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One of the main elements for increasing energy efficiency in large-scale buildings is identified in the correct management and control of the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, particularly those with Heat Pumps (HPs). The present study aimed to evaluate the perspective of energy savings achievable with the implementation of an optimal control of the HVAC with HPs. The proposed measures involve the use of a variable air volume system, demand-controlled ventilation, an energy-aware control of the heat recovery equipment, and an improved control of the heat pump and chiller supply water temperature. The analysis has been applied to an academic building located in Pisa and is carried out by means of dynamic simulation. The achieved energy saving can approach values of more than 80% if compared with actual plants based on fossil fuel technologies. A major part of this energy saving is linked to the use of heat pumps as thermal generators as well as to the implementation of an energy efficient ventilation, emphasizing the importance of such straightforward measures in reducing the energy intensity of large-scale buildings.
Alessandro Franco; Lorenzo Miserocchi; Daniele Testi. Energy Intensity Reduction in Large-Scale Non-Residential Buildings by Dynamic Control of HVAC with Heat Pumps. Energies 2021, 14, 3878 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Lorenzo Miserocchi, Daniele Testi. Energy Intensity Reduction in Large-Scale Non-Residential Buildings by Dynamic Control of HVAC with Heat Pumps. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3878.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Lorenzo Miserocchi; Daniele Testi. 2021. "Energy Intensity Reduction in Large-Scale Non-Residential Buildings by Dynamic Control of HVAC with Heat Pumps." Energies 14, no. 13: 3878.
The paper provides results from a hardware-in-the-loop experimental campaign on the operation of an air-source heat pump (HP) for heating a reference dwelling in Pisa, Italy. The system performances suffer from typical oversizing of heat emission devices and high water-supply temperature, resulting in HP inefficiencies, frequent on-off cycles, and relevant thermal losses on the hydronic loop. An experimentally validated HP model under different supply temperatures and part-load conditions is used to simulate the installation of a thermal storage between heat generator and emitters, in both series and parallel arrangements. Results relative to a typical residential apartment show that the presence of the thermal storage in series configuration ensures smoother heat pump operation and energy performance improvement. The number of daily on-off cycles can be reduced from 40 to 10, also saving one-third of electric energy with the same building loads. Preliminary guidelines are proposed for correctly sizing the tank in relation to the HP capacity and the average daily heating load of the building. A storage volume of about 70 L for each kilowatt of nominal heating capacity is suggested.
Alessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Daniele Testi. Optimal Operation of Low-Capacity Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings through Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7200 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti, Daniele Testi. Optimal Operation of Low-Capacity Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings through Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Daniele Testi. 2021. "Optimal Operation of Low-Capacity Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings through Thermal Energy Storage." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7200.
The paper provides a methodology for the optimal control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems used in public buildings, with the purpose of obtaining high comfort and safety standards along with energy efficiency. The combination of the two concurrent objectives of minimizing energy use and guaranteeing high standards of occupant comfort is obtained by means of multi-objective optimization, in which a comfort model is combined along with a dynamic energy model of the building. The use of dynamic setpoints for the HVAC and the inclusion of comfort indicators represent a step forward, compared to the current design and operation procedures suggested by technical standards. The utilization of the proposed methodology is tested with reference to a case study, represented by an academic building used by the University of Pisa for educational purposes, whose extensive and variable occupancy can help to emphasize the importance of comfort in the operation of HVAC systems in different climatic conditions and with different occupancy profiles. We show how this optimization brings interesting results in terms of energy-saving (up to 30%), obtaining an increased comfort level (of more than 25%) compared to the operating conditions suggested by technical standards.
Alessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Lorenzo Miserocchi; Daniele Testi. Multi-Objective Optimization of HVAC Operation for Balancing Energy Use and Occupant Comfort in Educational Buildings. Energies 2021, 14, 2847 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti, Lorenzo Miserocchi, Daniele Testi. Multi-Objective Optimization of HVAC Operation for Balancing Energy Use and Occupant Comfort in Educational Buildings. Energies. 2021; 14 (10):2847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Lorenzo Miserocchi; Daniele Testi. 2021. "Multi-Objective Optimization of HVAC Operation for Balancing Energy Use and Occupant Comfort in Educational Buildings." Energies 14, no. 10: 2847.
Worldwide increasing awareness of energy sustainability issues has been the main driver in developing the concepts of (Nearly) Zero Energy Buildings, where the reduced energy consumptions are (nearly) fully covered by power locally generated by renewable sources. At the same time, recent advances in Internet of Things technologies are among the main enablers of Smart Homes and Buildings. The transition of conventional buildings into active environments that process, elaborate and react to online measured environmental quantities is being accelerated by the aspects related to COVID-19, most notably in terms of air exchange and the monitoring of the density of occupants. In this paper, we address the problem of maximizing the energy efficiency and comfort perceived by occupants, defined in terms of thermal comfort, visual comfort and air quality. The case study of the University of Pisa is considered as a practical example to show preliminary results of the aggregation of environmental data.
Giuseppe Anastasi; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Emanuele Crisostomi; Alessandro Franco; Sergio Saponara; Daniele Testi; Dimitri Thomopulos; Carlo Vallati. Optimized Energy and Air Quality Management of Shared Smart Buildings in the COVID-19 Scenario. Energies 2021, 14, 2124 .
AMA StyleGiuseppe Anastasi, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti, Emanuele Crisostomi, Alessandro Franco, Sergio Saponara, Daniele Testi, Dimitri Thomopulos, Carlo Vallati. Optimized Energy and Air Quality Management of Shared Smart Buildings in the COVID-19 Scenario. Energies. 2021; 14 (8):2124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiuseppe Anastasi; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Emanuele Crisostomi; Alessandro Franco; Sergio Saponara; Daniele Testi; Dimitri Thomopulos; Carlo Vallati. 2021. "Optimized Energy and Air Quality Management of Shared Smart Buildings in the COVID-19 Scenario." Energies 14, no. 8: 2124.
The paper analyzes the design of a typical solution for a smart energy system. It examines a particular plant, evaluating the integration of a Photovoltaic (PV) system and a Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) for residential building service. The idea is to develop a system that maximizes self-consumption of the renewable energy generated by a small-sized solar array installed on the building. The case is analyzed starting from the results of a long-term experimental analysis of a real plant in Pisa. The analysis concerns the energy balance of the system during a year with a special attention on the operation of the two different systems, PV array and GSHP. Some indications on the possible optimum design of this solution are proposed and discussed and analyzed.
Alessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Daniele Testi. Optimal sizing of an integrated energy system for a nearly zero-energy residential building. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021, 1868, 012025 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti, Daniele Testi. Optimal sizing of an integrated energy system for a nearly zero-energy residential building. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021; 1868 (1):012025.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli; Paolo Conti; Daniele Testi. 2021. "Optimal sizing of an integrated energy system for a nearly zero-energy residential building." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1868, no. 1: 012025.
Passive solar system design is an essential asset in a zero-energy building perspective to reduce heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation loads. The integration of passive systems in building leads to a reduction of plant operation with considerable environmental benefits. The design can be related to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the final performance in a synergistic way. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive view of the elements that influence passive solar systems by means of an analysis of the theoretical background and the synergistic design of various solutions available. The paper quantifies the potential impact of influencing factors on the final performance and then investigates a case study of an existing public building, analyzing the effects of the integration of different passive systems through energy simulations. General investigation has highlighted that latitude and orientation impact energy saving on average by 3–13 and 6–11 percentage points, respectively. The case study showed that almost 20% of the building energy demand can be saved by means of passive solar systems. A higher contribution is given by mixing direct and indirect solutions, as half of the heating and around 25% of the cooling energy demand can be cut off.
Giacomo Cillari; Fabio Fantozzi; Alessandro Franco. Passive Solar Solutions for Buildings: Criteria and Guidelines for a Synergistic Design. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 376 .
AMA StyleGiacomo Cillari, Fabio Fantozzi, Alessandro Franco. Passive Solar Solutions for Buildings: Criteria and Guidelines for a Synergistic Design. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (1):376.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiacomo Cillari; Fabio Fantozzi; Alessandro Franco. 2021. "Passive Solar Solutions for Buildings: Criteria and Guidelines for a Synergistic Design." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1: 376.
Data from the International Energy Agency confirm that in a zero-energy perspective the integration of solar systems in buildings is essential. The development of passive solar strategies has suffered the lack of standard performance indicators and design guidelines. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the main passive solar design strategies based on their classification, performance evaluation and selection methods, with a focus on integrability. Climate and latitude affect the amount of incident solar radiation and the heat losses, while integrability mainly depends on the building structure. For existing buildings, shading and direct systems represent the easiest and most effective passive strategies, while building orientation and shape are limited to new constructions: proper design can reduce building energy demand around 40%. Commercial buildings prefer direct use systems while massive ones with integrated heat storage are more suitable for family houses. A proper selection must consider the energy and economic balance of different building services involved: a multi-objective evaluation method represents the most valid tool to determine the overall performance of passive solar strategies.
Giacomo Cillari; Fabio Fantozzi; Alessandro Franco. Passive solar systems for buildings: performance indicators analysis and guidelines for the design. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 197, 02008 .
AMA StyleGiacomo Cillari, Fabio Fantozzi, Alessandro Franco. Passive solar systems for buildings: performance indicators analysis and guidelines for the design. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 197 ():02008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiacomo Cillari; Fabio Fantozzi; Alessandro Franco. 2020. "Passive solar systems for buildings: performance indicators analysis and guidelines for the design." E3S Web of Conferences 197, no. : 02008.
The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way individuals, worldwide, feel about staying in public indoor spaces. A strict control of indoor air quality and of people’s presence in buildings will be the new normal, to ensure a healthy and safe environment. Higher ventilation rates with fresh air are expected to be a requirement, especially in educational buildings, due to their high crowding index and social importance. Yet, in this framework, an increased use of primary energy may be overlooked. This paper offers a methodology to efficiently manage complex HVAC systems in educational buildings, concurrently considering the fundamental goals of occupants’ health and energy sustainability. The proposed fourstep procedure includes: dynamic simulation of the building, to generate synthetic energy loads; clustering of the energy data, to identify and predict typical building use profiles; day-ahead planning of energy dispatch, to optimize energy efficiency; dynamic adjustment of air changes, to guarantee a safe indoor air quality. Clustering and forecasting energy needs are expected to become particularly effective in a highly regulated context. The technique has been tested on two university classroom buildings, considering pre-lockdown attendance. This notwithstanding, quality and significance of the obtained thermal energy clusters push towards a benchmark post-pandemic application.
Daniele Testi; Alessandro Franco; Paolo Conti; Carlo Bartoli. Clustering of educational building load data for defining healthy and energy-efficient management solutions of integrated HVAC systems. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 197, 03001 .
AMA StyleDaniele Testi, Alessandro Franco, Paolo Conti, Carlo Bartoli. Clustering of educational building load data for defining healthy and energy-efficient management solutions of integrated HVAC systems. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 197 ():03001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniele Testi; Alessandro Franco; Paolo Conti; Carlo Bartoli. 2020. "Clustering of educational building load data for defining healthy and energy-efficient management solutions of integrated HVAC systems." E3S Web of Conferences 197, no. : 03001.
This paper analyzes the optimal sizing of a particular solution for renewable energy residential building integration. The solution combines a photovoltaic (PV) plant with a heat pump (HP). The idea is to develop a system that permits the maximum level of self-consumption of renewable energy generated by using a small-scale solar array installed on the same building. The problem is analyzed using data obtained from an experimental system installed in a building in Pisa, Italy. The residential house was equipped with a PV plant (about 3.7 kW of peak power), assisting a HP of similar electrical power (3.8 kW). The system was monitored for eight years of continuous operation. With reference to the data acquired from the long-term experimental analysis and considering a more general perspective, we discuss criteria and guidelines for the design of such a system. We focus on the possibility of exporting energy to the electrical grid, from the perspective of obtaining self-consumption schemes. Considering that one of the problems with small-scale PV plants is represented by the bidirectional energy flows from and to the grid, possible alternative solutions for the design are outlined, with both a size reduction in the plant and utilization of a storage system considered. Different design objectives are considered in the analysis.
Alessandro Franco; Fabio Fantozzi. Optimal Sizing of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings. Buildings 2020, 10, 175 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Fabio Fantozzi. Optimal Sizing of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings. Buildings. 2020; 10 (10):175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Fabio Fantozzi. 2020. "Optimal Sizing of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings." Buildings 10, no. 10: 175.
Estimating and optimizing the dynamic performance of a heat pump system coupled to a building is a paramount yet complex task, especially under intermittent conditions. This paper presents the “hardware-in-the-loop” experimental campaign of an air-source heat pump serving a typical dwelling in Pisa (Italy). The experimental apparatus uses real pieces of equipment, together with a thermal load emulator controlled by a full energy dynamic simulation of the considered building. Real weather data are continuously collected and used to run the simulation. The experimental campaign was performed from November 2019 to February 2020, measuring the system performances under real climate and load dynamics. With a water set point equal to 40 °C, the average heat pump coefficient of performance was about 3, while the overall building-plant performance was around 2. The deviation between the two performance indexes can be ascribed to the continuous on-off signals given by the zone thermostat due to the oversized capacity of the heat emission system. The overall performance raised to 2.5 thanks to a smoother operation obtained with reduced supply temperature (35 °C) and fan coil speed. The paper demonstrates the relevance of a dynamic analysis of the building-HVAC system and the potential of the “hardware-in-the-loop” approach in assessing actual part-load heat pump performances with respect to the standard stationary methodology.
Paolo Conti; Carlo Bartoli; Alessandro Franco; Daniele Testi. Experimental Analysis of an Air Heat Pump for Heating Service Using a “Hardware-In-The-Loop” System. Energies 2020, 13, 4498 .
AMA StylePaolo Conti, Carlo Bartoli, Alessandro Franco, Daniele Testi. Experimental Analysis of an Air Heat Pump for Heating Service Using a “Hardware-In-The-Loop” System. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4498.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaolo Conti; Carlo Bartoli; Alessandro Franco; Daniele Testi. 2020. "Experimental Analysis of an Air Heat Pump for Heating Service Using a “Hardware-In-The-Loop” System." Energies 13, no. 17: 4498.
Energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and comfort in public buildings has received increasing attention in recent years as it can contribute to maintaining safety conditions and to the reduction of conventional fuels consumption, energy costs for building owners, and greenhouse gas emissions. People are an integral part of any building energetic ecosystem as, according to some estimates, they spend a great part of their life in indoor spaces. On one side, occupants are responsible for the energy consumption of the building and for this reason the “psychology of energy saving” has received attention since the 70s up to recent results. On the other hand, strategies for energy efficiency should not jeopardize occupants’ health and quality of life. While general awareness of the value of environmental variables has increased in the last few years, this interest has recently been further exacerbated by the spreading of the well-known COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, as most countries have started planning post-lock-down activities, there is a growing concern regarding how social distancing measures can be enforced in shared buildings and strict indoor air quality control can prevent airborne virus transmission in crowded spaces. The paper discusses the perspectives of increasing the level of social interaction of building users through the systematic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and in particular, some specific platforms. The ICT system, taking information from the occupants in a concerted way, can be an important instrument to collect data, coming both from physical sensors and from people to develop a multi-objective control strategy for the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Cooling (HVAC) systems in order to obtain energy savings whilst balancing user comfort and healthy conditions.
Alessandro Franco. Balancing User Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings through Social Interaction by ICT Systems. Systems 2020, 8, 29 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco. Balancing User Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings through Social Interaction by ICT Systems. Systems. 2020; 8 (3):29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco. 2020. "Balancing User Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings through Social Interaction by ICT Systems." Systems 8, no. 3: 29.
The measurement of CO2 concentration is a relevant indicator for defining the occupation of indoor spaces. The real-time knowledge of occupation of such spaces is relevant both for maintaining indoor air quality standards and for energy efficiency purposes connected with the operation of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The exact knowledge of occupation allows for rapid feedback from and the regulation of an HVAC system and the ventilation rate. Interesting applications include educational buildings and other buildings of the civil sector (e.g., shopping centres and hospitals). This paper provides the results of an experimental analysis in different classrooms of a university campus under real operating conditions, in different periods of the year, and with different kinds of activities. The correlation between the CO2 concentration and occupancy profiles of the spaces is then analysed. Some graphical trends of the CO2 concentrations in these indoor spaces are provided to determine the most important variables affecting such concentrations. The basic elements of the mathematical models for estimating the occupation of classrooms in relation to increases in CO2 concentration are also discussed and analysed.
Alessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese. Measurement of CO2 concentration for occupancy estimation in educational buildings with energy efficiency purposes. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 32, 101714 -101714.
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Francesco Leccese. Measurement of CO2 concentration for occupancy estimation in educational buildings with energy efficiency purposes. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 32 ():101714-101714.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese. 2020. "Measurement of CO2 concentration for occupancy estimation in educational buildings with energy efficiency purposes." Journal of Building Engineering 32, no. : 101714-101714.
Air ventilation rate plays a relevant role in maintaining adequate indoor air quality (IAQ) conditions in public buildings. In general, high ventilation rates ensure good indoor air quality but entail relevant energy consumption. Considering the necessity of balancing IAQ and energy consumption, a correlation between the number of occupants obtained from analysis of CO2 concentration variation is presented as a general element for controlling the operation of heating ventilation and air cooling (HVAC) systems. The specific CO2 exhalation rate is estimated using experimental data in some real conditions in university classrooms. A method for the definition of optimal values of air exchange rate is defined, highlighting that the obtained values are much lower than those defined in current technical standards with possibilities of relevant reduction of the total energy consumption.
Alessandro Franco; Eva Schito. Definition of Optimal Ventilation Rates for Balancing Comfort and Energy Use in Indoor Spaces Using CO2 Concentration Data. Buildings 2020, 10, 135 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Eva Schito. Definition of Optimal Ventilation Rates for Balancing Comfort and Energy Use in Indoor Spaces Using CO2 Concentration Data. Buildings. 2020; 10 (8):135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Eva Schito. 2020. "Definition of Optimal Ventilation Rates for Balancing Comfort and Energy Use in Indoor Spaces Using CO2 Concentration Data." Buildings 10, no. 8: 135.
In this paper, the production of low to medium temperature water for industrial process heat using solar energy is considered. In particular, the paper outlines the perspective of an optimum design method that takes into account all of the typical variables of the problem (solar irradiation, system architecture, design constraints, load type and distribution, and design and optimization criteria) and also considers the use of the fossil fuel backup system. The key element of the methodology is the definition of a synthetic combined energetic and economic utility function. This considers the attribution of an economic penalty to irreversibility in connection with the use of a fossil fuel backup. This function incorporates the share of the solar system production (solar fraction) as an optimum design variable. This paper shows how, using the proposed criteria, the optimal value of the solar fraction, defined as the share of operation of the solar system with respect to the whole energy demand, can be increased. Current practice considers values in the range between 40 and 60%. However, levels up to 80% can also be obtained with the proposed methodology. Thus, penalizing the use of fossil fuels does not exclude a priori their contribution.
Alessandro Franco. Methods for the Sustainable Design of Solar Energy Systems for Industrial Process Heat. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5127 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco. Methods for the Sustainable Design of Solar Energy Systems for Industrial Process Heat. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco. 2020. "Methods for the Sustainable Design of Solar Energy Systems for Industrial Process Heat." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5127.
The performance of ground heat exchanger systems depends on the knowledge of the thermal parameters of the ground, such as thermal conductivity, capacity, and diffusivity. The knowledge of these parameters often requires quite accurate experimental analysis, known as a thermal response test (TRT). In this paper, after a general analysis of the various available types of TRT and a study of the theoretical basics of the method, we explore the perspective of the definition of a simplified routine method of analysis based on the combination of a particular version of TRT and the routine geotechnical tests for the characterization of soil stratigraphy and the ground characteristics. Geotechnical analyses are indeed mandatory before the construction of new buildings, even if limited to 30 m below the ground level or foundation base when piles are needed. The idea of developing TRT in connection with geotechnical test activity has the objective of promoting the widespread use of in situ experimental analysis and reducing TRT costs and time. The considerations presented in the present paper lead to reconsidering a particular variety of the TRT, in particular, the versions known as thermal response test while drilling (TRTWD) and TRT using heating cables (HC-TRT).
Alessandro Franco; Paolo Conti. Clearing a Path for Ground Heat Exchange Systems: A Review on Thermal Response Test (TRT) Methods and a Geotechnical Routine Test for Estimating Soil Thermal Properties. Energies 2020, 13, 2965 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Paolo Conti. Clearing a Path for Ground Heat Exchange Systems: A Review on Thermal Response Test (TRT) Methods and a Geotechnical Routine Test for Estimating Soil Thermal Properties. Energies. 2020; 13 (11):2965.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Paolo Conti. 2020. "Clearing a Path for Ground Heat Exchange Systems: A Review on Thermal Response Test (TRT) Methods and a Geotechnical Routine Test for Estimating Soil Thermal Properties." Energies 13, no. 11: 2965.
We present an experimental investigation of the effect of ultrasound application to increase the heat-transfer coefficient for natural convection of a dielectric fluid. An experimental analysis is carried out to estimate the increase of the convective heat-transfer coefficient between an electronic board and a refrigerant fluid, the Fluorinert Electronic Fluid FC-72. For this purpose, an experimental apparatus composed of an electronic board, its electronic control circuit, and data acquisition systems have been designed and implemented. The data collected appear to confirm in some situations of practical interest the enhancement effect of the convective heat-transfer coefficient in connection with the use of ultrasound. The most favorable condition was observed with the fluid in quite low subcooled conditions.
Carlo Bartoli; Alessandro Franco; Massimo Macucci. Ultrasounds Used as Promoters of Heat-Transfer Enhancement of Natural Convection in Dielectric Fluids for the Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment. Acoustics 2020, 2, 279 -292.
AMA StyleCarlo Bartoli, Alessandro Franco, Massimo Macucci. Ultrasounds Used as Promoters of Heat-Transfer Enhancement of Natural Convection in Dielectric Fluids for the Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment. Acoustics. 2020; 2 (2):279-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Bartoli; Alessandro Franco; Massimo Macucci. 2020. "Ultrasounds Used as Promoters of Heat-Transfer Enhancement of Natural Convection in Dielectric Fluids for the Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment." Acoustics 2, no. 2: 279-292.
The paper analyzes the problem of defining the potential of geothermal reservoirs and the definition of a sustainable size of a geothermal power plant in the preliminary design phase. While defining the size of a geothermal plant, the objective is to find a compromise between renewability, technical sustainability, and economic return-related issues. In the first part of the paper the simplified lumped parameter approach based on the First-Order methods and their further evolutions and limitations is proposed. Experimental data available for some geothermal reservoirs are used for critical analysis of the simplified approaches for estimating the renewability and sustainability of the production of geothermal plants. In the second part the authors analyze methods based on theoretical heat transfer analysis supported by experimental data acquired from the geothermal field (thermal properties of the rock, porosity of the reservoir, and natural heat flux) and finally consider the numerical simulation as a method to connect the two approaches discussed before. The sustainability of geothermal power production can be estimated taking into account the energy stored in the reservoir and the thermal and fluid dynamic analysis of the reservoir. From this perspective, the numerical simulation of the reservoir can be considered as an effective method for the estimation of a sustainable mass flow rate extraction. Some specific cases are analyzed and discussed.
Alessandro Franco; Maurizio Vaccaro. Sustainable Sizing of Geothermal Power Plants: Appropriate Potential Assessment Methods. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3844 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Maurizio Vaccaro. Sustainable Sizing of Geothermal Power Plants: Appropriate Potential Assessment Methods. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3844.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Maurizio Vaccaro. 2020. "Sustainable Sizing of Geothermal Power Plants: Appropriate Potential Assessment Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3844.
The problem of real-time estimation of occupancy of buildings (number of people in various zones at every time instant) is relevant to a number of emerging applications that achieve high energy efficiency through feedback control. The measurement of CO2 concentration can be considered an important indicator that allows to define the occupation of closed and crowded spaces. Interesting cases can be school buildings and other buildings used in civil and residential (shopping centres, hospitals, etc.). This paper, starting from an experimental analysis in different classrooms of a University campus in real operating conditions, in different period of the year, proposes a possible correlation between CO2 concentration and the occupancy profile of the spaces. The acquired data are used to present some graphical correlations and to understand the most important variables or combination of them. Starting from an accurate analysis of the data, attempts are made to define a preliminary estimation method through the development of a mathematical models of occupancy dynamics in a building, which show interesting results.
Alessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese. CO2 Concentration and Occupancy Detection of Educational Buildings for Energy Efficiency Purposes: An Experimental Analysis. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Francesco Leccese. CO2 Concentration and Occupancy Detection of Educational Buildings for Energy Efficiency Purposes: An Experimental Analysis. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese. 2019. "CO2 Concentration and Occupancy Detection of Educational Buildings for Energy Efficiency Purposes: An Experimental Analysis." , no. : 1.
Alessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli. The ultrasounds as a mean for the enhancement of heat exchanger performances: an analysis of the available data. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, 1224, 1 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Carlo Bartoli. The ultrasounds as a mean for the enhancement of heat exchanger performances: an analysis of the available data. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1224 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Carlo Bartoli. 2019. "The ultrasounds as a mean for the enhancement of heat exchanger performances: an analysis of the available data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1224, no. : 1.
Alessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese; Lorenzo Marchi. Occupancy modelling of buildings based on CO2 concentration measurements: an experimental analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, 1224, 1 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Franco, Francesco Leccese, Lorenzo Marchi. Occupancy modelling of buildings based on CO2 concentration measurements: an experimental analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1224 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Franco; Francesco Leccese; Lorenzo Marchi. 2019. "Occupancy modelling of buildings based on CO2 concentration measurements: an experimental analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1224, no. : 1.