The purpose of this search was to investigate the influence of “Thireomagnile” and “Thyrioton” on the antioxidant status of cows in the development of endotoxicosis. The experimental part of the work was performed at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Stepan Gzhytskyj Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, in the laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the State Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Preparation and Feed Additives (Lviv) and in the Ltd. “Barkom”, village Yampil of Pustomyty district, Lviv region. To solve the tasks of the research, three experimental groups of 10 pregnant cows of the Ukrainian Black-Spotted Dairy breed were formed in each: control and two experimental. Cows of the control group (K) had characteristic clinical signs of endotoxicosis. Animals of the first experimental group (E1) were given 10 mL per animal of “Thyroid magnet” at the eighth and ninth months of gestation. The animals of the second experimental group (E2) were given Thyrioton at a dose of 10 mL per animal in the eighth and ninth months of gestation. As a result of the conducted researches it is found out that in pregnant cows with clinical manifestation of endotoxicosis the inhibition of the activity of the antioxidant protection system and intensification of processes of lipid peroxidation occurs. The use of “Thireomagnile” and “Thyrioton” in cows by the development of endotoxicosis contributed to the increased activity of the antioxidant system, which is indicated by an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The use of of “Thireomagnile” and “Thyrioton” to cows in the development of endotoxicosis contributed to the suppression of lipid peroxidation processes, which is indicated by the low level of primary and final products of lipid peroxidation, namely: lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products. Better normalizing action on the equilibrium on the activity of the antioxidant system and the intensity of lipid peroxidation was shown by the introduction of “Thyroid magnet” at a dose of 10 cm3 per animal.

The aim was of this study was to discover the adaptation indicators of different breeds first-calving cows to voluntary (robotic) milking system during the first month of lactation. The research was carried out in a robotic farm on German Holstein, French Holstein breeds and Brown Swiss breed of cows. During the adaptation period, the German Holsteins were differed from the rench Holsteins and Brown Swiss breed by milk yield, multiplicity of milking, and the amount of consumed concentrated feed. On the 30th day (end of adaptation period), the German Holstein breed dominated over the French Holstein breed and Brown Swiss having average daily milk yield by 0.73 and 4.12 kg, milking times by 0.26 and 0.34, the amount of consumed concentrated feed by 0.32 and 0.61 kg higher. In addition, the German Holstein breed during the adaptation period was distinguished by higher multiplicity of passages through the selection gate and the number of visits to feed stations. Important indicators of adaptation to free keeping and voluntary milking are the number of cases of forced milking. On the 5th day of lactation, some 69.4–86.2% of cows of all the groups did not enter the milking robot. This indicator has been steadily declining every five days. On the 30th day of lactation the cases of operator-forced milking were 24.3–35.9% and they were the lowest in cows of the German Holstein breed, indicating the best adaptive qualities of this cattle. The German Holstein breed had more lower (by 0.30 and 0.26 mS/cm) electrical milk conductivity on the 30th day compared with French and Brown Swiss breeds. In addition, the number of somatic cells in its milk was lower by 19.4 and 17.1 thousand cells per cm3 compared with French Holstein and Brown Swiss breed. Therefore, we suggested that the German Holstein breed has more higher stress tolerance, and hence a shorter adaptation time to the keeping. Key words: Robotic milking; Cow breeds; Adaptation; Productivity; Milking multiplicity; Milk electrical conductivity References Bach, A. & Cabrera, V. (2017). Robotic milking: Feeding strategies and economic returns. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, (9), 7720–7728. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11694 Bomko, V., Kropyvka, Yu., Bomko, L., Chernyuk, S., Kropyvka, S., Gutyj, B. (2018). Effect of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese, and Cobalt on the Manganese balance in high-yielding cows during first 100-days lactation. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(1), 420–425. doi: 10.15421/2018_230 Bonnefont,C., Toufeer, M., Caubet, C., Foulon, E., Tasca, C., Aurel, M.R., Bergonier, D., Boullier, S., Robert-Granié, C., Foucras, G., & Rupp, R. (2011). Transcriptomic analysis of milk somatic cells in mastitis resistant and susceptible sheep upon challenge with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:208. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-208 Borshch, A.A., Borshch, A.V., Lutsenko, M.M., Merzlov, S.V., Kosior, L.T., Lastovska, I.A., & Pirova, L.V. (2018). Amino acid and mineral composition of milk from local Ukrainian cows and their crossbreedings with Brown Swiss and Montbeliarde breeds. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 43 (3), 238–246. doi: 10.14710/jitaa.43.3.238-246 Borshch, O.O., Borshch, O.V., Donchenko, T.A., Kosior, L.T., & Pirova, L.V. (2017) Influence of low temperatures on behavior, productivity and bioenergy parameters of dairy cows kept in cubicle stalls and deep litter system. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(3), 73–77. doi: 10.15421/2017_51 Córdova, H.A., Alessio, D.R., Cardozo, L.L., & Neto, A.T. (2018). Impact of the factors of animal production and welfare on robotic milking frequency. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, 53 (2),238-246. doi: 10.1590/s0100-204x2018000200013 Drach, U., Halachmi, I., Pnini, T., Izhaki, I., & Degani, A. (2017). Automatic herding reduces labour and increases milking frequency in robotic milking. Biosystems Engineering, 155, 134–141. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.12.010 Faly, L. I., Kolombar, T. M., Prokopenko, E. V., Pakhomov, O. Y., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Structure of litter macrofauna communities in poplar plantations in an urban ecosystem in Ukraine. Biosystems Diversity, 25(1), 29–38. doi: 10.15421/011705 Feng, S., Salter, A.M., Parr, T., & Garnsworthy, P.C. (2007). Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase mRNA from Dairy Cow Milk Somatic Cells. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4128–4136. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-830 Green, M.J., Burton, P.R., Green, L.E., Schukken,Y.H., Bradley, A.J., Peeler, E.J., & Medley, G.F. (2004). The use of Markov chain Monte Carlo for analysis of correlated binary data: patterns of somatic cells in milk and the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine,64, (2–4), 157–174. Gutyj, B., Grymak, Y., Drach, M., Bilyk, O., Matsjuk, O., Magrelo, N., Zmiya, M., & Katsaraba, O. (2017). The impact of endogenous intoxication on biochemical indicators of blood of pregnant cows. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 8(3), 438–443. doi: 10.15421/021768 Hansen, B.G. (2015). Robotic milking-farmer experiences and adoption rate in Jæren, Norway. Journal of Rural Studies, 41, 109–117. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.08.004 Holloway, L., & Bear, C. (2019). Beyond resistance: geographies of divergent more-that-human coduct in robotic milking. Geoforum, 104, 212–221. doi: 10/1016/j.geoforum.2019.04.030 Holloway, L., Wilkinson, K., & Bear, C. (2014). Robotic milking technologies and renegotiating situated ethical relationships on UK dairy farms. Agriculture and Human Values, 31(2), 185–199. doi: 10.1007/s10460-013-9473-3 Jacobs, J.A. & Siegford, J.M. (2012). Lactating dairy cows adapt quickly to being milked by an automatic milking system. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, (3), 1575–1584. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4710 Kozak, V. M., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018)....

In the article are considered issues related to the study of the effect of cadmium on the body of birds, in particular laying hens. The effect of cadmium sulfate at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight on protein synthesis function and functional state of the liver were investigated of cross-laying Hysex white hens, of 78 weeks old. Three groups of chickens were formed: two experimental and one control groups. The laying hens of the experimental groups were subjected to a cadmium load. Laying chickens of the first experimental group were given cadmium sulfate at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight. Laying chickens of the second experimental group were given cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg body weight. Laying chickens in the control group were in the normal diet without cadmium. Increased activity of aminotransferases, in particular alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in their serum of hens, was observed during cadmium binge drinking in doses of 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. These changes indicate a violation of the functional state of the liver of laying hens under conditions of cadmium load. In the study of protein synthesis of the liver of laying hens under conditions of cadmium loading, it was found that cadmium sulfate in the above doses contributed to a significant decrease in the level of total protein by 14, 21 and 30 days of the experiment. The reduction of total protein in the blood of laying hens was due to a decrease in the level of albumin, which in the second experimental group, respectively, decreased to 28.16 ± 0.75%, whereas in the first – 29.62 ± 0.98%. In the study of the level of globulins, it is possible to increase this indicator in both experimental groups of poultry for 21 days. Drinking with water cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg body weight was associated with a more likely decrease in total protein and albumin than drinking cadmium sulfate at a lower dose. Keywords: Toxicology; Cadmium; Hens; Blood; Immune system References Al-Azemi, M., Omu, F.E., Kehinde, E.O., Anim, J.T., Oriowo, M.A., & Omu, A.E. (2010). Lithium protects against toxic effects of cadmium in the rat testes. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet, 27(8), 469–476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-010-9426-3/ Ali, M.M., Murthy, R.C., & Chandra, S.V. (1986). Developmental and longterm neurobehavioral toxicity of low–level in utero Cd exposure in rats. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8(5), 463–468. Antonio, M.T., Benito, M.J., Leret, M.L., & Corpas, I. (1998). Gestation administration of cadmium alters the neurotransmitter levels in newborn rat brains. J Appl Toxicol., 18(2), 83–88. Chumachenko, V.Y., Chumachenko, V.V., & Pavlenko, O.I. (2004). Study of the immune system. Factors that have an influenceon the resistance of animals. Veterinary Medicine of Ukraine, 5, 33–37 (in Ukrainian). El-Refaiy, A.I., & Eissa, F.I. (2012). Protective effects of ascorbic acid and zinc against cadmium-induced histopathological, histochemical and cytogenetic changes in rats. Comunicata Scientiae, 3(3), 162–180. El-Shahat, A.E., Gabr, A., Meki, A.R., & Mehana, E.S. (2009). Altered testicular morphology and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in experimental rats and protective effect of simultaneous green tea extract. Int. J. Morphol., 27(3), 757–764. doi:https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022009000300020 Fregoneze, J.B., Marinho, C.A., Soares, T., Castro, L., Sarmento, C., Cunha, M., Gonzalez, V., Oliveira, P., Nascimento, T., Luz, C.P., Santana, Jr. P., De-Oliveira, I.R., & e-Castro-e-Silva, E. (1997). Lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) inhibit the dipsogenic action of central beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 30(3), 419–423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X1997000300018. Grushanska, N. (2017). The content of heavy metals in the cow hair of the northern-eastern biogeochemical zone. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 19(73), 154–158. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7332 Grynevych, N., Sliusarenko, A., Dyman, T., Sliusarenko, S., Gutyj, B., Kukhtyn, M., Hunchak, V. Kushnir, V. (2018). Etiology and histopathological alterations in some body organs of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) at nitrite poisoning. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(1), 402–408. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/2018_228 Gutyj, B. (2015). The influence of hydravite-e, e-selenium on activity of aminotransferases in bulls blood serum by chronic cadmium toxicosis. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Veterinary Sciences, 17(2), 43-47. Retrieved from https://nvlvet.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/458 Gutyj, B., Grymak, Y., Drach, M., Bilyk, O., Matsjuk, O., Magrelo, N., Zmiya, M., & Katsaraba, O. (2017). The impact of endogenous intoxication on biochemical indicators of blood of pregnant cows. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 8(3), 438–443. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/021768. Gutyj, B., Hufriy, D., Binkevych, V., Vischur, V., Binkevych, O., & Kurlyak, I. (2015). The changes of biochemical and morphological indices of rats’ blood under chronic cadmium toxicosis. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 17(3), 120–123. Retrieved from https://nvlvet.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/531. Gutyj, B., Martyshchuk, T., Bushueva, I., Semeniv, B., Parchenko, V., Kaplaushenko, A., Magrelo, N., Hirkovyy, A., Musiy, L., & Murska, S. (2017). Morphological and biochemical indicators of blood of rats poisoned by carbon tetrachloride and subject to action of liposomal preparation. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 8(2), 304–309. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/021748. Gutyj, B., Nazaruk, N., Levkivska, A., Shcherbatyj, A., Sobolev, A., Vavrysevych, J., Hachak, Y., Bilyk, O., Vishchur, V., & Guta, Z. (2017). The...

From the standpoint of modern ideas, the normal functioning of the poultry body and full implementation her of the genetic potential is impossible without the presence of selenium in the diet. The biochemical diversity of selenium puts it in a number of priority trace elements. Scientists who were studying the effects of selenium on poultry body and paid relatively little attention to the quality of the meat. In scientific experiment are studied the effect of additives different doses of selenium in compound feed on the chemical composition, energy and biological value of meat of the cross chickens-broilers COBB 500. Introduction of selenium into the feed for broiler chickens in the doses which are studied (0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg) did not significantly affect to the quality of their muscle tissue although it positively affected on some indicators that characterizing its chemical composition, nutritional and biological value. Among the experimental groups, the best meat quality indicators were in the second group of chickens for which was introduced into the feed selenium from the calculation of 0.3 mg/kg. When feeding mixed feeds with selenium additives to broiler chickens it was found that it is likely to increase the concentration of this trace element in muscle tissue by 60.6-100% (P?0.001), which does not exceed the maximum permissible level (MPL). Consumption of selenium-enriched meat of broiler chickens within the limits of the physiological norms recommended in Ukraine will ensure the daily requirement of an adult in this trace element by 23.6-29.4%. This meat product can be especially useful for people who live in regions with low levels of selenium in the natural environment.

Today, the number of indicators that control the mineral nutrition of poultry has increased significantly. However, the physiological need of different species of poultry for some mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body has not yet been definitively established. This also applies to such abiotic elements as selenium. The inclusion of selenium in feed for young poultry changes the direction of physiological and biochemical processes in the body and improves metabolism and, consequently, improves their live weight, viability, feed conversion, slaughter, and meat qualities, improve organoleptic characteristics, amino acid composition, nutritional and biological value. In order to deepen and expand modern ideas about the biological role of selenium, its impact on the productive qualities, and the interior performance of young geese in the post-embryonic period of ontogenesis, we have conducted comprehensive research. One of the tasks was to study the causal relationship between the level of consumption of young selenium geese with food and the studied indicators. Experimental studies were performed on Gorky goslings. Feeding of goslings from one day to 75 days of age was carried out with complete rations, balanced on the main nutrients and biologically active substances, in accordance with existing standards. Goslings of the first control group did not receive the addition of selenium in the feed. The birds of the experimental groups (2–4) additionally added different amounts of Selenium to the compound feeds, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Correlation analysis of the obtained experimental data revealed that there are different levels and directions of the interrelationship between the economically useful and interior features included in the analysis, which may vary depending on the content of selenium in compound feed for young geese. A scheme for modeling the effects of selenium on the body of young geese raised for meat has been proposed.