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S. Ravindra Babu
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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A weak El Niño during 2014–2015 boreal winter developed as a strong boreal summer event in 2015 which continued and even enhanced during the following winter. In this work, the detailed changes in the structure, dynamics, and trace gases within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) during the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016 is delineated by using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements, COSMIC radio occultation (RO) temperature, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis products. Our analysis concentrates only on the summer months of July and August 2015 when the Niño 3.4 index started to exceed values of 1.5. The results show that the ASMA structure was quite different in summer 2015 as compared to the long-term (2005–2014) mean. In July, the spatial extension of the ASMA is greater than the long-term mean in all the regions except over northeastern Asia, where it exhibits a strong southward shift in its position. The ASMA splits into two, and the western Pacific mode is evident in August. Interestingly, the subtropical westerly jet (STJ) shifted southward from its normal position over northeastern Asia, and as a result midlatitude air moved southward in 2015. Intense Rossby wave breaking events along with STJ are also found in July 2015. Due to these dynamical changes in the ASMA, pronounced changes in the ASMA tracers are noticed in 2015 compared to the long-term mean. A 30 % (20 %) decrease in carbon monoxide (water vapor) at 100 hPa is observed in July over most of the ASMA region, whereas in August the drop is strongly concentrated at the edges of the ASMA. A prominent increase in O3 (> 40 %) at 100 hPa is clearly evident within the ASMA in July, whereas in August the increase is strongly located (even at 121 hPa) over the western edges of the ASMA. Further, the temperature around the tropopause shows significant positive anomalies (∼ 5 K) within the ASMA in 2015. The present results clearly reveal the El-Niño-induced dynamical changes caused significant changes in the trace gases within the ASMA in summer 2015.

ACS Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Madineni Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin. Structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2021, 21, 5533 -5547.

AMA Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, Shantanu Kumar Pani, Neng-Huei Lin. Structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2021; 21 (7):5533-5547.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Madineni Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin. 2021. "Structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 7: 5533-5547.

Preprint content
Published: 16 November 2020
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In this work, the detailed changes in the structure, dynamics and trace gases within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) during extreme El Niño of 2015–16 is delineated by using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements, COSMIC Radio Occultation (RO) temperature, and NCEP reanalysis products. We have considered the individual months of July and August 2015 for the present study. The results show that the ASMA structure was quite different in 2015 as compared to the long-term (2005–2014) mean. In July, the spatial extension of the ASMA shows larger than the long-term mean in all the regions except over northeastern Asia, where, it exhibits a strong southward shift in its position. The ASMA splits into two and western Pacific mode is evident in August. Interestingly, the subtropical westerly jet (STJ) shifted southward from its normal position over northeastern Asia as resulted mid latitude air moved southward in 2015. Intense Rossby wave breaking events along with STJ are also found in July 2015. Due to these dynamical changes in the ASMA, pronounced changes in the ASMA tracers are noticed in 2015 compared to the long-term mean. A 30 % (20 %) decrease in carbon monoxide (water vapor) at 100 hPa is observed in July over most of the ASMA region, whereas in August the drop is strongly concentrated in the edges of the ASMA. Prominent increase of O3 (> 40 %) at 100 hPa is clearly evident within the ASMA in July, whereas in August the increase is strongly located (even at 121 hPa) over the western edges of the ASMA. Further, the temperature around the tropopause shows significant positive anomalies (~ 5 K) within the ASMA in 2015. Overall, warming of the tropopause region due to the increased O3 weakens the anticyclone and further supported the weaker ASMA in 2015 reported by previous studies.

ACS Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Madineni Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin. Structure, dynamics, and trace gases variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in extreme El Niño of 2015–16. 2020, 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, Shantanu Kumar Pani, Neng-Huei Lin. Structure, dynamics, and trace gases variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in extreme El Niño of 2015–16. . 2020; 2020 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Madineni Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin. 2020. "Structure, dynamics, and trace gases variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in extreme El Niño of 2015–16." 2020, no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 30 July 2020 in GPS Solutions
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The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signatures interpreted in different tropical tropopause layer (TTL) parameters are investigated by using long-term Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)-1 radio occultation temperature data from July 2006 to March 2019. The TTL parameters include the cold point tropopause height (CPT-H) and corresponding temperature (CPT-T), lapse rate tropopause height (LRT-H) and corresponding temperature (LRT-T), convective outflow level height (COH), and TTL thickness. Results indicate that the warm phase of ENSO is associated with prominent negative CPT-T anomalies, whereas the cold phase of ENSO is associated with positive CPT-T anomalies over the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Further, correlation analysis is carried out between TTL parameters obtained over the Nino 3.4 region (5°N–5°S, 170°W–120°W) and sea surface temperature Nino 3.4 Index. We found weak positive correlations in CPT-H (0.37) and LRT-H (0.49), and moderate negative correlations in CPT-T (− 0.62), LRT-T (− 0.64), and TTL thickness (− 0.5) with Nino 3.4 Index. Interestingly, a higher correlation of 0.8 is noticed between COH and the Niño 3.4 Index. Furthermore, lag correlation analysis reveals that a 4-month lag is noticed in tropopause heights (CPT-H and LRT-H) and a 2-month lag is evident in tropopause temperatures (CPT-T and LRT-T) with the Niño 3.4 Index. In addition, only 1-month lag is noticed between COH and Niño 3.4 index. With a high correlation and 1-month lag with the Nino 3.4 index, it is concluded that the COH is the most suitable TTL parameter to detect the ENSO signatures among the TTL parameters.

ACS Style

Yuei-An Liou; Ravindra Babu. ENSO signatures observed in tropical tropopause layer parameters using long-term COSMIC RO data. GPS Solutions 2020, 24, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Yuei-An Liou, Ravindra Babu. ENSO signatures observed in tropical tropopause layer parameters using long-term COSMIC RO data. GPS Solutions. 2020; 24 (4):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuei-An Liou; Ravindra Babu. 2020. "ENSO signatures observed in tropical tropopause layer parameters using long-term COSMIC RO data." GPS Solutions 24, no. 4: 1-13.

Preprint content
Published: 01 July 2020
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For the first time after 43 years of its previous eruption in 1977, the Taal volcano in the Philippines (14° N, 120.59° E) erupted in the afternoon of 12 January, 2020. Interestingly, the Taal volcanic eruption was associated with a strong anticyclonic circulation at the upper levels over the western Pacific region in the northern hemisphere. As a result, the volcanic plumes were carried through the background upper level strong winds to the anticyclone over the Pacific Ocean within a few days following the eruption. In this study, the detailed vertical structure and the day-to-day temperature variability in response to the eruption is delineated by using high-resolution temperature measurements from the recently launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)-2 radio occultation (RO) data. We describe the vertical temperature structure near (within 2 degree radius) and away (~ 5 degree radius) from the volcano during its intense eruption day (13 January 2020). A significant temperature inversion at ~ 15 km altitude is observed in the nearest temperature profiles (within 2 degree radius). Multiple tropopauses are evident in the temperature profiles that are available away from the volcano (~ 5 degree radius). The cloud top altitude of 15.2 km detected from the RO bending angle anomaly method is demonstrated. Furthermore, the diurnal temperature and relative humidity anomalies are estimated over ± 5° latitude and longitude radius from the volcano center and over the region of 10–20° N, 160–180° E with respect to the mean temperature of one week before the eruption. A persistent warming layer is observed at 16–19 km altitude range in both regions for several days after the eruption. A strong increase of ~ 50 % relative humidity at 15 km altitude is also noticed just after the eruption in the Taal volcano region. The present work shows the advantages and usefulness of the newly-launched COSMIC-2 data for near real-time temperature monitoring at shorter time scales with sufficient data.

ACS Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Yuei-An Liou. Measurement report: Immediate impact of the Taal volcanic eruption on atmospheric temperature observed from COSMIC-2 RO measurements. 2020, 2020, 1 -24.

AMA Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu, Yuei-An Liou. Measurement report: Immediate impact of the Taal volcanic eruption on atmospheric temperature observed from COSMIC-2 RO measurements. . 2020; 2020 ():1-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saginela Ravindra Babu; Yuei-An Liou. 2020. "Measurement report: Immediate impact of the Taal volcanic eruption on atmospheric temperature observed from COSMIC-2 RO measurements." 2020, no. : 1-24.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Meteorological parameters are the critical factors affecting the transmission of infectious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and influenza. Consequently, infectious disease incidence rates are likely to be influenced by the weather change. This study investigates the role of Singapore's hot tropical weather in COVID-19 transmission by exploring the association between meteorological parameters and the COVID-19 pandemic cases in Singapore. This study uses the secondary data of COVID-19 daily cases from the webpage of Ministry of Health (MOH), Singapore. Spearman and Kendall rank correlation tests were used to investigate the correlation between COVID-19 and meteorological parameters. Temperature, dew point, relative humidity, absolute humidity, and water vapor showed positive significant correlation with COVID-19 pandemic. These results will help the epidemiologists to understand the behavior of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus against meteorological variables. This study finding would be also a useful supplement to help the local healthcare policymakers, Center for Disease Control (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the process of strategy making to combat COVID-19 in Singapore.

ACS Style

Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin; Ravindra Babu. Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 740, 140112 -140112.

AMA Style

Shantanu Kumar Pani, Neng-Huei Lin, Ravindra Babu. Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 740 ():140112-140112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shantanu Kumar Pani; Neng-Huei Lin; Ravindra Babu. 2020. "Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore." Science of The Total Environment 740, no. : 140112-140112.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
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The Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region plays an important role in the climate system. Quantifying the processes that control UTLS represents a crucial task. We assess UTLS trends and associated tropopause parameters (Cold Point Tropopause temperature/altitude (CPT/CPH), Lapse Rate Tropopause temperature/altitude (LRT/LRH), Convective outflow level temperature/altitude (COT/COH) and Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) thickness). This study is based on high-resolution daily radiosonde data from 2006 to 2018 over a tropical station Gadanki in south India supported by satellite measurements. The results show an increase of CPH (LRH) of ~0.06 km (~0.10 km), decrease of CPT (LRT) of ~1.09 K (1.16 K), increase of COH of ~0.29 km and decrease of TTL thickness of ~0.23 km in the recent decade. The vertical temperature trends show a strong cooling trend at lower stratosphere (17–19 km) with a maximum cooling rate of 1.3 ± 0.86 K per decade at 19.4 km altitude unlike reported recently using global radiosonde network. A warming trend is observed in the entire troposphere (0–15 km) with maximum warming rate of 0.44 ± 0.55 K at 11.6 km during the last decade. Distinct variability in the temperature is noticed below and above the tropopause with the strong seasonal change above the tropical tropopause (18 and 19 km) compared to the below the tropopause (15–17 km). The observed trends are explained in relation to the ozone (O3) and water vapor (WV) trends over Gadanki. Compare to the ozone changes, the WV increasing trend was found strongly influencing the LS cooling trend in the recent decade over Indian monsoon region.

ACS Style

Ravindra Babu; S.T. Akhil Raj; Ghouse Basha; M. Venkat Ratnam. Recent trends in the UTLS temperature and tropical tropopause parameters over tropical South Indian region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2020, 197, 105164 .

AMA Style

Ravindra Babu, S.T. Akhil Raj, Ghouse Basha, M. Venkat Ratnam. Recent trends in the UTLS temperature and tropical tropopause parameters over tropical South Indian region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2020; 197 ():105164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravindra Babu; S.T. Akhil Raj; Ghouse Basha; M. Venkat Ratnam. 2020. "Recent trends in the UTLS temperature and tropical tropopause parameters over tropical South Indian region." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 197, no. : 105164.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Aerosol and Air Quality Research
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The role of environmental factors in the transmission of COVID-19 still needs to be determined. The main objective of the present study is to explore the relationship between environmental factors (both meteorological and air pollution parameters) and the daily confirmed COVID-19 cases over Delhi, India. This study employed a secondary data analysis of COVID-19 (from 1 March to 30 June, 2020) from the Delhi State Health Bulletin and the environmental factors from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India. Pearson's correlation coefficients were assessed to show the correlation between environmental factors and daily confirmed COVID-19 cases. The temperature (maximum, minimum, average, and dew point) and wind speed exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily COVID-19 cases. However, diurnal temperature range, rainfall, and relative humidity showed non-significant correlations. Air pollutants were found to be weakly associated with daily COVID-19 cases. However, O3 exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily COVID-19 cases in Delhi. The probability distribution analysis reveals that approximately 80% of the total confirmed cases were registered when the average temperature was higher than 30oC. The present study finds a prominent relationship between different environmental factors and COVID-19 transmission in Delhi. However, further detailed analysis over different parts of entire India is required to get a complete picture and solid conclusion.

ACS Style

Ravindra Babu; N. Narasimha Rao; S. Vijaya Kumar; Surender Paul; Shantanu Kumar Pani. Plausible Role of Environmental Factors on COVID-19 Transmission in the Megacity Delhi, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2020, 20, 2075 -2084.

AMA Style

Ravindra Babu, N. Narasimha Rao, S. Vijaya Kumar, Surender Paul, Shantanu Kumar Pani. Plausible Role of Environmental Factors on COVID-19 Transmission in the Megacity Delhi, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2020; 20 (10):2075-2084.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravindra Babu; N. Narasimha Rao; S. Vijaya Kumar; Surender Paul; Shantanu Kumar Pani. 2020. "Plausible Role of Environmental Factors on COVID-19 Transmission in the Megacity Delhi, India." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 20, no. 10: 2075-2084.

Preprint content
Published: 02 December 2019
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The Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA) persisting during monsoon season in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region play an important role in confining the trace gases and aerosols for a longer period thus affects regional and global climate. Our understanding on these trace gases and aerosols variability in the ASMA is limited. In this study, the effect of the ASMA on the trace gases (Water Vapour (WV), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO)) and aerosols (Attenuated Scattering Ratio (ASR)) obtained from long-term (2006–2016) satellite measurements is investigated. Since the ASMA is present in the UTLS region, its influence on the tropopause characteristics is also explored. Higher tropopause altitude, WV, CO and ASR confining to the ASMA region is observed, whereas tropopause temperatures and O3 are found low. There exists large inter-annual variation in the ASMA and hence its effect on these trace gases and aerosols are also seen clearly. A significant relationship is also observed between the phases of Quasi-Biannual Oscillation (QBO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the trace gases and ASR, including the tropopause when measurements in the ASMA region are subject to multivariate regression analysis. Further, the influence of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) activity on the ASMA trace gases and aerosols is studied with respect to active and break spells of monsoon, strong and weak monsoon years, strong La Niña, El Niño years. Results show a significant increase in WV, CO and decrease in O3 during the active phase of the ISM, strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years in the ASMA. Enhancement in the ASR values during the strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years is observed. Thus, it is prudent to conclude that the dynamics of the ASMA play an important role in the confinement of several trace gases and aerosols and suggested to consider the activity of summer monsoon while dealing with them at sub-seasonal scales.

ACS Style

Ghouse Basha; M. Venkat Ratnam; Pangaluru Kishore; S. Ravindrababu; Isabella Velicogna. Influence of Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone on the Trace gases and Aerosols over Indian region. 2019, 1 -33.

AMA Style

Ghouse Basha, M. Venkat Ratnam, Pangaluru Kishore, S. Ravindrababu, Isabella Velicogna. Influence of Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone on the Trace gases and Aerosols over Indian region. . 2019; ():1-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghouse Basha; M. Venkat Ratnam; Pangaluru Kishore; S. Ravindrababu; Isabella Velicogna. 2019. "Influence of Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone on the Trace gases and Aerosols over Indian region." , no. : 1-33.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2019 in Remote Sensing
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It is well reported that the 2015–16 El Niño event is one of the most intense and long lasting events in the 21st century. The quantified changes in the trace gases (Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Water Vapour (WV)) in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region are delineated using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Atmosphere Infrared Radio Sounder (AIRS) satellite observations from June to December 2015. Prior to reaching its peak intensity of El Niño 2015–16, large anomalies in the trace gases (O3 and CO) were detected in the tropical UTLS region, which is a record high in the 21st century. A strong decrease in the UTLS (at 100 and 82 hPa) ozone (~200 ppbv) in July-August 2015 was noticed over the entire equatorial region followed by large enhancement in the CO (150 ppbv) from September to November 2015. The enhancement in the CO is more prevalent over the South East Asia (SEA) and Western Pacific (WP) regions where large anomalies of WV in the lower stratosphere are observed in December 2015. Dominant positive cold point tropopause temperature (CPT-T) anomalies (~5 K) are also noticed over the SEA and WP regions from the high-resolution Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) Global Position System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) temperature profiles. These observed anomalies are explained in the light of dynamics and circulation changes during El Niño.

ACS Style

S. Ravindrababu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Yuei-An Liou; N. Narendra Reddy. Large Anomalies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) Trace Gases Observed during the Extreme 2015–16 El Niño Event by Using Satellite Measurements. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 687 .

AMA Style

S. Ravindrababu, M. Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, Yuei-An Liou, N. Narendra Reddy. Large Anomalies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) Trace Gases Observed during the Extreme 2015–16 El Niño Event by Using Satellite Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (6):687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ravindrababu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; Yuei-An Liou; N. Narendra Reddy. 2019. "Large Anomalies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) Trace Gases Observed during the Extreme 2015–16 El Niño Event by Using Satellite Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6: 687.

Research article
Published: 04 February 2019 in Atmospheric Science Letters
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Over the Indian region, changes in the tropopause parameters during pre‐monsoon to monsoon seasons have been reported. However, no study exists to date dealing with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset signatures on the tropopause parameters. In the present study, the climatological structure of the tropical tropopause layer during the onset phase of ISM is delineated by using long‐term (2006–2017) radiosonde observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). A prominent transition in the tropopause parameters from pre‐monsoon to monsoon is noticed and the transition is initiated from the day of ISM onset. Continuous decrease (increase) of tropopause altitude (temperature) is perceived after the ISM onset. The ozonesonde observations clearly show the strong enhancement in the ozone mixing ratio in the lower stratosphere (~16–20 km) after the ISM onset. This clearly demonstrates the instantaneous warming of the tropopause region after the ISM onset in addition to the latent heat release due to the precipitation. Transitions from pre‐monsoon to monsoon in the tropopause parameters are influenced strongly by onset of ISM which was attributed as seasonal changes earlier. These results provide strong evidence on the ISM onset signatures on the tropical tropopause parameters.

ACS Style

Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B.V. Krishnamurthy. Indian summer monsoon onset signatures on the tropical tropopause layer. Atmospheric Science Letters 2019, 20, 1 .

AMA Style

Ravindra Babu, M. Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, B.V. Krishnamurthy. Indian summer monsoon onset signatures on the tropical tropopause layer. Atmospheric Science Letters. 2019; 20 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B.V. Krishnamurthy. 2019. "Indian summer monsoon onset signatures on the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Science Letters 20, no. 3: 1.

Article
Published: 24 May 2018 in Climate Dynamics
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Accurate estimation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top is essential for air quality prediction, weather forecast, and assessment of regional and global climate models. In this article, the long-term climatology of seasonal, global distribution of PBL is presented by using global positioning system radio occultation (GPSRO) based payloads such as Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS), TerraSAR-X, and The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) from the year 2006–2015. We used Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT) technique for precise PBL top identification. The derived PBL top from GPSRO data is rigorously evaluated with GPS radiosonde data over Gadanki. Significant seasonal variation is noticed in both radiosonde and GPSRO observations. Further, we compared the PBL obtained GPS RO with global radiosonde network and observed very good correlation. The number of occultations reaching down to 500 m and retrieval rate of PBL top from WCT method is very high in mid-latitudes compared to tropical latitudes. The global distribution of PBL top shows significant seasonal variation with higher during summer followed by spring, fall, and minimum in winter. In the vicinity of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the PBL top is high over eastern Pacific compared to other regions. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data underestimate the PBL top compared to GPS RO observations due to different measurement techniques. The seasonal variation of global averaged PBL top over land and ocean shows contrasting features at different latitude bands.

ACS Style

Ghouse Basha; P. Kishore; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ravindra Babu; Isabella Velicogna; Jonathan H. Jiang; Chi O. Ao. Global climatology of planetary boundary layer top obtained from multi-satellite GPS RO observations. Climate Dynamics 2018, 52, 2385 -2398.

AMA Style

Ghouse Basha, P. Kishore, M. Venkat Ratnam, Ravindra Babu, Isabella Velicogna, Jonathan H. Jiang, Chi O. Ao. Global climatology of planetary boundary layer top obtained from multi-satellite GPS RO observations. Climate Dynamics. 2018; 52 (3-4):2385-2398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghouse Basha; P. Kishore; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ravindra Babu; Isabella Velicogna; Jonathan H. Jiang; Chi O. Ao. 2018. "Global climatology of planetary boundary layer top obtained from multi-satellite GPS RO observations." Climate Dynamics 52, no. 3-4: 2385-2398.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
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We describe and show results from a series of field campaigns that used balloonborne instruments launched from India and Saudi Arabia during the summers 2014–17 to study the nature, formation, and impacts of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). The campaign goals were to i) characterize the optical, physical, and chemical properties of the ATAL; ii) assess its impacts on water vapor and ozone; and iii) understand the role of convection in its formation. To address these objectives, we launched 68 balloons from four locations, one in Saudi Arabia and three in India, with payload weights ranging from 1.5 to 50 kg. We measured meteorological parameters; ozone; water vapor; and aerosol backscatter, concentration, volatility, and composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. We found peaks in aerosol concentrations of up to 25 cm–3 for radii > 94 nm, associated with a scattering ratio at 940 nm of ∼1.9 near the cold-point tropopause. During medium-duration balloon flights near the tropopause, we collected aerosols and found, after offline ion chromatography analysis, the dominant presence of nitrate ions with a concentration of about 100 ng m–3. Deep convection was found to influence aerosol loadings 1 km above the cold-point tropopause. The Balloon Measurements of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (BATAL) project will continue for the next 3–4 years, and the results gathered will be used to formulate a future National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Indian Space Research Organisation (NASA–ISRO) airborne campaign with NASA high-altitude aircraft.

ACS Style

J.-P. Vernier; T. D. Fairlie; T. Deshler; M. Venkat Ratnam; Harish Gadhavi; B. S. Kumar; M. Natarajan; A. K. Pandit; S. T. Akhil Raj; A. Hemanth Kumar; A. Jayaraman; A. K. Singh; Neeraj Rastogi; P. R. Sinha; Sarvan Kumar; Shani Tiwari; T. Wegner; N. Baker; D. Vignelles; Georgiy Lvovich Stenchikov; I. Shevchenko; J. Smith; K. Bedka; Amit Kesarkar; V. Singh; J. Bhate; V. Ravikiran; Durga Rao; Ravindra Babu; A. Patel; H. Vernier; F. G. Wienhold; H. Liu; T. N. Knepp; L. Thomason; J. Crawford; L. Ziemba; J. Moore; S. Crumeyrolle; M. Williamson; G. Berthet; F. Jégou; J.-B. Renard. BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2018, 99, 955 -973.

AMA Style

J.-P. Vernier, T. D. Fairlie, T. Deshler, M. Venkat Ratnam, Harish Gadhavi, B. S. Kumar, M. Natarajan, A. K. Pandit, S. T. Akhil Raj, A. Hemanth Kumar, A. Jayaraman, A. K. Singh, Neeraj Rastogi, P. R. Sinha, Sarvan Kumar, Shani Tiwari, T. Wegner, N. Baker, D. Vignelles, Georgiy Lvovich Stenchikov, I. Shevchenko, J. Smith, K. Bedka, Amit Kesarkar, V. Singh, J. Bhate, V. Ravikiran, Durga Rao, Ravindra Babu, A. Patel, H. Vernier, F. G. Wienhold, H. Liu, T. N. Knepp, L. Thomason, J. Crawford, L. Ziemba, J. Moore, S. Crumeyrolle, M. Williamson, G. Berthet, F. Jégou, J.-B. Renard. BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2018; 99 (5):955-973.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.-P. Vernier; T. D. Fairlie; T. Deshler; M. Venkat Ratnam; Harish Gadhavi; B. S. Kumar; M. Natarajan; A. K. Pandit; S. T. Akhil Raj; A. Hemanth Kumar; A. Jayaraman; A. K. Singh; Neeraj Rastogi; P. R. Sinha; Sarvan Kumar; Shani Tiwari; T. Wegner; N. Baker; D. Vignelles; Georgiy Lvovich Stenchikov; I. Shevchenko; J. Smith; K. Bedka; Amit Kesarkar; V. Singh; J. Bhate; V. Ravikiran; Durga Rao; Ravindra Babu; A. Patel; H. Vernier; F. G. Wienhold; H. Liu; T. N. Knepp; L. Thomason; J. Crawford; L. Ziemba; J. Moore; S. Crumeyrolle; M. Williamson; G. Berthet; F. Jégou; J.-B. Renard. 2018. "BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 5: 955-973.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2016 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Tropical cyclones play an important role in modifying the tropopause structure and dynamics as well as stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. In the present study, the impact of cyclones that occurred over the north Indian Ocean during 2007–2013 on the STE processes is quantified using satellite observations. Tropopause characteristics during cyclones are obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements, and ozone and water vapour concentrations in the UTLS region are obtained from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations. The effect of cyclones on the tropopause parameters is observed to be more prominent within 500 km of the centre of the tropical cyclone. In our earlier study, we observed a decrease (increase) in the tropopause altitude (temperature) up to 0.6 km (3 K), and the convective outflow level increased up to 2 km. This change leads to a total increase in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) thickness of 3 km within 500 km of the centre of cyclone. Interestingly, an enhancement in the ozone mixing ratio in the upper troposphere is clearly noticed within 500 km from the cyclone centre, whereas the enhancement in the water vapour in the lower stratosphere is more significant on the south-east side, extending from 500 to 1000 km away from the cyclone centre. The cross-tropopause mass flux for different intensities of cyclones is estimated and it is found that the mean flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere for cyclonic storms is 0.05 ± 0.29 × 10−3 kg m−2, and for very severe cyclonic storms it is 0.5 ± 1.07 × 10−3 kg m−2. More downward flux is noticed on the north-west and south-west side of the cyclone centre. These results indicate that the cyclones have significant impact in effecting the tropopause structure, ozone and water vapour budget, and consequentially the STE in the UTLS region.

ACS Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; Ravindra Babu; S. S. Das; G. Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the stratosphere–troposphere exchange observed using satellite observations over the north Indian Ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2016, 16, 8581 -8591.

AMA Style

M. Venkat Ratnam, Ravindra Babu, S. S. Das, G. Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the stratosphere–troposphere exchange observed using satellite observations over the north Indian Ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2016; 16 (13):8581-8591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; Ravindra Babu; S. S. Das; G. Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. 2016. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the stratosphere–troposphere exchange observed using satellite observations over the north Indian Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 13: 8581-8591.

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Published: 18 January 2016
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Tropical cyclones play an important role in modifying the tropopause structure and dynamics as well as stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) process in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region. In the present study, the impact of cyclones that occurred over the North Indian Ocean during 2007–2013 on the STE process is quantified using satellite observations. Tropopause characteristics during cyclones are obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) measurements and ozone and water vapor concentrations in UTLS region are obtained from Aura-Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations. The effect of cyclones on the tropopause parameters is observed to be more prominent within 500 km from the centre of cyclone. In our earlier study we have observed decrease (increase) in the tropopause altitude (temperature) up to 0.6 km (3 K) and the convective outflow level increased up to 2 km. This change leads to a total increase in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) thickness of 3 km within the 500 km from the centre of cyclone. Interestingly, an enhancement in the ozone mixing ratio in the upper troposphere is clearly noticed within 500 km from cyclone centre whereas the enhancement in the water vapor in the lower stratosphere is more significant on south-east side extending from 500–1000 km away from the cyclone centre. We estimated the cross-tropopause mass flux for different intensities of cyclones and found that the mean flux from stratosphere to troposphere for cyclonic stroms is 0.05 ± 0.29 × 10−3 kg m−2 and for very severe cyclonic stroms it is 0.5 ± 1.07 × 10−3 kg m−2. More downward flux is noticed in the north-west and south-west side of the cyclone centre. These results indicate that the cyclones have significant impact in effecting the tropopause structure, ozone and water vapour budget and consequentially the STE in the UTLS region.

ACS Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; S. Ravindra Babu; S. S. Das; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange observed using satellite observations over north Indian Ocean. 2016, 2016, 1 -30.

AMA Style

M. Venkat Ratnam, S. Ravindra Babu, S. S. Das, Ghouse Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange observed using satellite observations over north Indian Ocean. . 2016; 2016 ():1-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; S. Ravindra Babu; S. S. Das; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. 2016. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange observed using satellite observations over north Indian Ocean." 2016, no. : 1-30.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2015 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic-scale systems that play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence also modify stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parameters include cold-point tropopause altitude (CPH) and temperature (CPT), lapse-rate tropopause altitude (LRH) and temperature (LRT) and the thickness of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), that is defined as the layer between convective outflow level (COH) and CPH, obtained from GPS RO data. From all the TC events, we generate the mean cyclone-centred composite structure for the tropopause parameters and removed it from the climatological mean obtained from averaging the GPS RO data from 2002 to 2013. Since the TCs include eye, eye walls and deep convective bands, we obtained the tropopause parameters based on radial distance from the cyclone eye. In general, decrease in the CPH in the eye is noticed as expected. However, as the distance from the cyclone eye increases by 300, 400, and 500 km, an enhancement in CPH (CPT) and LRH (LRT) is observed. Lowering of CPH (0.6 km) and LRH (0.4 km) values with coldest CPT and LRT (2–3 K) within a 500 km radius of the TC centre is noticed. Higher (2 km) COH leading to the lowering of TTL thickness (2–3 km) is clearly observed. There are multiple tropopause structures in the profiles of temperature obtained within 100 km from the centre of the TC. These changes in the tropopause parameters are expected to influence the water vapour transport from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere, and ozone from the lower stratosphere to the upper troposphere, hence influencing STE processes.

ACS Style

S. Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2015, 15, 10239 -10249.

AMA Style

S. Ravindra Babu, M. Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, B. Venkateswararao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15 (18):10239-10249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswararao. 2015. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 18: 10239-10249.

Preprint content
Published: 05 May 2015 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic scale systems and play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parameters include cold point tropopause altitude (CPH) and temperature (CPT), lapse rate tropopause altitude (LRH) and temperature (LRT) and the thickness of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), that is defined as the layer between convective outflow level (COH) and CPH, obtained from GPS RO data. From all the TCs events, we generate the mean cyclone-centered composite structure for the tropopause parameters and removed from climatological mean obtained from averaging the GPS RO data from 2002–2013. Since the TCs include eye, eye walls and deep convective bands, we obtained the tropopause parameters based on radial distance from cyclone eye. In general, decrease in the CPH in the eye is noticed as expected. However, as the distance from cyclone eye increases by 3, 4, and 5° an enhancement in CPH (CPT), LRH (LRT) are observed. Lowering of CPH (0.6 km) and LRH (0.4 km) values with coldest CPT and LRT (2–3 K) within the 500 km radius from the TC centre is noticed. Higher (2 km) COH leading to the lowering of TTL thickness (2–3 km) is clearly observed. There exists multiple tropopause structures in the profiles of temperature obtained within 1° from centre of TC. These changes in the tropopause parameters are expected to influence the water vapour transport from troposphere to lower stratosphere and ozone from lower stratosphere to the upper troposphere and hence STE processes.

ACS Style

S. Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswara Rao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

S. Ravindra Babu, M. Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, B. Venkateswara Rao. Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; Ghouse Basha; B. V. Krishnamurthy; B. Venkateswara Rao. 2015. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
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M. Venkat Ratnam; S.V. Sunilkumar; K. Parameswaran; B.V. Krishna Murthy; Geetha Ramkumar; K. Rajeev; Ghouse Basha; Ravindra Babu; M. Muhsin; Manoj Kumar Mishra; A. Hemanth Kumar; S.T. Akhil Raj; M. Pramitha. Tropical tropopause dynamics (TTD) campaigns over Indian region: An overview. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2014, 121, 229 -239.

AMA Style

M. Venkat Ratnam, S.V. Sunilkumar, K. Parameswaran, B.V. Krishna Murthy, Geetha Ramkumar, K. Rajeev, Ghouse Basha, Ravindra Babu, M. Muhsin, Manoj Kumar Mishra, A. Hemanth Kumar, S.T. Akhil Raj, M. Pramitha. Tropical tropopause dynamics (TTD) campaigns over Indian region: An overview. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2014; 121 ():229-239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; S.V. Sunilkumar; K. Parameswaran; B.V. Krishna Murthy; Geetha Ramkumar; K. Rajeev; Ghouse Basha; Ravindra Babu; M. Muhsin; Manoj Kumar Mishra; A. Hemanth Kumar; S.T. Akhil Raj; M. Pramitha. 2014. "Tropical tropopause dynamics (TTD) campaigns over Indian region: An overview." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 121, no. : 229-239.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
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Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; S.V. Sunilkumar; K. Parameswaran; B.V. Krishna Murthy. Detection of tropopause altitude using Indian MST radar data and comparison with simultaneous radiosonde observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2014, 121, 240 -247.

AMA Style

Ravindra Babu, M. Venkat Ratnam, S.V. Sunilkumar, K. Parameswaran, B.V. Krishna Murthy. Detection of tropopause altitude using Indian MST radar data and comparison with simultaneous radiosonde observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2014; 121 ():240-247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravindra Babu; M. Venkat Ratnam; S.V. Sunilkumar; K. Parameswaran; B.V. Krishna Murthy. 2014. "Detection of tropopause altitude using Indian MST radar data and comparison with simultaneous radiosonde observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 121, no. : 240-247.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2014 in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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Radiosondes are widely used to obtain basic meteorological parameters such as pressure (P), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and horizontal winds during the balloon ascent up to the altitude of balloon burst, usually ~ 32–35 km. Data from the radiosondes released from Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), a tropical station in India, have been collected during the ascent and during the descent as well without attaching any parachute or its equivalent since the year 2008. In the present study an attempt has been made to characterize the radiosonde descent data with the main objective of exploring its usefulness and reliability for scientific purposes. We compared the data obtained during ascent and descent phases of the same sounding. The mean differences in T, RH and horizontal winds between ascent and descent data are found to be small and are sometimes even within the uncertainty of the measurements and/or expected diurnal variation itself. The very good consistency observed between the ascent and the descent data shows that one more profile of the meteorological parameters can be constructed within 3 h of time of balloon launch practically at no additional cost. Further checks are done by utilizing the 3-hourly radiosonde observations collected during the Tropical Tropopause Dynamics campaigns conducted at Gadanki. In the process of checking the consistency between the radiosonde ascent and descent data, several new findings are arrived at and are reported in this study. In general, it has taken more than half an hour for the balloon to reach the ground from the burst altitude. It is also observed that the fall velocity is close to 10 m s−1 near the surface. Finally, it is suggested to record the observations also when the balloon is descending as this information is useful for scientific purposes.

ACS Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; N. Pravallika; S. Ravindra Babu; G. Basha; M. Pramitha; B. V. Krishna Murthy. Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2014, 7, 1011 -1025.

AMA Style

M. Venkat Ratnam, N. Pravallika, S. Ravindra Babu, G. Basha, M. Pramitha, B. V. Krishna Murthy. Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2014; 7 (4):1011-1025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; N. Pravallika; S. Ravindra Babu; G. Basha; M. Pramitha; B. V. Krishna Murthy. 2014. "Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 4: 1011-1025.

Preprint content
Published: 03 December 2013 in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions
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Radiosondes are widely used to obtain basic meteorological parameters such as pressure (P), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and horizontal winds during the balloon ascent up to the altitude of balloon burst, usually ∼32–35 km. Data from the radiosondes released from Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), a tropical station in India, has been collected during the ascent and during the descent as well without attaching any parachute or its equivalent since the year 2008. In the present study an attempt has been made to characterize the radiosonde descent data with the main objective of exploring its usefulness and reliability for scientific purposes. We compared the data obtained during ascent and descent phases of the same sounding. The mean differences in T, RH and horizontal winds between ascent and descent data are found to be small and are sometimes even within the uncertainty of the measurements and/or expected diurnal variation itself. The very good consistency observed between the ascent and the descent data shows that one more profile of the meteorological parameters can be constructed within 3 h of time of balloon launch practically at no additional cost. Further checks are done by utilizing the 3 hourly radiosonde observations collected during the Tropical Tropopause Dynamics campaign conducted at Gadanki. In the process of checking the consistency between the radiosonde ascent and descent data, several new findings are arrived at and are reported in this study. In general, it has taken more than half-an-hour for the balloon to reach the ground from the burst altitude. It is also observed that the fall velocity is close to 10 m s−1 near the surface. Finally, it is suggested to record also the observations when the balloon is descending as this information is also useful for scientific purposes.

ACS Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; N. Pravallika; S. Ravindra Babu; G. Basha; M. Pramitha; B. V. Krishna Murthy. Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

M. Venkat Ratnam, N. Pravallika, S. Ravindra Babu, G. Basha, M. Pramitha, B. V. Krishna Murthy. Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Venkat Ratnam; N. Pravallika; S. Ravindra Babu; G. Basha; M. Pramitha; B. V. Krishna Murthy. 2013. "Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions , no. : 1.