Last but not least, the paper calls for the collection of more accurate end-use data to assess in a more accurate manner the saving potential in residential lighting.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Bogdan Atanasiu. Characterization of Residential Lighting Consumption in the Enlarged European Union and Policies to Save Energy. International Journal of Green Energy 2008, 5, 15 -34.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Bogdan Atanasiu. Characterization of Residential Lighting Consumption in the Enlarged European Union and Policies to Save Energy. International Journal of Green Energy. 2008; 5 (1):15-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Bogdan Atanasiu. 2008. "Characterization of Residential Lighting Consumption in the Enlarged European Union and Policies to Save Energy." International Journal of Green Energy 5, no. 1: 15-34.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2008 in Energy Efficiency
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There is no doubt that in 2007, energy and climate change were two of the most frequently covered topics in news and policy debates around the world. For example, oil prices have now reached almost US$100 per barrel (a level that was unthinkable only 3 years ago when large popular protest arose when the oil price reached US$50) due to increasing demand and the difficulties of oil producers in meeting that demand.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi. Editorial. Energy Efficiency 2008, 1, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi. Editorial. Energy Efficiency. 2008; 1 (1):1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi. 2008. "Editorial." Energy Efficiency 1, no. 1: 1-3.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2007 in Energy & Environment
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During the 1990s there was great attention and debate in the European Union (EU) and in OECD countries outside the EU on the use of voluntary agreements to attain environmental and sustainable energy policy goals. At the time there was a lot of theoretical analysis and discussions on this policy instrument and in particular on its effectiveness and cost efficiency. Before the debate was over, a number of important voluntary agreements to improve energy efficiency or reduce CO2 emissions were implemented in Europe both at national and European levels. These voluntary agreements cover end-use equipment and appliances (e.g. cars, electric motors, residential appliances, etc.), industrial processes, and industrial energy management policies and practices. The paper classifies and analyses the different types of voluntary agreements aiming at improving energy efficiency in Europe, and reviews voluntary agreements and other initiatives of similar nature (voluntary programmes, unilateral commitments, self-regulation) in industrial sectors in a number of Member States of the European Union. The paper also examines some successful European initiatives of voluntary nature, including unilateral agreements for improved energy efficiency of end-use equipment, such as the European agreement on energy consumption of washing machines, and the European agreement on power consumption in standby mode of televisions and video cassette recorders (VCRs). The paper concludes that, if set up under the right institutional framework (as presented and discussed in the paper), voluntary agreements can deliver energy savings in a flexible and cost effective manner and could represent an important instrument for improving energy efficiency and climate change mitigation, in addition and co-ordination with other important policy instruments.

ACS Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy. Voluntary Agreements for Energy Efficiency: Review and Results of European Experiences. Energy & Environment 2007, 18, 37 -73.

AMA Style

Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy. Voluntary Agreements for Energy Efficiency: Review and Results of European Experiences. Energy & Environment. 2007; 18 (1):37-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bertoldi; Silvia Rezessy. 2007. "Voluntary Agreements for Energy Efficiency: Review and Results of European Experiences." Energy & Environment 18, no. 1: 37-73.