The merger of wireless sensor technologies, pervasive computing, and biomedical engineering has resulted in the emergence of wireless body sensor network (WBSN). WBSNs assist human beings in various monitoring applications such as health-care, entertainment, rehabilitation systems, and sports. Life-critical health-care applications of WBSNs consider both reliability and delay as major Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. In addition to the common limitations and challenges of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), WBSNs pose distinct constraints due to the behavior and chemistry of the human body. The biomedical sensor nodes (BMSNs) adopt multihop communication while reporting the heterogeneous natured physiological parameters to the nearby base station also called local coordinator. Routing in WBSNs becomes a challenging job due to the necessary QoS considerations, overheated in-body BMSNs, and high and dynamic path loss. To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing routing protocols integrate the aforementioned issues in their designs. In this research work, a multiconstraint-aware routing mechanism (modular-based) is proposed which considers the QoS parameters, dynamic and high path loss, and the overheated nodes issue. Two types of network frameworks, with and without relay/forwarder nodes, are being used. The data packets containing physiological parameters of the human body are categorized into delay-constrained, reliability-constrained, critical (both delay- and reliability-constrained), and nonconstrained data packets. NS-2 is being used to carry out the simulations of the proposed mechanism. The simulation results reveal that the proposed mechanism has improved the QoS-aware routing for WBSNs by adopting the proposed multiconstraint-aware strategy.

In this study, many plasma parameters including excitation temperature \(({{T}_{{{\text{exc}}}}})\), electron temperature \(({{T}_{e}})\), skin depth \(({{\delta }_{p}})\), plasma potential \(({{V}_{p}})\), and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) are inspected in the two modes of magnetic pole enhanced-inductively coupled (MaPE-ICP) neon–argon mixture plasma by employing Langmuir probe (LP) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) diagnostics. The major purpose of this effort is to explore the validity of spectroscopic temperatures, including excitation temperature \((kT_{{{\text{exc}}}}^{{{\text{OES}}}})\) and electron temperature (\(kT_{e}^{{{\text{OES}}}}\)) as a substitute diagnostic tool to the measured electron temperature \((T_{e}^{{{\text{LP}}}})\) by Langmuir probe. The spectroscopic and LP temperatures are measured in various input powers and argon contents in the discharge. It is observed that LP and spectroscopic temperatures both display falling dependence with input power and argon content, but the spectroscopic temperature is consistently lesser than the probe temperature.This study can be very useful in reactive plasma processing, where the LP has many limitations.

IEEE 802.15.4, Low data Rate low power Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) standard uses fixed duty cycle of the superframe operation. Fixed duty cycle operation of the stated standard suffers from several network issues like Personal Area Network (PAN) tedious initialization interval, nodes association duration, number of associated nodes, average network delay, throughput and nodes energy etc. Low duty cycle control operation with lower energy consumption of the network is one of the attractive feature of IEEE 802.15.4. Two superframe parameters Beacon Order (BO) and Superframe Order (SO) decide the beacon interval and duty cycle of the standard and has a strong impact on the performance of other network parameters. In this paper we analyze the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC with brief simulations by varying the two superframe parameters BO and SO to accomplish the finest performance of the WBAN network.