A new, three-parameter friction model at the boundaries of free surface flow is proposed. The model is valid for all flow and roughness characteristics and it is proposed to replace the widely used Manning equation in the flood simulation models. In the gauged flow domains, the parameters of the model can be calibrated directly using the appropriate field data. For the ungauged flow domains, the parameters are estimated following a four-step procedure: (1) selection of roughness zones; (2) generation of synthetic data from water depth—flow velocity—roughness height combinations; (3) calculation of shear stresses using a physically based equation; and (4) estimation of the model parameters through regression toward the results of this equation. The proposed friction model is used in the case study of the Tous dam break in Spain in 1982, as it was simulated by the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model FLOW-R2D. The results of this application show that the proposed friction model performs slightly better than the commonly used Manning equation.

The modelling of human-modified basins that are inadequately measured constitutes a challenge for hydrological science. Often, models for such systems are detailed and hydraulics-based for only one part of the system while for other parts oversimplified models or rough assumptions are used. This is typically a bottom-up approach, which seeks to exploit knowledge of hydrological processes at the micro-scale at some components of the system. Also, it is a monomeric approach in two ways: first, essential interactions among system components may be poorly represented or even omitted; second, differences in the level of detail of process representation can lead to uncontrolled errors. Additionally, the calibration procedure merely accounts for the reproduction of the observed responses using typical fitting criteria. The paper aims to raise some critical issues, regarding the entire modelling approach for such hydrosystems. For this, two alternative modelling strategies are examined that reflect two modelling approaches or philosophies: a dominant bottom-up approach, which is also monomeric and, very often, based on output information, and a top-down and holistic approach based on generalized information. Critical options are examined, which codify the differences between the two strategies: the representation of surface, groundwater and water management processes, the schematization and parameterization concepts and the parameter estimation methodology. The first strategy is based on stand-alone models for surface and groundwater processes and for water management, which are employed sequentially. For each model, a different (detailed or coarse) parameterization is used, which is dictated by the hydrosystem schematization. The second strategy involves model integration for all processes, parsimonious parameterization and hybrid manual-automatic parameter optimization based on multiple objectives. A test case is examined in a hydrosystem in Greece with high complexities, such as extended surface-groundwater interactions, ill-defined boundaries, sinks to the sea and anthropogenic intervention with unmeasured abstractions both from surface water and aquifers. Criteria for comparison are the physical consistency of parameters, the reproduction of runoff hydrographs at multiple sites within the studied basin, the likelihood of uncontrolled model outputs, the required amount of computational effort and the performance within a stochastic simulation setting. Our work allows for investigating the deterioration of model performance in cases where no balanced attention is paid to all components of human-modified hydrosystems and the related information. Also, sources of errors are identified and their combined effect are evaluated.

A methodology is proposed for constructing flood frequency curves before and after forest fires in small ungauged basins. It follows the rainfall-based derived distribution approach using Monte Carlo simulation and allowing for uncertainty in some of the variables involved. The generalized extreme value distribution for annual maximum rainfall is used, combined with the SCS-CN method for estimating rainfall excess, and the rational method for peak flow estimation. For pre-fire conditions, uncertainty in the spatially-averaged curve number is assumed. For post-fire conditions, measurements of peak flood water level at the basin outlet are exploited, while uncertainty is considered both in these measurements and in the hydraulic roughness. Multi-variate Latin Hypercube sampling for correlated variables is used to assess flood quantiles. The methodology is applied to a small basin in Attica, Greece, which was burnt in 2007. Sensitivity tests are carried out regarding the effect of sample size and of the amount of uncertainty involved. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Nalbantis, I. and Lymperopoulos, S., 2012. Assessment of flood frequency after forest fires in small ungauged basins based on uncertain measurements. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (1), 52–72.