Indigenous territories (ITs) in the Amazon protect approximately 24.5 GtC aboveground, act as significant barriers to deforestation and forest degradation, and serve as an important buffer against climate change. Demarcated ITs have significantly less deforestation than unrecognized lands, demonstrating the importance of demarcating ITs to both protect the livelihoods and cultures of the Amazon’s native peoples and to conserve its forests and rivers.

Understanding perception about nature is paramount to understanding human behavior and decision making on the environment. We performed a survey-based study in Brazil and Poland to better understand the perception of land sparing for nature and the perceived value of nature. The countries were selected by intentional sampling and given their importance for local and global biodiversity conservation, and complex socio-ecological context of conservation versus agroforestry business. We performed an online questionnaire (N = 1030) in Brazil and face-to-face interviews in Poland (N = 322). We found that Brazilian respondents demonstrated more pro-environmental attitudes than Polish survey participants. Regarding the question: “How much nature that is left should be spared?”, nearly 51% of Brazilians answered “everything”, compared with 13% of Polish respondents. Just under half of the respondents from Poland (45.6%) indicated that half of the nature that is left should be spared. Brazilian respondents also perceived the intrinsic value of nature to a greater extent compared with Polish respondents; in total, 76% of Brazilians respondents entirely agreed that “Nature, its plants and animals have a value on their own, independent of their usefulness for us” versus 25% of Polish respondents. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the leverage points driving pro-environmental attitudes in both countries.

Developing a clear vision is the central starting point for any action plan. This chapter reviews the main visions regarding the Amazon and proposes a Living Amazon Vision based on a set of values, principles, and knowledge systems described throughout the chapter.

Existe uma necessidade urgente de restauração em larga escala na Amazônia, região que tem sofrido por décadas com a deterioração de suas condições ecológicas e encontra-se em situação de fragilidade diante das mudanças climáticas. A restauração em escala pode ser alcançada através de sete objetivos complementares: (a) Alcançar o desmatamento zero até 2030; (b) Evitar a degradação florestal; (c) Restaurar florestas em áreas protegidas; (d) Restaurar florestas em terras devolutas; (e) Restaurar áreas em propriedades privadas que tenham sido desmatadas acima do limite permitido por lei; (f) Restaurar a cobertura florestal além da conformidade legal; e (g) Restauração sustentável de terras agrícolas degradadas.

El Capítulo 26 discute la pertinencia y las limitaciones de las definiciones de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible para cada una de estas cinco dimensiones, considerando el contexto amazónico.

This chapter approaches connectivity in the Amazon from the perspectives of Indigenous Peoples (IPs), Afrodescendant Peoples (APs), and Local Communities (LCs). It highlights the profound interconnection between their ways of life, their knowledge systems, and their ties to the territory. The adopted methodology is a reflective exercise that places the voices of various IPs, APs, and LCs at the center, in dialogue with scientific and academic knowledge. Territoriality is presented as a fundamental pillar that interconnects peoples and communities with their territories in physical, spiritual, sociocultural, symbolic, and political ways. The notion of connectivity is proposed, in an exploratory manner, as a vital principle and a comprehensive way of life, transmitted ancestrally through oral codes, collective memory, and interactions with the territories and biocultural diversity of the Amazon. In broader terms, the process of co-producing knowledge articulates three main axes for reflecting on connectivity: 1) diverse interpretations and approaches to the concept of connectivity; 2) identification of risks and threats that endanger these vital connections; 3) emphasis on solutions promoted by the peoples and communities themselves from their territories.