Passive solar technologies are traditionally considered as cost-effective ways for the building heating. However, conventional passive solar buildings are insufficient to create a relatively stable and comfortable indoor thermal environment. To further increase the indoor air temperature and reduce the heating energy consumption, a hybrid heat collecting facade (HHCF) is proposed in this paper. To analyze the thermal performance of the HHCF, a heat transfer model based on the heat balance method is established and validated by experimental results. Meanwhile, the energy saving potential of a room with the HHCF is evaluated as well. When the HHCF is applied to places where heating is required in the cold season while refrigeration is unnecessary in hot season, the HHCF can reduce the heating need by 40.2% and 21.5% compared with the conventional direct solar heat gain window and the Trombe wall, respectively. Furthermore, a series of parametric analyses are performed to investigate the thermal performance of the room with HHCF under various design and operating conditions. It is found that the thermal performance of the HHCF mainly depends on the window operational schedule, the width and the absorptivity of heat collecting wall, and the thermal performance of the inner double-glass window. The modeling and the parametric study in this paper are beneficial to the design and the optimization of the HHCF in passive solar buildings.

Railway stations are key nodes connecting urban space with regional transport networks. In the context of compact city development and station–city integration, developing railway stations as compact, three-dimensional composite spaces is an important means of improving land-use efficiency and coordinating transport and urban functions. To quantitatively evaluate the compactness of three-dimensional composite space and the level of station–city coordination, this study develops an evaluation framework comprising 26 indicators across three dimensions: functional configuration, spatial organization, and efficiency and accessibility. Following indicator selection and data standardization, the entropy weight method is used to derive objective weights, which are incorporated into a TOPSIS model. Eighteen representative railway stations are evaluated and ranked using the model, while their development levels are classified using the rank-sum ratio (RSR) method. The results show that Kyoto Station, Osaka Station, Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station, and Berlin Central Station exhibit relatively high spatial compactness in their three-dimensional composite spaces, whereas Milan Central Station and London King’s Cross Station show comparatively weaker levels. The five clusters identified through K-means clustering were interpreted in light of the evaluation results and spatial characteristics, and subsequently consolidated into four spatial development types: High-Compactness Urban Comprehensive Type, High-Compactness Underground Station Type, Moderate-Compactness Transport-Dominant Type, Low-Compactness Regionally Oriented Type. The study identifies key spatial factors influencing the three-dimensional integrated development of railway stations. The findings provide a quantitative basis for the intensive space use, station–city coordination strategies, and architectural design optimization.

The Dege Scripture Printing House (DSPH), built in 1729, is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and serves as a significant center for Tibetan Buddhism culture. Compared to typical Tibetan architecture, DSPH features unique characteristics, such as its substantial size, diverse structures, and adaptability to the local climate. The surrounding topography of DSPH primarily comprises plateaus and hilly plains, and the region experiences a continental plateau monsoon climate. This climate is characterized by cold temperatures due to high altitude, low precipitation, long sunshine hours, dry air, long winters, short summers, and intense solar radiation. To thoroughly assess the ventilation status of DSPH, a 3D scan of the building, physical environment tests, and indoor wind environment simulations were carried out. The field test results show that the unique architectural design of DSPH helps mitigate the impact of the harsh climate on indoor activities. By analyzing and evaluating the wind environment of DSPH, locally adapted climate resilience practices are summarized, and the physical properties of buildings characteristic of the Tibetan plateau are clarified. These findings provide a reference for promoting the development of local climate-adapted buildings, preserving traditional architectural culture, and promoting the integration of modern architecture with traditional culture. Furthermore, this study represents an important step toward enhancing energy efficiency and green building practices in ethnic minority settlements, contributing to sustainable development in the region.