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A.M. Fouad
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition Institute of Animal Science Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou China

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Review
Published: 02 March 2021 in Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
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Many studies have shown that productivity, immune system, antioxidant status, and meat and egg quality can be optimized by dietary supplementation with amino acids that are not usually added to poultry diets. Understanding the effects of these amino acids may encourage feed manufacturers and poultry producers to include them as additives. One of these amino acids is tryptophan (Trp). The importance of Trp is directly related to its role in protein anabolism and indirectly related to its metabolites such as serotonin and melatonin. Thus, Trp could affect the secretion of hormones, development of immune organs, meat and egg production, and meat and egg quality in poultry raised under controlled or stressed conditions. Therefore, this review discusses the main roles of Trp in poultry production and its mode (s) of action in order to help poultry producers decide whether they need to add Trp to poultry diets. Further areas of research are also identified to address information gaps.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; HebatAllah Kasem El‐Senousey; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, HebatAllah Kasem El‐Senousey, Dong Ruan, Shuang Wang, Weiguang Xia, Chuntian Zheng. Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; HebatAllah Kasem El‐Senousey; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. 2021. "Tryptophan in poultry nutrition: Impacts and mechanisms of action." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Poultry Science
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This study investigated whether dietary lysine (Lys) affects productive performance and expression of genes related to protein and lipid metabolism in laying duck breeders. Longyan duck breeders (n = 540, 19 wk of age) were randomly assigned to 6 groups with 6 replicates of 15 birds each. Breeders were fed diets with 6 total Lys levels (6.4, 7.2, 8.0, 8.8, 9.6, and 10.4 g/kg) for 26 wk duration. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, hatchability, hatchling weight, albumen weight, eggshell weight, yolk weight, and yolk proportion increased with dietary Lys levels (P < 0.05). Dietary Lys level had a linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) effects on maternal hepatic expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2K (UBE2K), cathepsin B (CTSB), and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of plasma Lys, leucine, threonine, and tryptophan in duck breeders. In contrast, maternal dietary Lys suppressed expression of proteasome 26S subunit, UBE2K, and CTSB in the liver of hatchlings. Moreover, relative expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and very low density apolipoprotein-II increased linearly (P < 0.05) and quadratically (P < 0.05), and that of VLDL receptor (VLDLR) decreased quadratically (P < 0.05) in the liver of duck breeders with increasing dietary Lys levels; hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents were reduced. Maternal dietary Lys suppressed hepatic expression of VLDLR in the hatchlings. A diet containing 8.6 g Lys/kg promoted protein turnover and lipid metabolism in laying duck breeders, which positively reflected in the productivity and reproductive performance.

ACS Style

D Ruan; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y N Zhang; S Wang; W Chen; W G Xia; S Q Jiang; L Yang; C T Zheng. Effects of dietary lysine on productivity, reproductive performance, protein and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in laying duck breeders. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 5734 -5745.

AMA Style

D Ruan, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Y N Zhang, S Wang, W Chen, W G Xia, S Q Jiang, L Yang, C T Zheng. Effects of dietary lysine on productivity, reproductive performance, protein and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in laying duck breeders. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (11):5734-5745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D Ruan; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y N Zhang; S Wang; W Chen; W G Xia; S Q Jiang; L Yang; C T Zheng. 2019. "Effects of dietary lysine on productivity, reproductive performance, protein and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in laying duck breeders." Poultry Science 98, no. 11: 5734-5745.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Poultry Science
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This study evaluated the optimal concentrations of dietary ME and CP for the productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition in laying duck breeders aged from 29 to 45 wk. Using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, 648 Longyan laying duck breeders with similar BW were randomly assigned to experimental diets of 2,600 (HME = high ME), 2,500 (MME = medium ME), or 2,400 (LME = low ME) kcal of ME/kg, each containing 19% (HCP = high CP), 18% (MCP = medium CP), or 17% (LCP = low CP) CP. Each dietary treatment contained 6 replicates of 12 birds each. Compared with birds fed the LCP diet, the egg production and egg mass were higher in birds fed HCP and MCP (P < 0.01), with better feed conversion (P < 0.01). Interactions were detected between ME and CP levels in egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio as the LMEMCP diet was the best (P < 0.05). The birds fed MME (P < 0.05) had the lowest abdominal fat. The percentage of healthy ducklings was affected by maternal dietary CP (P < 0.05) with the HCP being the highest. The weight of large yellow follicles/ovarian weight was higher in birds fed HCP and MCP (P < 0.05), whereas the weight of small yellow follicles/ovarian weight was higher in birds fed HCP and LCP (P < 0.05). The hepatic transcript abundances of genes for very low density apolipoprotein-II and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT-1A) were lowest in birds fed MCP, whereas the highest abundance of CPT-1A transcripts was found in birds fed MME. These results revealed that the diets containing ME of 12.9 kcal/g protein optimized both egg production and egg mass, while the feed conversion was optimized at 12.8 kcal ME/g protein. Using ME to CP ratio of 12.9 kcal/g protein, i.e., 2,451 kcal ME/kg at 19% CP, maximized the reproductive performance and hatchling outcome of Longyan laying duck breeders.

ACS Style

W. G. Xia; Khaled Fouad Mohammed Abouelezz; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W Chen; D Ruan; S Wang; M M M Azzam; X Luo; Q L Fan; Y N Zhang; C T Zheng. Productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition of laying duck breeders in response to concentrations of dietary energy and protein. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 3729 -3738.

AMA Style

W. G. Xia, Khaled Fouad Mohammed Abouelezz, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, W Chen, D Ruan, S Wang, M M M Azzam, X Luo, Q L Fan, Y N Zhang, C T Zheng. Productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition of laying duck breeders in response to concentrations of dietary energy and protein. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (9):3729-3738.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. G. Xia; Khaled Fouad Mohammed Abouelezz; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W Chen; D Ruan; S Wang; M M M Azzam; X Luo; Q L Fan; Y N Zhang; C T Zheng. 2019. "Productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition of laying duck breeders in response to concentrations of dietary energy and protein." Poultry Science 98, no. 9: 3729-3738.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Poultry Science
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The study investigated the effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on tissue distribution of curcumin and its metabolites, intestinal antioxidant capacity, and expression of detoxification-related genes in ducks. A total of 720 one-day-old male Cherry Valley Pekin ducklings (initial BW 58.6 ± 0.1 g) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary groups each with 6 replicates of 30 ducks using a single factorial arrangement design. Ducks in the control group were fed a basal diet and the remainder were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg curcumin. The experiment lasted for 21 D. Curcumin was present at 13.12 to 16.18 mg/g in the cecal digesta, 75.50 to 575.40 μg/g in jejunal mucosa, 35.10 to 73.65 μg/g in liver, and 7.02 to 7.88 μg/mL in plasma. The jejunal and hepatic contents of curcumin increased significantly (P < 0.05) in response to supplementation with 400 and 800 mg/kg of curcumin respectively, compared with 200 mg curcumin/kg group. There was a linear (P < 0.001) effect of dietary curcumin on relative abundance of SOD1, GPX1, CAT, HO-1, and Nrf2 transcripts, and a quadratic (P < 0.001) increase in the activities of GSH-Px and T-AOC in jejunal mucosa. The expression of CYP1A4, CYP2D17 increased and CYP1B1, CYP2A6 decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with dietary curcumin concentrations. In addition, dietary curcumin increased gene expression of GST, MRP6, and ABCB1 in jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 200 to 800 mg/kg curcumin enhanced the accumulation of curcumin and its metabolites in jejunum as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity and detoxification potential, which play major roles in the protection of duck intestines against damage.

ACS Style

D Ruan; Y W Zhu; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; S J Yan; W Chen; Y N Zhang; W. G. Xia; S Wang; S Q Jiang; L Yang; C T Zheng. Dietary curcumin enhances intestinal antioxidant capacity in ducklings via altering gene expression of antioxidant and key detoxification enzymes. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 3705 -3714.

AMA Style

D Ruan, Y W Zhu, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, S J Yan, W Chen, Y N Zhang, W. G. Xia, S Wang, S Q Jiang, L Yang, C T Zheng. Dietary curcumin enhances intestinal antioxidant capacity in ducklings via altering gene expression of antioxidant and key detoxification enzymes. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (9):3705-3714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D Ruan; Y W Zhu; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; S J Yan; W Chen; Y N Zhang; W. G. Xia; S Wang; S Q Jiang; L Yang; C T Zheng. 2019. "Dietary curcumin enhances intestinal antioxidant capacity in ducklings via altering gene expression of antioxidant and key detoxification enzymes." Poultry Science 98, no. 9: 3705-3714.

Review
Published: 23 March 2019 in Toxins
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The presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in poultry diets decreases the hatchability, hatchling weight, growth rate, meat and egg production, meat and egg quality, vaccination efficiency, as well as impairing the feed conversion ratio and increasing the susceptibility of birds to disease and mortality. AFB1 is transferred from poultry feed to eggs, meat, and other edible parts, representing a threat to the health of consumers because AFB1 is carcinogenic and implicated in human liver cancer. This review considers how AFB1 produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains can affect the immune system, antioxidant defense system, digestive system, and reproductive system in poultry, as well as its effects on productivity and reproductive performance. Nutritional factors can offset the effects of AFB1 in poultry and, thus, it is necessary to identify and select suitable additives to address the problems caused by AFB1 in poultry.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Dong Ruan; HebatAllah Kasem El-Senousey; Wei Chen; Shouqun Jiang; Chuntian Zheng. Harmful Effects and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin B1 Produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Strains on Poultry: Review. Toxins 2019, 11, 176 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Dong Ruan, HebatAllah Kasem El-Senousey, Wei Chen, Shouqun Jiang, Chuntian Zheng. Harmful Effects and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin B1 Produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Strains on Poultry: Review. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Dong Ruan; HebatAllah Kasem El-Senousey; Wei Chen; Shouqun Jiang; Chuntian Zheng. 2019. "Harmful Effects and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin B1 Produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Strains on Poultry: Review." Toxins 11, no. 3: 176.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Animal
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Curcumin has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial activities, and has shown highly protective effects against enteropathogenic bacteria and mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the major intestinal pathogenic mycotoxins. The possible effect of curcumin on the alleviation of enterotoxicity induced by OTA is unknown. The effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on OTA-induced oxidative stress, intestinal barrier and mitochondrial dysfunctions were examined in young ducks. A total of 540 mixed-sex 1-day-old White Pekin ducklings with initial BW (43.4±0.1 g) were randomly assigned into controls (fed only the basal diet), a group fed an OTA-contaminated diet (2 mg/kg feed), and a group fed the same OTA-contaminated feed plus 400 mg/kg of curcumin. Each treatment consisted of six replicates, each containing 30 ducklings and treatment lasted for 21 days. There was a significant decrease in average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed : gain caused by OTA (P<0.05); curcumin co-treatment prevented the decrease in BW and ADG compared with the OTA group (P<0.05). Histopathological and ultrastructural examination showed clear signs of enterotoxicity caused by OTA, but these changes were largely prevented by curcumin supplementation. Curcumin decreased the concentrations of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and malondialdehyde, and increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase induced by OTA in the jejunal mucosa of ducks (P<0.05). Additionally, curcumin increased jejunal mucosa occludin and tight junction protein 1 mRNA and protein levels, and decreased those of ρ-associated protein kinase 1 (P<0.05). Notably, curcumin inhibited the increased expression of apoptosis-related genes, and downregulated mitochondrial transcription factors A, B1 and B2 caused by OTA without any effects on RNA polymerase mitochondrial (P<0.05). These results indicated that curcumin could protect ducks from OTA-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function and mitochondrial integrity.

ACS Style

D. Ruan; W. C. Wang; C. X. Lin; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W. Chen; W. G. Xia; S. Wang; X. Luo; W. H. Zhang; S. J. Yan; Chuntian Zheng; L. Yang. Effects of curcumin on performance, antioxidation, intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function in ducks fed corn contaminated with ochratoxin A. Animal 2019, 13, 42 -52.

AMA Style

D. Ruan, W. C. Wang, C. X. Lin, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, W. Chen, W. G. Xia, S. Wang, X. Luo, W. H. Zhang, S. J. Yan, Chuntian Zheng, L. Yang. Effects of curcumin on performance, antioxidation, intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function in ducks fed corn contaminated with ochratoxin A. Animal. 2019; 13 (1):42-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Ruan; W. C. Wang; C. X. Lin; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W. Chen; W. G. Xia; S. Wang; X. Luo; W. H. Zhang; S. J. Yan; Chuntian Zheng; L. Yang. 2019. "Effects of curcumin on performance, antioxidation, intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function in ducks fed corn contaminated with ochratoxin A." Animal 13, no. 1: 42-52.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2018 in International Journal of Poultry Science
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Influence of Dietary Vitamin A, Zinc and Copper on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders

ACS Style

O.M. El-Hussein; A.Z.M. Soliman; H.M.R. El-Sherif; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad. Influence of Dietary Vitamin A, Zinc and Copper on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders. International Journal of Poultry Science 2018, 17, 140 -146.

AMA Style

O.M. El-Hussein, A.Z.M. Soliman, H.M.R. El-Sherif, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad. Influence of Dietary Vitamin A, Zinc and Copper on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders. International Journal of Poultry Science. 2018; 17 (3):140-146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O.M. El-Hussein; A.Z.M. Soliman; H.M.R. El-Sherif; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad. 2018. "Influence of Dietary Vitamin A, Zinc and Copper on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders." International Journal of Poultry Science 17, no. 3: 140-146.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Poultry Science
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The study investigated the effects of increasing content of corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diets of laying ducks on oxidative status, laying performance, egg quality, and egg yolk fatty acid composition. Longyan females (1080) with similar BW at 17 wk of age were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The basal diet (I) was a typical corn-soybean ration while the experimental diets (II to VI) substituted corn DDGS for soybean meal and wheat bran and a small reduction of corn. The level of substitution in diets (II to VI) was 6%, 12%, 18%, 24% and 30%. The experiment lasted for 18 wk. Average egg weight decreased linearly as the level of corn DDGS inclusion increased (P < 0.001). Haugh unit, albumen weight, and proportion declined as linear responses to corn DDGS substitution (P < 0.05), but yolk color linearly increased (P < 0.001); the proportions of oleic (C18:1) and total monounsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk linearly decreased with increasing corn DDGS and many of the key polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like linoleic (C18:2n-6), arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and α-linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids linearly increased (P < 0.001), but not those of eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3) and docoshexaenoic (C22:6n-3) acids. The PUFAs n-6/n-3 ratio linearly increased with increasing corn DDGS level (P < 0.001). Increasing corn DDGS linearly increased hepatic expression of GPX1, HO-1, and Nrf2 and hepatic activity of GSH-Px and the liver content of MDA (P < 0.001). There were no treatment effects on egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, eggshell thickness, strength, and yolk cholesterol content (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the current study indicates that the use of corn DDGS is possible as a replacement, primarily for soybean meal at levels up to 18% in the diets of laying ducks without affecting laying performance, egg quality, and antioxidant status. Increasing amounts of corn DDGS linearly increased egg yolk concentrations of key fatty acids like like C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and the antioxidant enzyme activity of GSH-Px through the Nrf2 pathway to avoid oxidative stress.

ACS Style

D. Ruan; A.M. Fouad; Q.L. Fan; W. Chen; W.G. Xia; S. Wang; Y.Y. Cui; Y. Wang; L. Yang; C.T. Zheng. Effects of corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition and oxidative status in laying ducks. Poultry Science 2018, 97, 568 -577.

AMA Style

D. Ruan, A.M. Fouad, Q.L. Fan, W. Chen, W.G. Xia, S. Wang, Y.Y. Cui, Y. Wang, L. Yang, C.T. Zheng. Effects of corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition and oxidative status in laying ducks. Poultry Science. 2018; 97 (2):568-577.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Ruan; A.M. Fouad; Q.L. Fan; W. Chen; W.G. Xia; S. Wang; Y.Y. Cui; Y. Wang; L. Yang; C.T. Zheng. 2018. "Effects of corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition and oxidative status in laying ducks." Poultry Science 97, no. 2: 568-577.

Review
Published: 16 January 2018 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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The demand for duck meat, duck eggs, and associated products is increasing each year. Classic and modern selection programs have been applied to enhance the economic traits of ducks to satisfy the requirements of consumers and enhance the incomes of producers. The nutritional requirements of unselected ducks may not be adequate, however, to fulfill the potential productivity performance of modern birds, including both meat-type and egg-type ducks. In particular, an imbalanced diet is associated with low productive performance and signs of nutritional deficiency (if insufficient nutrients are supplied), as well as with high feed costs and manure problems that reflect flock health and welfare (if excessive nutrients are supplied). Thus, the main aim of this review is to summarize the results of previous studies that estimated the nutrient requirements of meat-type and egg-type ducks in order to evaluate current knowledge and to identify further issues that need to be addressed. In addition, the results obtained in previous studies are compared in order to understand how to lower commercial feed costs, fulfill the genetic potential of selected ducks, protect the environment from pollution, and satisfy the welfare and health needs of ducks.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Wei Chen; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. Nutritional requirements of meat-type and egg-type ducks: what do we know? Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Dong Ruan, Shuang Wang, Wei Chen, Weiguang Xia, Chuntian Zheng. Nutritional requirements of meat-type and egg-type ducks: what do we know? Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2018; 9 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Wei Chen; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. 2018. "Nutritional requirements of meat-type and egg-type ducks: what do we know?" Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 9, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Animal
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The study investigated whether different dietary energy and protein sources affect laying performance, antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and quality of salted yolks in laying ducks. In all, 360 19-week-old Longyan ducks were randomly assigned to four diets in a factorial arrangement (2×2). The four diets consisted of two energy sources, corn (CO) or sorghum (SO) and two protein sources, soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (RMD), and each treatment contained six replicates of 15 birds each. The experimental diets were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 10.84 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 17%). The results showed that egg production, average egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were not affected by diets (P>0.05). Plasma contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/oxidized glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were lower (P<0.05) in ducks fed the RMD diets compared with those fed SM diets with a substantial increase (P=0.006) in plasma content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Egg yolks from ducks fed SO diets had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared with CO diets (P<0.001). Similarly, ducks fed RMD diets had a higher content of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratio in fresh yolks (P<0.001), and increased salted yolk MDA, carbonylated proteins content and incidence of hard salted yolks (P<0.05) compared with SM diets. Scanning electron microscopy showed that salted yolks contained rougher polyhedral granules and fewer fat droplets, and were surrounded with a layer of bunchy fibers in ducks fed SO+RMD than those fed CO+SM diet. In conclusion, the current study showed that feeding laying ducks with diets containing SO or RMD reduced antioxidant capacity and increased egg yolk concentrations of PUFA. It appeared that egg yolks from ducks fed these diets were more sensitive to lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation during salting, and reduced the quality of salted yolks.

ACS Style

D. Ruan; Y.J. Hu; A.M. Fouad; C.X. Lin; Z.P. Xu; W. Chen; Q.L. Fan; W.G. Xia; S. Wang; Y. Wang; L. Yang; C.T. Zheng. Effect of different dietary energy and protein sources on antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and microstructure of salted yolks in laying ducks. Animal 2018, 12, 2205 -2213.

AMA Style

D. Ruan, Y.J. Hu, A.M. Fouad, C.X. Lin, Z.P. Xu, W. Chen, Q.L. Fan, W.G. Xia, S. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Yang, C.T. Zheng. Effect of different dietary energy and protein sources on antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and microstructure of salted yolks in laying ducks. Animal. 2018; 12 (10):2205-2213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Ruan; Y.J. Hu; A.M. Fouad; C.X. Lin; Z.P. Xu; W. Chen; Q.L. Fan; W.G. Xia; S. Wang; Y. Wang; L. Yang; C.T. Zheng. 2018. "Effect of different dietary energy and protein sources on antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and microstructure of salted yolks in laying ducks." Animal 12, no. 10: 2205-2213.

Full papers
Published: 26 December 2017 in British Journal of Nutrition
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The study investigated whether dietary methionine (Met) affects egg weight and antioxidant status through regulating gene expression of ovalbumin (OVAL), nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) and haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in laying duck breeders. Longyan duck breeders (n540, 19 weeks) were randomly assigned to six treatments with six replicates of fifteen birds each. Breeders were fed diets with six Met levels (2·00, 2·75, 3·50, 4·25, 5·00 and 5·75 g/kg) for 24 weeks. The egg weight (g), egg mass (g/d), feed conversion ratio, hatchability, 1-d duckling weight, albumen weight, albumen proportion andOVALmRNA level improved with dietary Met levels, whereas yolk proportion decreased (P<0·05). The weight of total large yellow follicles increased linearly (P<0·001) and quadratically (P<0·05) with dietary Met concentration, and their weight relative to ovarian weight showed a linear (P<0·05) effect. Dietary Met level had a linear (P<0·05) and quadratic (P<0·001) effect on the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX1),HO-1andNrf2, and quadratically (P<0·05) increased contents of GPX and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver of duck breeders. In addition, maternal dietary Met enhanced gene expression ofGPX1,HO-1andNrf2, increased contents of GPX and T-AOC and reduced carbonylated protein in the brains of hatchlings. Overall, dietary Met concentration affected egg weight and albumen weight in laying duck breeders, which was partly due to gene expression ofOVALin oviduct magnum. A diet containing 4·0 g Met/kg would achieve optimal hepaticGPX1andNrf2expression, maximise the activity of GPX and minimise lipid peroxidation.

ACS Style

Dong Ruan; Ahmed M. Fouad; Qiuli Fan; Weiguang Xia; Shuang Wang; Wei Chen; Chuxiao Lin; Ying Wang; Lin Yang; Chuntian Zheng. Effects of dietary methionine on productivity, reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, ovalbumin and antioxidant-related gene expression in laying duck breeders. British Journal of Nutrition 2017, 119, 121 -130.

AMA Style

Dong Ruan, Ahmed M. Fouad, Qiuli Fan, Weiguang Xia, Shuang Wang, Wei Chen, Chuxiao Lin, Ying Wang, Lin Yang, Chuntian Zheng. Effects of dietary methionine on productivity, reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, ovalbumin and antioxidant-related gene expression in laying duck breeders. British Journal of Nutrition. 2017; 119 (2):121-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Ruan; Ahmed M. Fouad; Qiuli Fan; Weiguang Xia; Shuang Wang; Wei Chen; Chuxiao Lin; Ying Wang; Lin Yang; Chuntian Zheng. 2017. "Effects of dietary methionine on productivity, reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, ovalbumin and antioxidant-related gene expression in laying duck breeders." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 2: 121-130.

Original articles
Published: 03 April 2017 in Journal of Applied Animal Research
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This study was conducted to examine five lysine (Lys) levels (0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, and 0.95%) to estimate the optimal level of Lys for Longyan laying ducks from 22 to 38 wk of age. Nine hundred Longyan ducks aged 22 wk were assigned randomly to the 5 dietary treatments, where each treatment comprised 6 replicate pens with 30 ducks per pen. Lys had no effects on egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, shape index, Haugh unit, yolk colour, yolk weight, or albumen weight, but the egg weight was improved significantly (P < 0.05) by dietary Lys supplementation, whereas the eggshell thickness, eggshell weight, and eggshell proportion decreased significantly as the Lys levels increased. Dietary supplementation of Lys did not affect the reproductive organ indices or the plasma levels of estradiol, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone, whereas the plasma level of progesterone declined significantly (P < 0.01) as elevation the concentrations of Lys in the diets. In conclusion, the results indicate that the optimal Lys level in Longyan laying ducks diets is 0.80% to produce eggs with normal egg weight without adverse effects on the eggshell weight, eggshell proportion, or eggshell thickness.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Wei Chen; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on performance, egg quality, and development of reproductive system in egg-laying ducks. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2017, 46, 386 -391.

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Wei Chen, Dong Ruan, Shuang Wang, Weiguang Xia, Chuntian Zheng. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on performance, egg quality, and development of reproductive system in egg-laying ducks. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2017; 46 (1):386-391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Wei Chen; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Weiguang Xia; Chuntian Zheng. 2017. "Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on performance, egg quality, and development of reproductive system in egg-laying ducks." Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, no. 1: 386-391.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Poultry Science
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This study aimed to establish the arginine requirements of Longyan ducks from 17 to 31 wk of age based on egg production, egg quality, plasma, and ovarian indices, as well as the expression of vitellogenesis-related genes. In total, 660 Longyan ducks with similar body weight at 15 wk of age were assigned randomly to 5 treatments, each with 6 replicates of 22 birds, and fed a corn-corn gluten meal basal diet (0.66% arginine) supplemented with either 0, 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60%, or 0.80% arginine. Dietary arginine did not affect egg production by laying ducks, but it increased (linear, P < 0.01) the egg weight at 22 to 31 and 17 to 31 wk of age. Dietary arginine increased the yolk color score (linearly, P < 0.05) and the yolk percentage (quadratic, P < 0.05), where the maximum values were obtained with 1.26% arginine. Dietary arginine affected the total shell percentage and shell thickness, with the highest values using 1.46% arginine (P < 0.01). The weight and number of small yellow follicles (SYFs) increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with the dietary arginine level and there was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in terms of the SYFs weight/ovarian weight; the highest values were obtained in ducks fed 1.26% arginine. The plasma arginine concentration exhibited a quadratic (P < 0.05) response to dietary arginine. The plasma progesterone concentration decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as dietary arginine increased. The mRNA abundance of the very low density lipoprotein receptor-b increased in the second large yellow follicle membranes (quadratic, P < 0.05) with the dietary arginine level, where the highest value occurred with 1.26% arginine. According to the regression model, the dietary arginine requirements for Longyan laying ducks aged 17 to 31 wk are 1.06%, 1.13%, 1.22%, and 1.11% to obtain the maximum yolk percentage, SYFs number, SYFs weight, and SYFs weight/ovarian weight, respectively.

ACS Style

W. G. Xia; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Wei Chen; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Qiuli Fan; Ying Wang; Yiyan Cui; Chuntian Zheng. Estimation of dietary arginine requirements for Longyan laying ducks. Poultry Science 2017, 96, 144 -150.

AMA Style

W. G. Xia, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Wei Chen, Dong Ruan, Shuang Wang, Qiuli Fan, Ying Wang, Yiyan Cui, Chuntian Zheng. Estimation of dietary arginine requirements for Longyan laying ducks. Poultry Science. 2017; 96 (1):144-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. G. Xia; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Wei Chen; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; Qiuli Fan; Ying Wang; Yiyan Cui; Chuntian Zheng. 2017. "Estimation of dietary arginine requirements for Longyan laying ducks." Poultry Science 96, no. 1: 144-150.

Nutrition and metabolism
Published: 09 November 2016 in British Poultry Science
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1. In this study, 6 dietary DL-methionine (Met) levels (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 g/kg) were tested to estimate the dietary Met requirements of Longyan ducks from 19 to 46 weeks of age, and to investigate its effect on the glutathione redox system. 2. In total, 1080 Longyan ducks aged 19 weeks were allocated randomly to the 6 dietary treatments, where each treatment comprised 6 replicate pens with 30 ducks per pen. 3. Met had no effects on egg production, yolk weight, yolk colour or the glutathione redox system, but the egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved significantly by dietary Met supplementation. As the dietary Met concentration increased, the eggshell thickness and breaking strength decreased significantly, whereas the albumen weight increased significantly. 4. According to broken-line regression analysis, the optimum Met requirements for egg weight, egg mass, FCR and albumen weight are 686, 661, 658 and 731 mg/bird-d, respectively, with a dietary crude protein level of 170 g/kg.

ACS Style

A. M. Fouad; D. Ruan; Y. C. Lin; C. T. Zheng; H. X. Zhang; W. Chen; S. Wang; W. G. Xia; Y. Li. Effects of dietary methionine on performance, egg quality and glutathione redox system in egg-laying ducks. British Poultry Science 2016, 57, 818 -823.

AMA Style

A. M. Fouad, D. Ruan, Y. C. Lin, C. T. Zheng, H. X. Zhang, W. Chen, S. Wang, W. G. Xia, Y. Li. Effects of dietary methionine on performance, egg quality and glutathione redox system in egg-laying ducks. British Poultry Science. 2016; 57 (6):818-823.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. M. Fouad; D. Ruan; Y. C. Lin; C. T. Zheng; H. X. Zhang; W. Chen; S. Wang; W. G. Xia; Y. Li. 2016. "Effects of dietary methionine on performance, egg quality and glutathione redox system in egg-laying ducks." British Poultry Science 57, no. 6: 818-823.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances
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ACS Style

Y.C. Lin; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y. Li; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W. Xie; Chuntian Zheng. Effects of Dietary Manganese Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Status in Laying Ducks. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2016, 11, 570 -575.

AMA Style

Y.C. Lin, Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Y. Li, W. Chen, D. Ruan, S. Wang, W. Xie, Chuntian Zheng. Effects of Dietary Manganese Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Status in Laying Ducks. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2016; 11 (9):570-575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y.C. Lin; Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y. Li; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W. Xie; Chuntian Zheng. 2016. "Effects of Dietary Manganese Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Status in Laying Ducks." Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11, no. 9: 570-575.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2016 in Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
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ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y. Li; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W.G. Xie; Y.C. Lin; Chuntian Zheng. Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Plasma Cholesterol Fractions in Laying Ducks. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2016, 15, 878 -882.

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, Y. Li, W. Chen, D. Ruan, S. Wang, W.G. Xie, Y.C. Lin, Chuntian Zheng. Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Plasma Cholesterol Fractions in Laying Ducks. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2016; 15 (9):878-882.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; Y. Li; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W.G. Xie; Y.C. Lin; Chuntian Zheng. 2016. "Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Plasma Cholesterol Fractions in Laying Ducks." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 15, no. 9: 878-882.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2016 in Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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A study was conducted to test six threonine (Thr) levels (0.39%, 0.44%, 0.49%, 0.54%, 0.59%, and 0.64%) to estimate the optimal dietary Thr requirements for Longyan laying ducks from 17 to 45 wk of age. Nine hundred Longyan ducks aged 17 wk were assigned randomly to the six dietary treatments, where each treatment comprised six replicate pens with 25 ducks per pen. Increasing the Thr level enhanced egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linearly or quadratically; p<0.05). The Haugh unit score, yolk color, albumen height, and the weight, percentage, thickness, and breaking strength of the eggshell did not response to increases in the Thr levels, but the albumen weight and its proportion increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas the yolk weight and its proportion decreased significantly as the Thr levels increased. According to a regression model, the optimal Thr requirement for egg production, egg mass, and FCR in Longyan ducks is 0.57%, while 0.58% is the optimal level for egg weight from 17 to 45 wk of age.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; H. X. Zhang; W. Chen; W. G. Xia; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; C. T. Zheng. Estimation of L-threonine requirements for Longyan laying ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2016, 30, 206 -210.

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, H. X. Zhang, W. Chen, W. G. Xia, Dong Ruan, Shuang Wang, C. T. Zheng. Estimation of L-threonine requirements for Longyan laying ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2016; 30 (2):206-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; H. X. Zhang; W. Chen; W. G. Xia; Dong Ruan; Shuang Wang; C. T. Zheng. 2016. "Estimation of L-threonine requirements for Longyan laying ducks." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30, no. 2: 206-210.

Review
Published: 15 February 2016 in International Journal of Poultry Science
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ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W.G. Xia; Chuntian Zheng. Impact of Heat Stress on Meat, Egg Quality, Immunity and Fertility in Poultry and Nutritional Factors That Overcome These Effects: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science 2016, 15, 81 -95.

AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad, W. Chen, D. Ruan, S. Wang, W.G. Xia, Chuntian Zheng. Impact of Heat Stress on Meat, Egg Quality, Immunity and Fertility in Poultry and Nutritional Factors That Overcome These Effects: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science. 2016; 15 (3):81-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mohamed Fouad; W. Chen; D. Ruan; S. Wang; W.G. Xia; Chuntian Zheng. 2016. "Impact of Heat Stress on Meat, Egg Quality, Immunity and Fertility in Poultry and Nutritional Factors That Overcome These Effects: A Review." International Journal of Poultry Science 15, no. 3: 81-95.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Poultry Science
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The study was designed to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of rice bran (RB) in laying duck diets on performance, egg quality, oxidation status, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and hepatic expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes. Longyan females (1080) with similar BW at 19 wk of age were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The basal diet (I) was a typical corn-soybean ration while the experimental diets (II to VI) substituted RB for corn and wheat bran and a small reduction of soybean meal. The level of substitution in diets (II to VI) was 6%, 12%, 18%, 24%, and 30%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 wks. Average egg weight and daily egg mass decreased linearly as the level of RB inclusion increased (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio linearly increased (P < 0.001). The proportions of C14:0 and C18:0 and total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in egg yolk linearly decreased with increasing RB, and many of the key polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), like C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, linearly increased (P < 0.001), but not those of C20:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3. There were linear decreases (P < 0.001) in hepatic abundance of FAS and SREBP1 transcripts, with a substantial reduction to about 30% those of ducks fed the control diet; there were no treatment effects on productive performance, eggshell thickness, strength, Haugh unit, antioxidation status, and egg yolk cholesterol or triglyceride content (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the current study suggests that ducks from 19 to 31 wk could be fed diets with up to about 18% RB without effect on the number of eggs produced, egg quality, and oxidative status. Increasing amounts of RB linearly increased egg yolk concentrations of key fatty acids like C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 and decreased the hepatic abundance of FAS and SREBP-1 transcripts.

ACS Style

D. Ruan; Y. C. Lin; W. Chen; S. Wang; W. G. Xia; A. M. Fouad; C. T. Zheng. Effects of rice bran on performance, egg quality, oxidative status, yolk fatty acid composition, and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in laying ducks. Poultry Science 2015, 94, 2944 -2951.

AMA Style

D. Ruan, Y. C. Lin, W. Chen, S. Wang, W. G. Xia, A. M. Fouad, C. T. Zheng. Effects of rice bran on performance, egg quality, oxidative status, yolk fatty acid composition, and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in laying ducks. Poultry Science. 2015; 94 (12):2944-2951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Ruan; Y. C. Lin; W. Chen; S. Wang; W. G. Xia; A. M. Fouad; C. T. Zheng. 2015. "Effects of rice bran on performance, egg quality, oxidative status, yolk fatty acid composition, and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in laying ducks." Poultry Science 94, no. 12: 2944-2951.

Review
Published: 22 June 2014 in Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies

ACS Style

A. M. Fouad; H. K. El-Senousey. Nutritional Factors Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Poultry: A Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2014, 27, 1057 -1068.

AMA Style

A. M. Fouad, H. K. El-Senousey. Nutritional Factors Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Poultry: A Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2014; 27 (7):1057-1068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. M. Fouad; H. K. El-Senousey. 2014. "Nutritional Factors Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Poultry: A Review." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27, no. 7: 1057-1068.