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Stefano Manzoni
Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

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Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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Soil moisture is one of the most important factors controlling the activity and diversity of soil microorganisms. Soils exposed to pronounced cycles of drying and rewetting (D/RW) exhibit disconnected patterns in microbial growth and respiration at RW. These patterns differ depending on the preceding soil moisture history, leading to contrasting amounts of carbon retained in the soil as biomass versus that respired as CO2. The mechanisms underlying these microbially-induced dynamics are still unclear. In this work, we used the process-based soil microbial model EcoSMMARTS to offer candidate explanations for: i) how soil moisture can shape the structure of microbial communities, ii) how soil moisture history affects the responses during D/RW, iii) what microbial mechanisms control the shape, intensity and duration of these responses, and iv) what carbon sources sustain the increased biogeochemical rates after RW. We first evaluated the response to D/RW in bacterial communities previously exposed to two different stress histories (‘moderate’ vs ‘severe’ soil moisture regimes). We found that both the history of soil moisture and the harshness of the dry period preceding the rewetting shaped the structure and physiology of microbial communities. The characteristics of these communities determined the harshness experienced and the nature of the responses to RW obtained. Modelled communities exposed to extended severe conditions showed a resilient response to D/RW, whereas those exposed to moderate environments exhibited a more sensitive response. We then interchanged the soil moisture regimes and found that the progressive adaptation of microbial physiology and structure to new environmental conditions resulted in a switch in the response patterns. These microbial changes also determined the contribution of biomass synthesis, osmoregulation, mineralization by cell residues, and disruption of soil aggregates to CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Albert C. Brangarí; Stefano Manzoni; Johannes Rousk. The mechanisms underpinning microbial resilience to drying and rewetting – A model analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2021, 108400 .

AMA Style

Albert C. Brangarí, Stefano Manzoni, Johannes Rousk. The mechanisms underpinning microbial resilience to drying and rewetting – A model analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2021; ():108400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert C. Brangarí; Stefano Manzoni; Johannes Rousk. 2021. "The mechanisms underpinning microbial resilience to drying and rewetting – A model analysis." Soil Biology and Biochemistry , no. : 108400.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2021 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Rapid intensification of Vietnamese rice production has had a positive effect on the nation's food production and economy. However, the sustainability of intensive rice production is increasingly being questioned within Vietnam, particularly in major agricultural provinces such as An Giang. The construction of high dykes within this province, which allow for complete regulation of water onto rice fields, has enabled farmers to grow up to three rice crops per year. However, the profitability of producing three crops is rapidly decreasing as farmers increase their use of chemical fertilizer inputs and pesticides. Increased fertilizer inputs are partly used to replace natural flood-borne, nutrient-rich sediment inputs that have been inhibited by the dykes, but farmers believe that despite this, soil health within the dyke system is degrading. However, the effects of the dykes on soil properties have not been tested. Therefore, a sampling campaign was conducted to assess differences in soil properties caused by the construction of dykes. The results show that, under present fertilization practices, although dykes may inhibit flood-borne sediments, this does not lead to a systematic reduction in nutrients that typically limit rice growth within areas producing three crops per year. Concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and both total and available potassium, and pH were higher in the surface layer of soils of three crop areas when compared to two crop areas. This suggests that yield declines may be caused by other factors related to the construction of dykes and the use of chemical inputs, and that care should be taken when attempting to maintain crop yields. Attempting to compensate for yield declines by increasing fertilizer inputs may ultimately have negative effects on yields.

ACS Style

John Livsey; Chau Thi Da; Anna Scaini; Thai Huynh Phuong Lan; Tran Xuan Long; Håkan Berg; Stefano Manzoni. Floods, soil and food – Interactions between water management and rice production within An Giang province, Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2021, 320, 107589 .

AMA Style

John Livsey, Chau Thi Da, Anna Scaini, Thai Huynh Phuong Lan, Tran Xuan Long, Håkan Berg, Stefano Manzoni. Floods, soil and food – Interactions between water management and rice production within An Giang province, Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2021; 320 ():107589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Livsey; Chau Thi Da; Anna Scaini; Thai Huynh Phuong Lan; Tran Xuan Long; Håkan Berg; Stefano Manzoni. 2021. "Floods, soil and food – Interactions between water management and rice production within An Giang province, Vietnam." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 320, no. : 107589.

Commissioned material tansley review
Published: 15 June 2021 in New Phytologist
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Global vegetation and land-surface models embody interdisciplinary scientific understanding of the behaviour of plants and ecosystems, and are indispensable to project the impacts of environmental change on vegetation and the interactions between vegetation and climate. However, systematic errors and persistently large differences among carbon and water cycle projections by different models highlight the limitations of current process formulations. In this review, focusing on core plant functions in the terrestrial carbon and water cycles, we show how unifying hypotheses derived from eco-evolutionary optimality (EEO) principles can provide novel, parameter-sparse representations of plant and vegetation processes. We present case studies that demonstrate how EEO generate parsimonious representations of core, leaf-level processes that are individually testable and supported by evidence. EEO approaches to photosynthesis and primary production, dark respiration, and stomatal behaviour are ripe for implementation in global models. EEO approaches to other important traits, including the leaf economics spectrum and applications of EEO at the community level are active research areas. Independently tested modules emerging from EEO studies could profitably be integrated into modelling frameworks that account for the multiple time scales on which plants and plant communities adjust to environmental change.

ACS Style

Sandy P. Harrison; Wolfgang Cramer; Oskar Franklin; Iain Colin Prentice; Han Wang; Åke Brännström; Hugo de Boer; Ulf Dieckmann; Jaideep Joshi; Trevor F. Keenan; Aliénor Lavergne; Stefano Manzoni; Giulia Mengoli; Catherine Morfopoulos; Josep Peñuelas; Stephan Pietsch; Karin T. Rebel; Youngryel Ryu; Nicholas G. Smith; Benjamin D. Stocker; Ian J. Wright. Eco‐evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land‐surface models. New Phytologist 2021, 231, 2125 -2141.

AMA Style

Sandy P. Harrison, Wolfgang Cramer, Oskar Franklin, Iain Colin Prentice, Han Wang, Åke Brännström, Hugo de Boer, Ulf Dieckmann, Jaideep Joshi, Trevor F. Keenan, Aliénor Lavergne, Stefano Manzoni, Giulia Mengoli, Catherine Morfopoulos, Josep Peñuelas, Stephan Pietsch, Karin T. Rebel, Youngryel Ryu, Nicholas G. Smith, Benjamin D. Stocker, Ian J. Wright. Eco‐evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land‐surface models. New Phytologist. 2021; 231 (6):2125-2141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandy P. Harrison; Wolfgang Cramer; Oskar Franklin; Iain Colin Prentice; Han Wang; Åke Brännström; Hugo de Boer; Ulf Dieckmann; Jaideep Joshi; Trevor F. Keenan; Aliénor Lavergne; Stefano Manzoni; Giulia Mengoli; Catherine Morfopoulos; Josep Peñuelas; Stephan Pietsch; Karin T. Rebel; Youngryel Ryu; Nicholas G. Smith; Benjamin D. Stocker; Ian J. Wright. 2021. "Eco‐evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land‐surface models." New Phytologist 231, no. 6: 2125-2141.

Original research article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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Microbial decomposers face large stoichiometric imbalances when feeding on nutrient-poor plant residues. To meet the challenges of nutrient limitation, microorganisms might: (i) allocate less carbon (C) to growth vs. respiration or excretion (i.e., flexible C-use efficiency, CUE), (ii) produce extracellular enzymes to target compounds that supply the most limiting element, (iii) modify their cellular composition according to the external nutrient availability, and (iv) preferentially retain nutrients at senescence. These four resource use modes can have different consequences on the litter C and nitrogen (N) dynamics–modes that selectively remove C from the system can reduce C storage in soil, whereas modes that delay C mineralization and increase internal N recycling could promote storage of C and N. Since we do not know which modes are dominant in litter decomposers, we cannot predict the fate of C and N released from plant residues, in particular under conditions of microbial nutrient limitation. To address this question, we developed a process-based model of litter decomposition in which these four resource use modes were implemented. We then parameterized the model using ∼80 litter decomposition datasets spanning a broad range of litter qualities. The calibrated model variants were able to capture most of the variability in litter C, N, and lignin fractions during decomposition regardless of which modes were included. This suggests that different modes can lead to similar litter decomposition trajectories (thanks to the multiple alternative resource acquisition pathways), and that identification of dominant modes is not possible using “standard” litter decomposition data (an equifinality problem). Our results thus point to the need of exploring microbial adaptations to nutrient limitation with empirical estimates of microbial traits and to develop models flexible enough to consider a range of hypothesized microbial responses.

ACS Style

Stefano Manzoni; Arjun Chakrawal; Marie Spohn; Björn D. Lindahl. Modeling Microbial Adaptations to Nutrient Limitation During Litter Decomposition. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2021, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Stefano Manzoni, Arjun Chakrawal, Marie Spohn, Björn D. Lindahl. Modeling Microbial Adaptations to Nutrient Limitation During Litter Decomposition. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 2021; 4 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Manzoni; Arjun Chakrawal; Marie Spohn; Björn D. Lindahl. 2021. "Modeling Microbial Adaptations to Nutrient Limitation During Litter Decomposition." Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 4, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Miniature hyperspectral and thermal cameras onboard lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) bring new opportunities for monitoring land surface variables at unprecedented fine spatial resolution with acceptable accuracy. This research applies hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify upland rice productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) after biochar application in Costa Rica. The field flights were conducted over two experimental groups with bamboo biochar (BC1) and sugarcane biochar (BC2) amendments and one control (C) group without biochar application. Rice canopy biophysical variables were estimated by inverting a canopy radiative transfer model on hyperspectral reflectance. Variations in gross primary productivity (GPP) and WUE across treatments were estimated using light-use efficiency and WUE models respectively from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and evapotranspiration rate. We found that GPP was increased by 41.9 ± 3.4% in BC1 and 17.5 ± 3.4% in BC2 versus C, which may be explained by higher soil moisture after biochar application, and consequently significantly higher WUEs by 40.8 ± 3.5% in BC1 and 13.4 ± 3.5% in BC2 compared to C. This study demonstrated the use of hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify biochar effects on dry cropland by integrating ground measurements and physical models.

ACS Style

Hongxiao Jin; Christian Köppl; Benjamin Fischer; Johanna Rojas-Conejo; Mark Johnson; Laura Morillas; Steve Lyon; Ana Durán-Quesada; Andrea Suárez-Serrano; Stefano Manzoni; Monica Garcia. Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency after Biochar Application. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1866 .

AMA Style

Hongxiao Jin, Christian Köppl, Benjamin Fischer, Johanna Rojas-Conejo, Mark Johnson, Laura Morillas, Steve Lyon, Ana Durán-Quesada, Andrea Suárez-Serrano, Stefano Manzoni, Monica Garcia. Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency after Biochar Application. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (10):1866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongxiao Jin; Christian Köppl; Benjamin Fischer; Johanna Rojas-Conejo; Mark Johnson; Laura Morillas; Steve Lyon; Ana Durán-Quesada; Andrea Suárez-Serrano; Stefano Manzoni; Monica Garcia. 2021. "Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency after Biochar Application." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10: 1866.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
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The climate‐vegetation coupling exerts a strong control on terrestrial carbon budgets, and will affect the future evolution of global climate under continued anthropogenic forcing. Nonetheless, the effects of climatic conditions on such coupling at specific times in the growing season remain poorly understood. We quantify the climate‐vegetation coupling in Europe over 1982–2014 at multiple spatial and temporal scales, by decomposing sub‐seasonal anomalies of vegetation greenness using a grid‐wise definition of growing season. We base our analysis on long‐term vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and two‐band Enhanced Vegetation Index), growing conditions (including 2m temperature, downwards surface solar radiation and root‐zone soil moisture), and multiple teleconnection indices that reflect the large‐scale climatic conditions over Europe. We find that the large‐scale climate‐vegetation coupling during the first two months of the growing season largely determines the full‐year coupling. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Scandinavian Pattern (SCA) phases one‐to‐two months before the start of growing season are the dominant and contrasting drivers of the early growing season climate‐vegetation coupling over large parts of boreal and temperate Europe. The East Atlantic Pattern (EA) several months in advance of the growing season exerts a strong control on the temperate belt and the Mediterranean region. The strong role of early growing season anomalies in vegetative activity within the growing season emphasizes the importance of a grid‐wise definition of the growing season, when studying the large‐scale climate‐vegetation coupling in Europe.

ACS Style

MinChao Wu; Giulia Vico; Stefano Manzoni; Zhanzhang Cai; Maoya Bassiouni; Feng Tian; Jie Zhang; Kunhui Ye; Gabriele Messori. Early Growing Season Anomalies in Vegetation Activity Determine the Large‐Scale Climate‐Vegetation Coupling in Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 2021, 126, 1 .

AMA Style

MinChao Wu, Giulia Vico, Stefano Manzoni, Zhanzhang Cai, Maoya Bassiouni, Feng Tian, Jie Zhang, Kunhui Ye, Gabriele Messori. Early Growing Season Anomalies in Vegetation Activity Determine the Large‐Scale Climate‐Vegetation Coupling in Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2021; 126 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

MinChao Wu; Giulia Vico; Stefano Manzoni; Zhanzhang Cai; Maoya Bassiouni; Feng Tian; Jie Zhang; Kunhui Ye; Gabriele Messori. 2021. "Early Growing Season Anomalies in Vegetation Activity Determine the Large‐Scale Climate‐Vegetation Coupling in Europe." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 126, no. 5: 1.

Preprint
Published: 09 April 2021
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Low-cost miniature hyperspectral and thermal cameras onboard lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) bring new opportunities for monitoring land surface variables at unprecedented fine spatial resolution with acceptable accuracy. This research applies hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify upland rice growth and water use efficiency (WUE) after biochar application in a Costa Rican dry region. The field flights were conducted over two experimental groups with bamboo biochar and sugarcane biochar amendments and one control group without biochar application. Rice canopy biophysical variables were estimated by inversion of a canopy radiative transfer model on hyperspectral reflectance. Variations in gross primary production (GPP) and WUE across treatments were estimated from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and evapotranspiration. We found that GPP was increased by 41.9±3.4 % when using bamboo biochar and 17.5±3.4 % when using sugarcane biochar, which was probably due to higher soil moisture in the biochar-amended plots and led to significantly higher WUE by 40.8±3.5 % in bamboo biochar and 13.4±3.5 % in sugarcane biochar. This study demonstrated the use of hyperspectral and thermal imagery from drone to provide indicators for quantifying biochar effects on tropical dry cropland by integrating with ground point samples and physical models.

ACS Style

Hongxiao Jin; Christian Josef Köppl; Benjamin M. C. Fischer; Johanna Rojas-Conejo; Mark S. Johnson; Laura Morillas; Steve W. Lyon; Ana M. Durán-Quesada; Andrea Suárez-Serrano; Stefano Manzoni; Monica Garcia. Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Growth and Water Use Efficiency After Biochar Application. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Hongxiao Jin, Christian Josef Köppl, Benjamin M. C. Fischer, Johanna Rojas-Conejo, Mark S. Johnson, Laura Morillas, Steve W. Lyon, Ana M. Durán-Quesada, Andrea Suárez-Serrano, Stefano Manzoni, Monica Garcia. Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Growth and Water Use Efficiency After Biochar Application. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongxiao Jin; Christian Josef Köppl; Benjamin M. C. Fischer; Johanna Rojas-Conejo; Mark S. Johnson; Laura Morillas; Steve W. Lyon; Ana M. Durán-Quesada; Andrea Suárez-Serrano; Stefano Manzoni; Monica Garcia. 2021. "Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Growth and Water Use Efficiency After Biochar Application." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2021 in Ecological Modelling
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Plants have evolved different strategies to withstand drought. In general, these strategies can be defined along a plant economics spectrum, which classifies plants depending on whether their growth rate is fast or slow, where fast growth is associated with high mortality, high water use, and high sensitivity to drought. Which strategy along this economy spectrum will be selected under different precipitation regimes is an open question. We address this question with a minimal soil–plant model in which a single plant economy trait related to growth rate characterizes the plant strategy. This generic and dimensionless trait influences both recruitment and mortality, but not background mortality. We explore the evolution of this trait by quantifying its effects on birth, mortality, and transpiration rates. Furthermore, we explore the influence of direct plant density dependence acting on recruitment and mortality, in addition to the indirect density dependence caused by plant feedback on soil water content. We show that: (1) Increasingly fast-growing plants always evolve under increasing background mortality. (2) When soil water only depends on plant density and is independent of precipitation and abiotic water losses, the strategy minimizing soil water content is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS); i.e., the evolutionary outcome is a tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968). (3) When precipitation, abiotic water losses and trait dependent transpiration determine soil water content, the ESS lies between the strategy maximizing plant density and that minimizing soil water content; i.e., no tragedy of the commons occurs. (4) With a deterministic precipitation model and density dependence acting directly only on recruitment, higher precipitation promotes the evolution of faster plants. The opposite result is found when density dependence is acting directly only on mortality. (5) Similar trends in the economy trait are observed when forcing the model with stochastic precipitation events.

ACS Style

Magnus Lindh; Stefano Manzoni. Plant evolution along the ‘fast–slow’ growth economics spectrum under altered precipitation regimes. Ecological Modelling 2021, 448, 109531 .

AMA Style

Magnus Lindh, Stefano Manzoni. Plant evolution along the ‘fast–slow’ growth economics spectrum under altered precipitation regimes. Ecological Modelling. 2021; 448 ():109531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magnus Lindh; Stefano Manzoni. 2021. "Plant evolution along the ‘fast–slow’ growth economics spectrum under altered precipitation regimes." Ecological Modelling 448, no. : 109531.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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The rate at which forests take up atmospheric CO2 is critical with regard to their potential to mitigate climate change as well as their value for wood production. The allocation of carbon fixed through photosynthesis into biomass is crucially dependent on tree carbon use efficiency (CUE), which is determined by gross primary production (GPP) and plant respiration (Ra) via the relation CUE=(GPP-Ra)/GPP. The effect of future climate on CUE is unclear due to the unknown response of plant respiration to more severe increases in temperature. This motivates assessing spatial patterns in CUE across climatic gradients with marked temperature variations.  

Within the ”Improving tree carbon use efficiency for climate-adapted more productive forests” (iCUE-Forest) project, we aim to develop novel data-driven estimates of plant respiration, net primary production (NPP=GPP-Ra) and tree CUE covering the northern hemisphere boreal and temperate forests. These will be based on recent satellite-driven maps of tree living biomass, databases of N concentration measurements in tree compartments (leaves, stem/branches, roots) and the relationships between respiration rates and tissue N concentrations and temperature. Such estimates will enable the detection of spatial relationships between CUE and environmental conditions and facilitate the parameterization of dynamic global vegetation models which allow predicting the change in CUE in response to future climate and forest management.

Here we will present an extensive database of N concentration measurements in tree stems/branches and roots that we have compiled in addition to data available mainly for leaves from databases like TRY. More than 5000 measurements have been collected from the literature covering all common boreal and temperate tree species. Currently, we are exploring how the variation in tissue N concentrations is influenced by climate and tree species. Subsequently, we apply the derived tree-level relationships between tissue N concentrations and underlying drivers in combination with tree species distribution maps and estimates of tree compartment biomass based on satellite remote sensing products. In this way, we will derive novel estimates of the spatial distribution of N content in northern boreal and temperate forests that will in turn be used to assess CUE variations.

ACS Style

Martin Thurner; Christian Beer; Stefano Manzoni; Anatoly Prokushkin; Zhiqiang Wang; Kailiang Yu; Thomas Hickler. Improving tree carbon use efficiency for climate-adapted more productive forests (iCUE-Forest). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Martin Thurner, Christian Beer, Stefano Manzoni, Anatoly Prokushkin, Zhiqiang Wang, Kailiang Yu, Thomas Hickler. Improving tree carbon use efficiency for climate-adapted more productive forests (iCUE-Forest). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Thurner; Christian Beer; Stefano Manzoni; Anatoly Prokushkin; Zhiqiang Wang; Kailiang Yu; Thomas Hickler. 2021. "Improving tree carbon use efficiency for climate-adapted more productive forests (iCUE-Forest)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Soil moisture is one of the most important variables controlling the activity and diversity of resident microorganisms and play a mediating role in biogeochemical cycling and soil functioning. Yet, natural ecosystems are not exposed to constant moisture conditions but to successive drying and rewetting (D/RW) cycles where periods of drought are interspersed with sudden rainfall events. Soil scientists have known for more than 60 years about the existence of the Birch effect, that is, that the rewetting of a dry soil causes a profound remobilization of resources and a large emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, recent empirical evidence at high temporal resolution has demonstrated that respiration and microbial growth follow strongly disconnected patterns. Moreover, these microbial patterns can be categorized into two general responses: the microbial community starts synthesizing new biomass immediately after rewetting (“type-1”), or after a lag period of several hours (“type-2”). Despite the enormous implications of these short-term dynamics for the stabilization of C in soils and the C budget, they have been surprisingly ignored in biogeochemical models at all scales.

To address this critical issue, we developed a new process-based model (EcoSMMARTS) that incorporated a long list of soil and microbial mechanisms thought to affect the responses to D/RW, based on previous literature. The model was proven useful to reproduce the disconnected behaviour between microbial growth and respiration, and captured the patterns characterizing both types of response. We identified the physiological and structural characteristics of the community at the moment of rewetting as the main factor controlling the patterns of the response. And these characteristics were, in turn, determined by the history of climate, which defined the stress-level of cells and selected for microbial groups with the most suitable survival strategies. The communities better adapted to dry environments could start growing immediately after rewetting and depicted a resilient or “type-1” response, where the elimination of osmolytes to adapt the internal osmotic pressure of cells played a major role. In contrast, those communities from continuously moist environments could not withstand the harshness of the D/RW event and depicted a sensitive response or “type-2”. The small population surviving (and still active) after the drying phase caused a delay in the synthesis of biomass, while cell residues from dead organisms contributed largely to respiration. The C fuelling the emissions was sourced from the accumulation of dead microbial biomass during droughts, and from multiple sources after rewetting, including microbial foraging, the disruption of soil aggregates, and the reuse of osmolytes. The good qualitative agreement between the model results and empirical observations represents a critical step towards unravelling the drivers and key mechanisms that govern the functioning of soils and their feedbacks on climate.

ACS Style

Albert C. Brangarí; Stefano Manzoni; Johannes Rousk. Unravelling the processes that govern the emission/sequestration of carbon in soils subjected to moisture changes. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Albert C. Brangarí, Stefano Manzoni, Johannes Rousk. Unravelling the processes that govern the emission/sequestration of carbon in soils subjected to moisture changes. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert C. Brangarí; Stefano Manzoni; Johannes Rousk. 2021. "Unravelling the processes that govern the emission/sequestration of carbon in soils subjected to moisture changes." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Process-based models are needed to improve estimates of water and carbon cycles in variable climatic conditions. Yet, their utility is often limited by our inability to directly measure plant stomatal and hydraulic traits at scales suitable to quantify characteristics of whole ecosystems. Inferring such parameters from ecosystem-scale data with parsimonious models offers an avenue to address this limitation. To this aim, we use a simple representation of the water flux through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) and derive a parameterization of Feddes-type soil water-limitation constraints on transpiration (expressed via a soil moisture dependent function β). This parameterization explicitly accounts for community-effective plant eco-physiological traits as encoded in the SPAC model parameters. We express analytically the fractional loss of conductivity in well-watered conditions and the soil saturation thresholds at which transpiration is down-regulated from its well-watered rate and at which transpiration ceases, as a function of non-dimensional parameter groups. These non-dimensional groups combine plant stomatal and hydraulic traits, soil texture and climate. We implement the theoretical β function into a soil water balance and infer distributions of plant traits which best-match FLUXNET observations in a range of biomes. Finally, we analyze the resulting non-dimensional groups to explore patterns in plant water use strategies. Our results indicate that non-dimensional groups reflect combinations of plant traits which are adapted to growing season environmental conditions and these groups may be more meaningful model parameters than individual traits at ecosystem scales. Additionally, using non-dimensional groups instead of focusing on individual parameters reduces risks of equifinality and provides future opportunities to exploit satellite data to quantify robust ecosystem-scale parameters. This analysis provides a parsimonious and functionally accurate alternative to account for ecosystem hydraulic controls and feedbacks and can help overcome limitations of commonly used empirical water-limitation constraints.

ACS Style

Maoya Bassiouni; Stefano Manzoni; Giulia Vico. Parsimonious representation of plant water use strategies via non-dimensional parameter groups. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Maoya Bassiouni, Stefano Manzoni, Giulia Vico. Parsimonious representation of plant water use strategies via non-dimensional parameter groups. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maoya Bassiouni; Stefano Manzoni; Giulia Vico. 2021. "Parsimonious representation of plant water use strategies via non-dimensional parameter groups." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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It has been hypothesized that resource limitation promotes complementary resource use by different species in a plant community. According to this hypothesis, more diverse communities would use available resources more efficiently by exploiting contrasting niches. As a result, diverse communities would have higher overall productivity than monospecific stands in resource-limited systems. While this hypothesis has been tested in various experiments, less attention has been devoted to combined water and nutrient limitation, and variations in complementarity vs. selection effects through time. Understanding these dynamics is particularly important in the context of climatic changes that might alter resource availability—specifically the timing and amount of rainfall. To assess how combined resource limitation alters allocation and productivity in monocultures vs. species mixtures, we set up a pot experiment with full factorial manipulation of both water and nutrient availability, for monocultures and mixtures of two Salix species. To capture expected increases in rainfall intermittency, water availability was manipulated by changing the timing of the water additions—not the total amount provided. Thus, in the infrequent irrigation treatment, longer dry periods occurred between larger water additions, leading to lower water availability at the end of each dry period, compared to the frequent irrigation treatment. The selected species differ in functional traits such as specific leaf area and stem diameter to height ratio, suggesting that they might fill different niches thereby allowing us to test the complementarity hypothesis despite them being closely related. With this experimental set up, we found that the Salix species with higher growth rate suffered the most water stress and that nutrient limitation caused higher root-to-shoot biomass ratio in both species. Both effects were expected, as larger plants growing in nutrient-rich conditions deplete water resources faster, and it is well known that nutrient shortage promotes allocation belowground. Regarding diversity effects, we found that both complementarity and net diversity effects increased through time as resource competition increased, and contrary to expectations were overall higher in the high nutrient supply and frequent watering treatments. These results suggest stronger interactions among the relatively larger plants growing under resource-rich conditions, compared to weak interactions among small plants. In turn, these stronger interactions among large plants might lead to more marked niche separation allowing for resource use complementarity.

ACS Style

Stefano Manzoni; Magnus Lindh; Stefanie Hoeber; Martin Weih. Are water and nutrient limitations promoting complementarity in minimal plant communities? 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Stefano Manzoni, Magnus Lindh, Stefanie Hoeber, Martin Weih. Are water and nutrient limitations promoting complementarity in minimal plant communities? . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Manzoni; Magnus Lindh; Stefanie Hoeber; Martin Weih. 2021. "Are water and nutrient limitations promoting complementarity in minimal plant communities?" , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Nutrient loss from agricultural fields imparts increased fertilizer costs as well as negative consequences for the natural environment. Given that water availability mediates both nutrient uptake by plants as well as nutrient leaching, we hypothesize that hydrologic conditions can explain variations in nutrient use efficiencies, defined as ratios of the nutrient amounts in harvested yield and in inputs. We analyze data from 110 US catchments with agricultural area comprising more than 10% of the watershed and compute nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies (NUE and PUE) over the period 1988-2007. To assess if NUE and PUE are related to hydrologic conditions, we consider the evaporative ratio ET/P (calculated as evapotranspiration divided by precipitation) as a predictor in a linear mixed effect model. We test the hypotheses that the nutrient use efficiencies increase with ET/P, through increased water and nutrient retention, and that the nutrient efficiencies increase through time. We found that both nutrient use efficiencies increased through time: NUE increased in the period analyzed in 88% of catchments, while PUE in 90% of catchments. Both NUE and PUE were largely driven by significant increases in N and P amounts in yield. The evaporative ratio was positively related to NUE. Moreover, we found an interaction between ET/P and time, such that the ET/P effect on NUE decreased in the period 1998–2007. The evaporative ratio was also positively related to PUE. Other potential drivers were assessed, including interaction between ET/P and time, as well as the percentage of agricultural area in each catchment. Our results show that changes in climate that include increased evaporation and decreased precipitation can lead to increase N use efficiencies without decreasing yields. The implications of our findings in terms of the release of N and P to water bodies has particular relevance in terms of climate change, as higher temperatures and lower precipitation (i.e. increasing evaporative ratios) will potentially lead to increased nutrient retention and therefore decreased nutrient leaching from agricultural fields.

ACS Style

Anna Scaini; Stefano Manzoni. Are catchment-scale nitrogen and phosphorous use efficiencies controlled by climate? 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anna Scaini, Stefano Manzoni. Are catchment-scale nitrogen and phosphorous use efficiencies controlled by climate? . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Scaini; Stefano Manzoni. 2021. "Are catchment-scale nitrogen and phosphorous use efficiencies controlled by climate?" , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Knowledge of functional traits such as the maximum substrate uptake rate and growth efficiency of microorganisms is crucial in understanding the turnover and storage of soil organic carbon. In addition to CO2 measurements, heat dissipation from organic matter decomposition is also a well-recognized proxy for microbial activity in soils. However, only a few attempts have been made to utilize heat signals for quantifying microbial traits.

To leverage high-resolution heat dissipation data, a coupled mass-energy balance model is proposed and used to estimate microbial traits encoded in model parameters. Our underlying question was whether heat dissipation data alone would be sufficient to quantify key microbial traits, or whether respiration rates were also necessary to constrain the model. To this aim, we parametrized four variants of the model using heat dissipation and respiration rate data at different time scales: during the initial lag-phase (5 hours) and throughout the growth-phase until substrate depletion (48 hours) in an isothermal calorimeter combined with a gas analyzer. The four different variants of the model were: (i) a complex physiological model (including active and inactive biomass), (ii) a simplified physiological model (only active microbial biomass), (iii) a model describing only the lag-phase (no growth, only maintenance), and (iv) a model describing only the growth phase (growth under substrate-abundant conditions). Microbial traits were determined using three combinations of data: A) only the heat dissipation rate, B) only the respiration rate, and C) both heat dissipation and respiration rates. We assumed that the ‘best’ parameter estimates would be obtained when using all the available data (i.e., option C).

Our results show that all model variants were able to fit the observed heat dissipation and respiration rates at the respective time scales. Parameters shared among different model variants were generally comparable, indicating that our model simplifications led to structurally sound models. The parameters estimated using only heat dissipation data were similar to the ‘best’ estimates compared to using only respiration rate data, suggesting that the observed heat dissipation rate can be used to constrain microbial models and estimate microbial traits.

ACS Style

Arjun Chakrawal; Anke M. Herrmann; Stefano Manzoni. Can we use heat flows to quantify microbial traits in soils? 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Arjun Chakrawal, Anke M. Herrmann, Stefano Manzoni. Can we use heat flows to quantify microbial traits in soils? . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arjun Chakrawal; Anke M. Herrmann; Stefano Manzoni. 2021. "Can we use heat flows to quantify microbial traits in soils?" , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Recent accelerating global warming with increasing climate variability exerts a strong impact on terrestrial carbon budgets, but the ecosystem response to the changing climate and the overall climate-vegetation coupling remain largely unclear during different stages of the growing season. The timing of growing seasons can be modulated by different environmental conditions (e.g., thermal and hydrological changes) and affect the overall interpretation of regional climate-vegetation coupling. Here, we analyse the climate-vegetation coupling for Europe during 1982–2014 using a grid-wise definition of the growing season period based on remote sensing data. We quantify sub-seasonal anomalies of vegetation greenness from long-term vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index), and their relationships with corresponding local growing conditions (2m temperature, downwards surface solar radiation and root-zone soil moisture); and with multiple climate variability indices that reflect the large-scale climatic conditions over Europe. We find that early growing season anomalies in vegetation greenness tend to be large during the first two months of the growing season and that the coupling of these anomalies with large-scale climate largely determines the full-year climate-vegetation coupling. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Scandinavian Pattern (SCA) phases evaluated one to two months before the start of growing season are the dominant drivers of the early growing season climate-vegetation coupling over large parts of boreal and temperate Europe. However, the sign of the effect of these indices on vegetation greenness is opposite. The East Atlantic Pattern (EA) evaluated several months in advance of the growing season is instead a main controlling factor on the temperate belt and the Mediterranean region. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for the spatial heterogeneity of growing season periods using location-specific definitions when studying large-scale land-atmosphere interactions.

ACS Style

MinChao Wu; Giulia Vico; Stefano Manzoni; Zhanzhang Cai; Maoya Bassiouni; Feng Tian; Jie Zhang; Kunhui Ye; Gabriele Messori. Anomalies in vegetation activity in the early growing season determine the climate-vegetation coupling in Europe. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

MinChao Wu, Giulia Vico, Stefano Manzoni, Zhanzhang Cai, Maoya Bassiouni, Feng Tian, Jie Zhang, Kunhui Ye, Gabriele Messori. Anomalies in vegetation activity in the early growing season determine the climate-vegetation coupling in Europe. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

MinChao Wu; Giulia Vico; Stefano Manzoni; Zhanzhang Cai; Maoya Bassiouni; Feng Tian; Jie Zhang; Kunhui Ye; Gabriele Messori. 2021. "Anomalies in vegetation activity in the early growing season determine the climate-vegetation coupling in Europe." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Short rotation plantations of willows (Salix spp.) have high biomass production potential in many parts of the world, and may frequently support ecosystem services related to nutrient cycling. A plantation management enhancing favorable environmental impacts that are conducive to maintaining ecosystem services is a main challenge in establishing sustainable biomass production systems. There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that biomass production and nutrient cycling can be increased by supporting ecosystem niche differentiation (complementarity) through enhancing the number of plant species or varieties grown in the stand. However, the specific trait values of the individual components (e.g., varieties) in a mixed community could also be more important than the community diversity per se. We assessed, at community level, the plant trait profiles related to growth and nitrogen (N) use for four different Salix varieties that were taxonomically distinct at species or genotype level (‘Björn’, ‘Jorr’, ‘Loden’, ‘Tora’) and field-grown in unfertilized plots of pure and mixed communities during one cutting cycle in Central Sweden. The aims were to use elements of functional growth analysis for exploring the mechanistic relationships between various traits related to growth and N use at stand level in our pure and mixed willow communities; and to address two hypotheses related to (i) the effect of diversity level on above-ground traits linked to growth, N uptake efficiency, N productivity and N conservation; and (ii) the influence of individual variety identities on the growth and N use traits observed in a mixture. Diversity level had no significant effect on the traits assessed here, and we thus found no evidence in support of our hypothesis that traits linked to growth, N uptake and use are significantly affected by the diversity level per se. In most but not all cases, the admixing effects on trait values were explained by the effects of the individual variety characteristics assessed in monocultures in combination with their relative share in the respective mixtures. The absence or presence of individual varieties strongly affected community-averaged (stand level) trait values. Therefore, the design of desirable variety mixtures is suggested that combine, for example, the high nutrient conversion efficiency that certain varieties achieve in mixed stands with the specific nutrient acquisition characteristics of other varieties.

ACS Style

Martin Weih; Nils-Erik Nordh; Stefano Manzoni; Stefanie Hoeber. Functional traits of individual varieties as determinants of growth and nitrogen use patterns in mixed stands of willow (Salix spp.). Forest Ecology and Management 2020, 479, 118605 .

AMA Style

Martin Weih, Nils-Erik Nordh, Stefano Manzoni, Stefanie Hoeber. Functional traits of individual varieties as determinants of growth and nitrogen use patterns in mixed stands of willow (Salix spp.). Forest Ecology and Management. 2020; 479 ():118605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Weih; Nils-Erik Nordh; Stefano Manzoni; Stefanie Hoeber. 2020. "Functional traits of individual varieties as determinants of growth and nitrogen use patterns in mixed stands of willow (Salix spp.)." Forest Ecology and Management 479, no. : 118605.

Preprint content
Published: 20 August 2020
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Amending soils with biochar, a pyrolyzed organic material, is an emerging practice to potentially increase plant available water. However, it is not clear (1) to what extent biochar amendments increase soil water storage relative to non-amended soils and (2) whether plants grown in biochar amended soils access different pools of water compared to those grown in non-amended soils. To investigate these questions, we set up an upland rice field experiment in a tropical seasonally dry region in Costa Rica, with plots treated with two different biochar amendments and control plots, from where we collected hydrometric and isotopic data (δ18O and δ2H from rain, soil, groundwater and rice plants). Our results show that the soil water retention curves for biochar treated soils shifted, indicating that rice plants had 2 % to 7 % more water available throughout the growing season relative to the control plots. In addition, we observed a within treatment variability in the soil water retention curves which was in the same order of magnitude as one would expect from responses due to differences in biochar application rates or due to differences in biochar typologies. The stable water isotope composition of plant water showed that the rice plants across all plots preferentially utilized the more variable soil water from the top 20 cm of the soil instead of using the deeper and less variable sources of water. Our results indicated that rice plants in biochar amended soils could access larger stores of water more consistently and thus could withstand dry spells of seven extra days relative to rice grown in non-treated soils. Though supplemental irrigation was required to facilitate plant growth during extended dry periods. Therefore, biochar amendments can complement, but not necessarily replace, other water management strategies.

ACS Style

Benjamin M. C. Fischer; Laura Morillas; Johanna Rojas Conejo; Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo; Andrea Suárez Serrano; Jay Frentress; Chih-Hsin Cheng; Monica Garcia; Stefano Manzoni; Mark S. Johnson; Steve W. Lyon. Investigating the impacts of biochar on water fluxes in tropical agriculture using stable isotopes. 2020, 2020, 1 -47.

AMA Style

Benjamin M. C. Fischer, Laura Morillas, Johanna Rojas Conejo, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Andrea Suárez Serrano, Jay Frentress, Chih-Hsin Cheng, Monica Garcia, Stefano Manzoni, Mark S. Johnson, Steve W. Lyon. Investigating the impacts of biochar on water fluxes in tropical agriculture using stable isotopes. . 2020; 2020 ():1-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin M. C. Fischer; Laura Morillas; Johanna Rojas Conejo; Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo; Andrea Suárez Serrano; Jay Frentress; Chih-Hsin Cheng; Monica Garcia; Stefano Manzoni; Mark S. Johnson; Steve W. Lyon. 2020. "Investigating the impacts of biochar on water fluxes in tropical agriculture using stable isotopes." 2020, no. : 1-47.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Biogeosciences
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Soil drying and wetting cycles promote carbon (C) release through large heterotrophic respiration pulses at rewetting, known as the “Birch” effect. Empirical evidence shows that drier conditions before rewetting and larger changes in soil moisture at rewetting cause larger respiration pulses. Because soil moisture varies in response to rainfall, these respiration pulses also depend on the random timing and intensity of precipitation. In addition to rewetting pulses, heterotrophic respiration continues during soil drying, eventually ceasing when soils are too dry to sustain microbial activity. The importance of respiration pulses in contributing to the overall soil heterotrophic respiration flux has been demonstrated empirically, but no theoretical investigation has so far evaluated how the relative contribution of these pulses may change along climatic gradients or as precipitation regimes shift in a given location. To fill this gap, we start by assuming that heterotrophic respiration rates during soil drying and pulses at rewetting can be treated as random variables dependent on soil moisture fluctuations, and we develop a stochastic model for soil heterotrophic respiration rates that analytically links the statistical properties of respiration to those of precipitation. Model results show that both the mean rewetting pulse respiration and the mean respiration during drying increase with increasing mean precipitation. However, the contribution of respiration pulses to the total heterotrophic respiration increases with decreasing precipitation frequency and to a lesser degree with decreasing precipitation depth, leading to an overall higher contribution of respiration pulses under future more intermittent and intense precipitation. Specifically, higher rainfall intermittency at constant total rainfall can increase the contribution of respiration pulses up to ∼10 % or 20 % of the total heterotrophic respiration in mineral and organic soils, respectively. Moreover, the variability of both components of soil heterotrophic respiration is also predicted to increase under these conditions. Therefore, with future more intermittent precipitation, respiration pulses and the associated nutrient release will intensify and become more variable, contributing more to soil biogeochemical cycling.

ACS Style

Stefano Manzoni; Arjun Chakrawal; Thomas Fischer; Joshua P. Schimel; Amilcare Porporato; Giulia Vico. Rainfall intensification increases the contribution of rewetting pulses to soil heterotrophic respiration. Biogeosciences 2020, 17, 4007 -4023.

AMA Style

Stefano Manzoni, Arjun Chakrawal, Thomas Fischer, Joshua P. Schimel, Amilcare Porporato, Giulia Vico. Rainfall intensification increases the contribution of rewetting pulses to soil heterotrophic respiration. Biogeosciences. 2020; 17 (15):4007-4023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Manzoni; Arjun Chakrawal; Thomas Fischer; Joshua P. Schimel; Amilcare Porporato; Giulia Vico. 2020. "Rainfall intensification increases the contribution of rewetting pulses to soil heterotrophic respiration." Biogeosciences 17, no. 15: 4007-4023.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) measures the partitioning between anabolic and catabolic processes. While most work on CUE has been based on carbon (C) mass flows, the roles of organic C energy contents and microbial energy demand on CUE have been rarely considered. Thus, a bioenergetics perspective could provide new insights on how microorganisms utilize C and ultimately allow evaluating their role in C stabilization in soils. Recently, the calorespirometric ratio (CR)—the ratio of heat dissipation and respiration—has been used to characterize the efficiency of microbial growth in soils. Here, we formulate a coupled mass and energy balance model for microbial growth and provide a generalized relationship between CUE and CR. In the model, we consider two types of organic C in soils: an added substrate (e.g., glucose) and the native soil organic matter (SOM), to also account for priming effects. Furthermore, we consider both aerobic and fermentation metabolic pathways. We use this model as a framework to generalize previous formulations and generate hypotheses on the expected variations in CR as a function of substrate quality, metabolic pathways, and microbial traits (specifically CUE). In turn, the same equations can be used to estimate CUE from measured CR. Our results confirm previous findings on CR and show that without microbial growth, CR depends only on the rates of the different metabolic pathways, while CR is also a function of the growth yields for these metabolic pathways when microbial growth occurs. Under strictly aerobic conditions, CUE increases with increasing CR for substrates with a higher degree of reduction than that of the microbial biomass, while CUE decreases with increasing CR for substrates with a lower degree of reduction than the microbial biomass. When aerobic reactions and fermentation occur simultaneously, the relation between CUE and CR is mediated by (i) the degree of reduction of the substrates, (ii) the rates and growth yields of all metabolic pathways, and (iii) the contribution of SOM priming to microbial growth. Using the proposed framework, calorespirometry can be used to evaluate CUE and the role of different metabolic pathways in soil systems.

ACS Style

Arjun Chakrawal; Anke M. Herrmann; Hana Šantrůčková; Stefano Manzoni. Quantifying microbial metabolism in soils using calorespirometry — A bioenergetics perspective. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2020, 148, 107945 .

AMA Style

Arjun Chakrawal, Anke M. Herrmann, Hana Šantrůčková, Stefano Manzoni. Quantifying microbial metabolism in soils using calorespirometry — A bioenergetics perspective. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2020; 148 ():107945.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arjun Chakrawal; Anke M. Herrmann; Hana Šantrůčková; Stefano Manzoni. 2020. "Quantifying microbial metabolism in soils using calorespirometry — A bioenergetics perspective." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 148, no. : 107945.

Perspective
Published: 27 July 2020 in Nature Geoscience
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Soil organic carbon management has the potential to aid climate change mitigation through drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide. To be effective, such management must account for processes influencing carbon storage and re-emission at different space and time scales. Achieving this requires a conceptual advance in our understanding to link carbon dynamics from the scales at which processes occur to the scales at which decisions are made. Here, we propose that soil carbon persistence can be understood through the lens of decomposers as a result of functional complexity derived from the interplay between spatial and temporal variation of molecular diversity and composition. For example, co-location alone can determine whether a molecule is decomposed, with rapid changes in moisture leading to transport of organic matter and constraining the fitness of the microbial community, while greater molecular diversity may increase the metabolic demand of, and thus potentially limit, decomposition. This conceptual shift accounts for emergent behaviour of the microbial community and would enable soil carbon changes to be predicted without invoking recalcitrant carbon forms that have not been observed experimentally. Functional complexity as a driver of soil carbon persistence suggests soil management should be based on constant care rather than one-time action to lock away carbon in soils.

ACS Style

Johannes Lehmann; Colleen M. Hansel; Christina Kaiser; Markus Kleber; Kate Maher; Stefano Manzoni; Naoise Nunan; Markus Reichstein; Joshua P. Schimel; Margaret S. Torn; William R. Wieder; Ingrid Kögel-Knabner. Persistence of soil organic carbon caused by functional complexity. Nature Geoscience 2020, 13, 529 -534.

AMA Style

Johannes Lehmann, Colleen M. Hansel, Christina Kaiser, Markus Kleber, Kate Maher, Stefano Manzoni, Naoise Nunan, Markus Reichstein, Joshua P. Schimel, Margaret S. Torn, William R. Wieder, Ingrid Kögel-Knabner. Persistence of soil organic carbon caused by functional complexity. Nature Geoscience. 2020; 13 (8):529-534.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannes Lehmann; Colleen M. Hansel; Christina Kaiser; Markus Kleber; Kate Maher; Stefano Manzoni; Naoise Nunan; Markus Reichstein; Joshua P. Schimel; Margaret S. Torn; William R. Wieder; Ingrid Kögel-Knabner. 2020. "Persistence of soil organic carbon caused by functional complexity." Nature Geoscience 13, no. 8: 529-534.