Divorce among Muslim female civil servants in Indonesia carries complex social, emotional, and legal implications. This study examines the underlying causes of divorce and analyzes its impact on women from the perspective of Islamic family law and gender justice. Employing a qualitative socio-legal approach, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with religious court judges and divorced female civil servants, alongside document analysis and field observations in four jurisdictions with high divorce rates. The findings indicate that marital breakdown is primarily driven by the absence of financial support, unequal gender roles, and dysfunctional communication within the household. Although patriarchal cultural norms were found to weaken women’s roles in household decision-making, they were not the sole determining factor. The study highlights the importance of reinterpreting Islamic legal concepts such as fasakh (annulment of marriage) and nafaqah (alimony) in light of contemporary social realities to ensure fair treatment of women. This research contributes to the academic discourse on Islamic family law by offering a contextual, experience-based understanding of divorce, particularly among working Muslim women, and advocates for a transformative legal framework that integrates gender-sensitive interpretations into both Islamic jurisprudence and state law to address divorce dynamics among Muslim female civil servants

The Trust Doctrine governs the fiduciary relationship between the state and indigenous peoples, in which the state acts as a trustee for the benefit of its indigenous peoples. However, many states have failed to fulfil their duty and have acted oppressively towards the indigenous peoples. This study critically examines the background and origins of the Trust Doctrine from the United States, its practical application in the state-indigenous relationship, and the efforts made towards a positive translation of the doctrine. In addition, the study explores the impact of a positive implementation of the Trust Doctrine in Malaysia and on the international stage, particularly in the context of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). By analysing the Trust Doctrine's origins, application, and impact, this study highlights the challenges and opportunities for the rights of indigenous peoples (Orang Asli) in Malaysia and beyond. The study emphasises the significance of transforming the Trust Doctrine into a meaningful tool for promoting and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples, while also recognising its potential for environmental protection. Ultimately, this study contributes to the ongoing global discussion on the rights of indigenous peoples and the need for more effective state-indigenous relations. The research methodology employed in this study involves a doctrinal legal research approach and utilises the content analysis method to gather perspectives from the international context and apply them to the Malaysian context.