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Dan Liu
Freight Mobility Research Institute, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA

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Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in IEEE Access
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The last mile problem of E-grocery Distribution comprises one of the most costly and highest polluting components of the supply chain in which companies deliver goods to end customers. To reduce transport cost and fuel emissions, a new element of ground-based delivery services, autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs), is included in the E-grocery distribution system for improving delivery efficiency. Thus, the objective of this study is to optimize a two-echelon distribution network for efficient E-grocery delivery, where conventional vans serve the delivery in the first echelon and ADVs serve delivery in the second echelon. The problem is formulated as a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with mixed vehicles (2E-VRP-MV) with a nonlinear objective function, in which the total transport and emission costs are optimized. This optimization is based on the flow assignment at each echelon and to realize routing choice for both the van and ADV. A two-step clustering-based hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (C-GA-PSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. First, the end customers are clustered to the intermediate depots, named satellites, based on the minimized distance and maximized demand. To enhance the efficiency of resolving the 2E-VRP-MV-model, a hybrid GA-PSO algorithm is adopted to solve the vehicle routing problem. Computational results of up to 21, 32, 50, and 100 customers show the effectiveness of the methods developed here. At last, the impacts of the layout of the depot-customer and customer density on the total cost are analyzed. This study sheds light on the tactical planning of the multi-echelon sustainable E-grocery delivery network.

ACS Style

Dan Liu; Zhenghong Deng; Xinhua Mao; Yang Yang; Evangelos I. Kaisar. Two-Echelon Vehicle-Routing Problem: Optimization of Autonomous Delivery Vehicle-Assisted E-Grocery Distribution. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 108705 -108719.

AMA Style

Dan Liu, Zhenghong Deng, Xinhua Mao, Yang Yang, Evangelos I. Kaisar. Two-Echelon Vehicle-Routing Problem: Optimization of Autonomous Delivery Vehicle-Assisted E-Grocery Distribution. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):108705-108719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Liu; Zhenghong Deng; Xinhua Mao; Yang Yang; Evangelos I. Kaisar. 2020. "Two-Echelon Vehicle-Routing Problem: Optimization of Autonomous Delivery Vehicle-Assisted E-Grocery Distribution." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 108705-108719.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2019 in Sustainability
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Decentralized freight decision has been proved to be one of the inhibitors to achieve a sustainable transport network. One important method also a key challenge is to determine how to coordinate and consolidate the transportation flow to get the best logistics performance. This study presents an intermodal transportation network considering freight consolidation through freight forwarders’ cooperation. We formulate the problem as a minimum intermodal transport cost model, which is a nonlinear, nonconvex and discontinuous function that involves volume economies of scale, distance economies of scale and vehicle size economies of scale. A hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in combination with a batch strategy are used to solve the problem. Five different transport demand scenarios are tested on a real case on “China Railway Express” (Crexpress). The choices of reasonably corridor and fleet size combination are provided.

ACS Style

Dan Liu; Zhenghong Deng; Qipeng Sun; Yong Wang; Yinhai Wang. Design and Freight Corridor-Fleet Size Choice in Collaborative Intermodal Transportation Network Considering Economies of Scale. Sustainability 2019, 11, 990 .

AMA Style

Dan Liu, Zhenghong Deng, Qipeng Sun, Yong Wang, Yinhai Wang. Design and Freight Corridor-Fleet Size Choice in Collaborative Intermodal Transportation Network Considering Economies of Scale. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (4):990.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Liu; Zhenghong Deng; Qipeng Sun; Yong Wang; Yinhai Wang. 2019. "Design and Freight Corridor-Fleet Size Choice in Collaborative Intermodal Transportation Network Considering Economies of Scale." Sustainability 11, no. 4: 990.