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Elevated levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) were recorded in sera of scorpion sting patients. However, no studies focused on the mechanism of ET-1 involvement in the pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation, particularly in the cardiovascular system which is seriously affected in severe cases of scorpion stings. Inflammation induced by Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpion venom in the heart together with the aorta was studied in mice pretreated with a specific endothelin A receptor (ETA-R) inhibitor. ETA-R inhibition resulted in the attenuation of the high amounts of cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17)) recorded in the sera of envenomed mice. The recovery of the oxidative stress marker balance and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression were also observed, concomitantly with the reduction of tissular neutrophil infiltration. Additionally, the cardiac and the aortic tissue alterations, and the metabolic enzymes (creatine kinase (CK) and muscle–brain isoform creatine kinase (CK-MB)) overspread into sera were significantly attenuated. Obtained results suggest the implication of endothelin throughout its ETA receptors in the inflammatory response observed in the cardiovascular components during scorpion envenomation. Further knowledge is needed to better understand the implication of the endothelin axis and to improve the therapeutic management of severe scorpion sting cases.
Amina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Involvement of the Endothelin Receptor Type A in the Cardiovascular Inflammatory Response Following Scorpion Envenomation. Toxins 2020, 12, 389 .
AMA StyleAmina Sifi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Involvement of the Endothelin Receptor Type A in the Cardiovascular Inflammatory Response Following Scorpion Envenomation. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2020. "Involvement of the Endothelin Receptor Type A in the Cardiovascular Inflammatory Response Following Scorpion Envenomation." Toxins 12, no. 6: 389.
Scorpion venom is a complex mixture of peptides and proteins, rich in toxins. Its toxicological effects are related to central disruptions and autonomic disturbances, organ failure, as well as an excessive systemic inflammatory response. Since the role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is central in the neuroendocrine-immunological axis, the purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the immunotoxic effect of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom on HPA-axis in synchronised-mice model. Taking into account the circadian activity of the HPA-axis, the variations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone plasma levels, oxidative stress as well as inflammatory markers in cerebral, hypothalamic and adrenal tissue homogenates were investigated during the rest and activity phases of animals. Histopathology study was also performed. Results showed that Aah venom activated the HPA axis. This response seems to be dependent on time of envenomation, as a higher hormone levels were more operative during the active phase than in the rest phase when compared to time-matched control. The local toxicity-effects following Aah envenomation revealed an imbalance in oxidative stress with a higher antioxidant defences in darkness hypothalamic and cerebral tissues. Furthermore, there were significantly higher levels in vascular permeability in hypothalamic and cerebral tissues accompanied by a concomitant increase in immune-cell infiltration and/or activation as shown by expression of CD68 and myeloperoxidase activity during the active phase compared with the rest phase. Overall results suggested that Aah venom had a toxic impact on different HPA-axis areas and the effect varies according to the time of envenomation.
Fares Daachi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Amal Megdad-Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Immune-toxicity effects of scorpion venom on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during rest and activity phases in a rodent model. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 2020, 235, 108787 .
AMA StyleFares Daachi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Amal Megdad-Lamraoui, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Immune-toxicity effects of scorpion venom on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during rest and activity phases in a rodent model. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2020; 235 ():108787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFares Daachi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Amal Megdad-Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2020. "Immune-toxicity effects of scorpion venom on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during rest and activity phases in a rodent model." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 235, no. : 108787.
Because of their venom lethality towards mammals, scorpions of the Androctonus genus are considered a critical threat to human health in North Africa. Several decades of exploration have led to a comprehensive inventory of their venom components at chemical, pharmacological, and immunological levels. Typically, these venoms contain selective and high affinity ligands for the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels that dictate cellular excitability. In the well-studied Androctonus australis and Androctonus mauretanicus venoms, almost all the lethality in mammals is due to the so-called α-toxins. These peptides commonly delay the fast inactivation process of Nav channels, which leads to increased sodium entry and a subsequent cell membrane depolarization. Markedly, their neutralization by specific antisera has been shown to completely inhibit the venom’s lethal activity, because they are not only the most abundant venom peptide but also the most fatal. However, the structural and antigenic polymorphisms in the α-toxin family pose challenges to the design of efficient serotherapies. In this review, we discuss past and present accomplishments to improve serotherapy against Androctonus scorpion stings.
Marie-France Martin-Eauclaire; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari; Pierre E. Bougis. Serotherapy against Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel-Targeting α-Toxins from Androctonus Scorpion Venom. Toxins 2019, 11, 63 .
AMA StyleMarie-France Martin-Eauclaire, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki, Fatima Laraba-Djebari, Pierre E. Bougis. Serotherapy against Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel-Targeting α-Toxins from Androctonus Scorpion Venom. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarie-France Martin-Eauclaire; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari; Pierre E. Bougis. 2019. "Serotherapy against Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel-Targeting α-Toxins from Androctonus Scorpion Venom." Toxins 11, no. 2: 63.
The mechanism of the inflammatory process induced by scorpion venom in the cerebrospinal tissues has not yet been completely elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of histamine through its H1 and H3 receptors in this process. Histamine H1 and H3 receptor antagonists, Hydroxyzine (10 mg/kg) and Betaserc (20 mg/kg), respectively, were administered by intraperitoneal route to mice 1 h before subcutaneous envenomation with a subletal dose (0.5 mg/kg) of Androctonus australis hector venom. Cerebrospinal inflammation response was assessed 24 h after envenomation by evaluating the vascular permeability changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative/nitrosative stress marker levels (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, glutathione and catalase) and by histological examination of cerebrospinal tissue. Envenomed mice displayed an installation of an inflammatory response marked by increased vascular permeability (76% and 68% in brain and spinal cord, respectively, in comparison to controls), inflammatory cell infiltration, increased pro-oxidant levels and decreased anti-oxidant markers (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Scorpion venom also induced structural changes in brain and spinal cord tissues. Hydroxyzine seemed to be more efficient than Betaserc in the prevention of the induced cerebrospinal inflammation response, as evidenced by the decreased vascular permeability, inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-oxidant levels, increased anti-oxidant defense (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and a reduction of the anatomo-pathological alterations. The results showed that the histamine H1 receptor is more involved in the induced central nervous system inflammatory response during scorpion envenomation.
Amal Megdad-Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cerebrospinal inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: role of histamine H1 and H3 receptors. Inflammopharmacology 2019, 27, 589 -601.
AMA StyleAmal Megdad-Lamraoui, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cerebrospinal inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: role of histamine H1 and H3 receptors. Inflammopharmacology. 2019; 27 (3):589-601.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Megdad-Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2019. "Cerebrospinal inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: role of histamine H1 and H3 receptors." Inflammopharmacology 27, no. 3: 589-601.
A. Sifi; S. Adi-Bessalem; F. Laraba-Djebari. IgY-Technology: Preparation and potential application in the treatment of scorpion envenomation. New Biotechnology 2018, 44, S143 .
AMA StyleA. Sifi, S. Adi-Bessalem, F. Laraba-Djebari. IgY-Technology: Preparation and potential application in the treatment of scorpion envenomation. New Biotechnology. 2018; 44 ():S143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Sifi; S. Adi-Bessalem; F. Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "IgY-Technology: Preparation and potential application in the treatment of scorpion envenomation." New Biotechnology 44, no. : S143.
A. Megdad-Lamraoui; S. Adi-Bessalem; F. Laraba-Djebari. Immunoprotective effects of selenium on hepatorenal toxicity induced by scorpion venom. Toxicology Letters 2018, 295, S181 -S182.
AMA StyleA. Megdad-Lamraoui, S. Adi-Bessalem, F. Laraba-Djebari. Immunoprotective effects of selenium on hepatorenal toxicity induced by scorpion venom. Toxicology Letters. 2018; 295 ():S181-S182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Megdad-Lamraoui; S. Adi-Bessalem; F. Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "Immunoprotective effects of selenium on hepatorenal toxicity induced by scorpion venom." Toxicology Letters 295, no. : S181-S182.
Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Amina Sifi; Amal Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: Role of the angiotensine II type-1 and histamine H4 Receptors. Toxicon 2018, 149, 92 -93.
AMA StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem, Amina Sifi, Amal Lamraoui, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: Role of the angiotensine II type-1 and histamine H4 Receptors. Toxicon. 2018; 149 ():92-93.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem; Amina Sifi; Amal Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory response following scorpion envenomation: Role of the angiotensine II type-1 and histamine H4 Receptors." Toxicon 149, no. : 92-93.
Amina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cardiovascular effects induced by scorpion venom: Role of endothelin type A and angiotensin Type 1 receptors in the inflammatory response. Toxicon 2018, 149, 103 .
AMA StyleAmina Sifi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Cardiovascular effects induced by scorpion venom: Role of endothelin type A and angiotensin Type 1 receptors in the inflammatory response. Toxicon. 2018; 149 ():103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "Cardiovascular effects induced by scorpion venom: Role of endothelin type A and angiotensin Type 1 receptors in the inflammatory response." Toxicon 149, no. : 103.
Amal Megdad-Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Proteasome system role in the induced hepatorenal inflammation response by scorpion venom: New molecular target. Toxicon 2018, 149, 103 .
AMA StyleAmal Megdad-Lamraoui, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Proteasome system role in the induced hepatorenal inflammation response by scorpion venom: New molecular target. Toxicon. 2018; 149 ():103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Megdad-Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "Proteasome system role in the induced hepatorenal inflammation response by scorpion venom: New molecular target." Toxicon 149, no. : 103.
Antivenom treatment has been largely used against scorpion stings. Despite their efficacy, the use of mammalian antivenoms may cause adverse effects due to the immune system activation. IgYs from hyperimmunized laying hens against venoms could be a promising alternative to equine IgGs due to the various benefits that these antibodies can provide. Here we report the preparation of specific IgYs by immunizing laying hens with Aah (Androctonus australis hector) scorpion venom. IgYs were isolated from egg yolks by water dilution and salt precipitation methods; they were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blot and ELISA. The efficiency of these immunoglobulins on the pathophysiological effects induced by Aah venom was assessed by histological and metabolical analysis of the aorta and the heart. The inflammatory response was assessed by evaluating the granulocyte tissue infiltration and oxidative/nitrosative status. Results revealed high IgYs titers against Aah venom by ELISA. Overall, these IgYs seem to protect efficiently mice against envenomation and neutralized the lethal effects of scorpion venom with a high efficacy; the median effective dose (ED50) was 221 μl/2 LD50; i.e. an amount of 79.23 mg of IgY scan neutralize 1 mg of Aah venom. IgY antibodies neutralize effectively the Aah venom lethality and could prevent severe pathological effects induced by scorpion venom and could be used as an effective alternative to equine IgGs against scorpion envenoming.
Amina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Development of a new approach of immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming: Avian IgYs an alternative to equine IgGs. International Immunopharmacology 2018, 61, 256 -265.
AMA StyleAmina Sifi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Development of a new approach of immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming: Avian IgYs an alternative to equine IgGs. International Immunopharmacology. 2018; 61 ():256-265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2018. "Development of a new approach of immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming: Avian IgYs an alternative to equine IgGs." International Immunopharmacology 61, no. : 256-265.
Scorpion stings are mainly associated with cardiovascular disturbances that may be the cause of death. In this study, the involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II) in cardiac and aortic inflammatory response was studied. Mice were injected with Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpion venom (0.5mg/kg, subcutaneously), in the presence or absence of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril (15mg/kg/day/1day intraperitoneally) or an angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, valsartan (15mg/kg/day/15days, orally). In the envenomed group, results revealed severe tissue alterations with a concomitant increase of metabolic enzymes (CK and CK-MB) in sera. An important inflammatory cell (neutrophil and eosinophil) infiltration into the heart and aorta were observed, accompanied by imbalanced redox status (NO, MDA, catalase and GSH) and high cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) in sera with the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinases. However, the blockade of the actions of AngII by the ACE inhibitor or by the AT1R antagonist prevented cardiac and aortic tissue alterations, inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as the oxidative stress generation and cytokine and metalloproteinase expression. These results suggest the involvement of AngII, through its AT1R in the inflammation induced by Aah venom, in the heart and the aorta.
Amina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin type-1 receptor in scorpion venom-induced cardiac and aortic tissue inflammation. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2017, 102, 32 -40.
AMA StyleAmina Sifi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin type-1 receptor in scorpion venom-induced cardiac and aortic tissue inflammation. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2017; 102 (1):32-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmina Sifi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2017. "Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin type-1 receptor in scorpion venom-induced cardiac and aortic tissue inflammation." Experimental and Molecular Pathology 102, no. 1: 32-40.
S. Adi-Bessalem; A. Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Role of histamine H4-receptor as a pharmacological target in the induced hepatic and renal inflammatory response by scorpion venom. Toxicon 2016, 116, 79 -80.
AMA StyleS. Adi-Bessalem, A. Lamraoui, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Role of histamine H4-receptor as a pharmacological target in the induced hepatic and renal inflammatory response by scorpion venom. Toxicon. 2016; 116 ():79-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Adi-Bessalem; A. Lamraoui; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2016. "Role of histamine H4-receptor as a pharmacological target in the induced hepatic and renal inflammatory response by scorpion venom." Toxicon 116, no. : 79-80.
Scorpion venoms are known to cause different inflammatory disorders through complex mechanisms in various tissues. In the study here, the involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-derived metabolites in hepatic and renal inflammation responses were examined. Mice were envenomed with Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom in the absence or presence of inhibitors that can interfere with lipid inflammatory mediator synthesis, i.e., dexamethasone (PLA2 inhibitor), indomethacin (non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor), or celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor). The inflammatory response was assessed by evaluating vascular permeability changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative/nitrosative stress marker levels, and by histologic and functional analyses of the liver and kidney. Results revealed that the venom alone induced an inflammatory response in this tissues marked by increased microvascular permeability and inflammatory cell infiltration, increases in levels of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation, and decreases in antioxidant defense. Moreover, significant alterations in the histological architecture of these organs were associated with increased serum levels of some metabolic enzymes, as well as urea and uric acid. Pre-treatment of mice with dexamethasone led to significant decreases of the inflammatory disorders in the hepatic parenchyma; celecoxib pre-treatment seemed to be more effective against renal inflammation. Indomethacin pre-treatment only slightly reduced the inflammatory disorders in the tissues. These results suggest that the induced inflammation response in liver was mediated mainly by PLA2 activation, while the renal inflammatory process was mediated by prostaglandin formation by COX-2. These findings provide additional insight toward the understanding of activated pathways and related mechanisms involved in scorpion envenoming syndrome.
Amal Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Immunopathologic effects of scorpion venom on hepato-renal tissues: Involvement of lipid derived inflammatory mediators. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2015, 99, 286 -296.
AMA StyleAmal Lamraoui, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Immunopathologic effects of scorpion venom on hepato-renal tissues: Involvement of lipid derived inflammatory mediators. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2015; 99 (2):286-296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2015. "Immunopathologic effects of scorpion venom on hepato-renal tissues: Involvement of lipid derived inflammatory mediators." Experimental and Molecular Pathology 99, no. 2: 286-296.
Scorpion envenomation (SE) is a common medical problem in many countries; it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among children. In certain cases scorpion stings lead to multiorgan failure that may be fatal; the manifestations include acute respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Neurotoxins are the most active components of the scorpion venom responsible for the toxic effects induced after SE. They induce a massive release of neurotransmitters during stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic of the autonomic nervous system. The pathophysiological disturbances caused by scorpion venom are not exclusively assigned to the released neurotransmitters. The activation and release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, kinins, eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide) may also play an important role in the pathophysiology of envenomation after stings and may be responsible for some of the inflammatory manifestations and organ failure. The massive release of these mediators from injured and activated cells promotes the inflammatory response and may be responsible for its exacerbation and its maintenance. The present chapter focuses on the role of inflammatory mediators and on elucidation of the potential mechanisms by which the immune system affects the pathophysiology following SE. Understanding of involved inflammatory cascade in scorpion envenoming syndromes may have future therapeutic and diagnostic benefits.
Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System. Scorpion Venoms 2014, 87 -107.
AMA StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System. Scorpion Venoms. 2014; ():87-107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2014. "Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System." Scorpion Venoms , no. : 87-107.
Accidental pathogenesis, such as that attributed to scorpion stings, required an emergency treatment. Scorpion envenoming (SE) is an accidental disease encountered in tropical and subtropical countries. This accident is considered as a public health problem due to its induced pathophysiological effects, which could be fatal to humans. Observed clinical cases after scorpion stings are often different from one species to another. The severity of the symptoms depends on the health of the victim and the injected amount of the venom by sting and predominantly on patient’s age (stung children seem to be the more vulnerable). Some symptoms appear rapidly and could evolve and worsen to multivisceral damage (MVD) leading to the fatal outcome. In regions at risk, immunotherapy is the most commonly used approach to treat stung victims. This therapy is associated with symptomatic treatment according to the health state of each patient. The specific treatment may have a limited therapeutic value mainly due to neutralizing capacity of the used antibodies and also to other factors such as the time taken to reach at the health sectors. This review emphasizes SE as a public health problem raging not only in Maghreb regions but also in the rest of the world. Understanding of the induced effects after stings is essential to optimize the treatment.
Fatima Laraba-Djebari; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies. Scorpion Venoms 2014, 63 -85.
AMA StyleFatima Laraba-Djebari, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies. Scorpion Venoms. 2014; ():63-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima Laraba-Djebari; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. 2014. "Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies." Scorpion Venoms , no. : 63-85.
The inflammatory response caused by scorpion venoms is a key event in the pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation. This response was assessed in the cardiac, pulmonary, and gastric tissues of envenomed mice. The results reveal an increase of permeability in cardiac, pulmonary, and gastric vessels accompanied by an edema-forming, inflammatory cell infiltration, and imbalanced redox status. These effects are correlated with severe tissue alterations and concomitant increase of metabolic enzymes in sera. Pretreatment of mice with antagonists of H1, H2, or H4 receptors markedly alleviated these alterations in the heart and lungs. Nevertheless, the blockade of the H3 receptor slightly reduced these disorders. Histamine H2 and H4 receptors were the most pharmacological targets involved in the gastric oxidative inflammation. These findings could help to better understand the role of histamine in scorpion venom-induced inflammatory response and propose new therapy using as targets the H4 receptor in addition to histamine H1 and H2 receptors to attenuate the induced inflammatory disorders encountered in scorpion envenoming.
Amal Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Modulation of Tissue Inflammatory Response by Histamine Receptors in Scorpion Envenomation Pathogenesis: Involvement of H4 Receptor. Inflammation 2014, 37, 1689 -1704.
AMA StyleAmal Lamraoui, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Modulation of Tissue Inflammatory Response by Histamine Receptors in Scorpion Envenomation Pathogenesis: Involvement of H4 Receptor. Inflammation. 2014; 37 (5):1689-1704.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Lamraoui; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2014. "Modulation of Tissue Inflammatory Response by Histamine Receptors in Scorpion Envenomation Pathogenesis: Involvement of H4 Receptor." Inflammation 37, no. 5: 1689-1704.
S. Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Lipid-derived inflammatory mediators: Their role in pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation. Toxicon 2013, 75, 219 .
AMA StyleS. Adi-Bessalem, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Lipid-derived inflammatory mediators: Their role in pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation. Toxicon. 2013; 75 ():219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Adi-Bessalem; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2013. "Lipid-derived inflammatory mediators: Their role in pathogenesis of scorpion envenomation." Toxicon 75, no. : 219.
Scorpion envenomation (SE) is a common medical problem in many countries; it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among children. In certain cases scorpion stings lead to multiorgan failure that may be fatal; the manifestations include acute respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Neurotoxins are the most active components of the scorpion venom responsible for the toxic effects induced after SE. They induce a massive release of neurotransmitters during stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic of the autonomic nervous system. The pathophysiological disturbances caused by scorpion venom are not exclusively assigned to the released neurotransmitters. The activation and release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, kinins, eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide) may also play an important role in the pathophysiology of envenomation after stings and may be responsible for some of the inflammatory manifestations and organ failure. The massive release of these mediators from injured and activated cells promotes the inflammatory response and may be responsible for its exacerbation and its maintenance. The present chapter focuses on the role of inflammatory mediators and on elucidation of the potential mechanisms by which the immune system affects the pathophysiology following SE. Understanding of involved inflammatory cascade in scorpion envenoming syndromes may have future therapeutic and diagnostic benefits.
Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System. Toxins and Drug Discovery 2013, 1 -18.
AMA StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System. Toxins and Drug Discovery. 2013; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2013. "Scorpion Venom Interactions with the Immune System." Toxins and Drug Discovery , no. : 1-18.
Previous works had shown that scorpion venom induced neurotransmitter elevation and an inflammatory response associated with various anatomo-pathological modifications. The most dangerous scorpions species in Algeria responsible for these effects are Androctonus australis hector (Aah) and Androctonus amoreuxi (Aam).
Hadjer Saidi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Effects of atropine and propranolol on lung inflammation in experimental envenomation: comparison of two buthidae venoms. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 2013, 19, 8 -8.
AMA StyleHadjer Saidi, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki, Fatima Laraba-Djebari. Effects of atropine and propranolol on lung inflammation in experimental envenomation: comparison of two buthidae venoms. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 2013; 19 (1):8-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadjer Saidi; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki; Fatima Laraba-Djebari. 2013. "Effects of atropine and propranolol on lung inflammation in experimental envenomation: comparison of two buthidae venoms." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 19, no. 1: 8-8.
Accidental pathogenesis, such as that attributed to scorpion stings, required an emergency treatment. Scorpion envenoming (SE) is an accidental disease encountered in tropical and subtropical countries. This accident is considered as a public health problem due to its induced pathophysiological effects, which could be fatal to humans. Observed clinical cases after scorpion stings are often different from one species to another. The severity of the symptoms depends on the health of the victim and the injected amount of the venom by sting and predominantly on patient’s age (stung children seem to be the more vulnerable). Some symptoms appear rapidly and could evolve and worsen to multivisceral damage (MVD) leading to the fatal outcome. In regions at risk, immunotherapy is the most commonly used approach to treat stung victims. This therapy is associated with symptomatic treatment according to the health state of each patient. The specific treatment may have a limited therapeutic value mainly due to neutralizing capacity of the used antibodies and also to other environment the factors such as the time taken to reach at the health sectors. This review emphasizes SE as a public health problem raging not only in Maghreb regions but also in the rest of the world. Understanding of the induced effects after stings is essential to optimize the treatment.
Fatima Laraba-Djebari; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies. Toxins and Drug Discovery 2013, 1 -21.
AMA StyleFatima Laraba-Djebari, Sonia Adi-Bessalem, Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies. Toxins and Drug Discovery. 2013; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima Laraba-Djebari; Sonia Adi-Bessalem; Djelila Hammoudi-Triki. 2013. "Scorpion Venoms: Pathogenesis and Biotherapies." Toxins and Drug Discovery , no. : 1-21.