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Prof. Christian Peham
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna

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0 Movement Analysis
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0 Sport Biomechanics
0 Movement Sciences

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Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Animals
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Background: This study evaluated joint stability after surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle joints in cats using a novel absorbable polylactide bone anchor in an ex vivo model. Methods: Thirty-six hindlimbs from cats with intact (Gi group) and transected CrCLs were treated with fabellotibial suture alone (GFW group), suture combined with an absorbable polylactide bone anchor (GWD group), or suture combined with a nonabsorbable bone anchor (GFT group), positioned in a limb press with predefined joint angles (stifle joint: 120 ± 5°; hock joint: 120 ± 5°) and loaded with 10%, 20%, and 30% of body mass (BM). Predefined points were measured on lateral radiographs and with a coordinate measurement machine. Distances on radiographs (mm) were measured and angles (°) were calculated to represent the craniocaudal movement and the internal rotation of the tibia. Results: There were no differences for craniocaudal movement between Gi and GFW or GFT, but for GWD regarding angle measurement at 30% BM. For internal rotation, there was no significant difference between Gi and GFW or GWD, but for GFT. Conclusion: The used absorbable polylactide bone-anchor was able to stabilize the stifle joint regarding internal rotation and craniocaudal movement as calculated from distance measurements.

ACS Style

Lydia Koch; Barbara Bockstahler; Alexander Tichy; Christian Peham; Eva Schnabl-Feichter. Comparison of Extracapsular Stabilization Techniques Using an Ultrasonically Implanted Absorbable Bone Anchor (Weldix) after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Cats—An In Vitro Study. Animals 2021, 11, 1695 .

AMA Style

Lydia Koch, Barbara Bockstahler, Alexander Tichy, Christian Peham, Eva Schnabl-Feichter. Comparison of Extracapsular Stabilization Techniques Using an Ultrasonically Implanted Absorbable Bone Anchor (Weldix) after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Cats—An In Vitro Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lydia Koch; Barbara Bockstahler; Alexander Tichy; Christian Peham; Eva Schnabl-Feichter. 2021. "Comparison of Extracapsular Stabilization Techniques Using an Ultrasonically Implanted Absorbable Bone Anchor (Weldix) after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Cats—An In Vitro Study." Animals 11, no. 6: 1695.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Animals
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Single-port access systems (SPASs) are currently used in human and veterinary surgeries. However, they pose technical challenges, such as instrument crowding, intra- and extracorporeal instrument collision, and reduced maneuverability. Studies comparing the maneuverability of the scopes and instruments in different SPASs are lacking. This study aimed to compare the maneuverability of three different SPASs: the Covidien SILS-port, Storz Endocone, and glove port. A clear acrylic box with artificial skin placed at the bottom was used to mimic the abdominal wall and cavity. The three SPASs were placed from below, and a 10-mm endoscope and 5-mm instrument were introduced. A motion analysis system consisting of 18 cameras and motion analysis software were used to track the movement of the endoscope and instrument, to determine the volume of the cone-shaped, three-dimensional figures over which movement was possible, with higher values indicating greater maneuverability. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for the analysis. The maneuverability of the endoscope alone was significantly higher in the glove port system than in the other two SPASs. When inserting an additional instrument, the maneuverability significantly decreased in the SILS-port and Endocone, but not in the glove port. The highest maneuverability overall was found in the glove port.

ACS Style

Georg Haider; Ursula Schulz; Nikola Katic; Christian Peham; Gilles Dupré. Maneuverability of the Scope and Instruments within Three Different Single-Incision Laparoscopic Ports: An Experimental Pilot Study. Animals 2021, 11, 1242 .

AMA Style

Georg Haider, Ursula Schulz, Nikola Katic, Christian Peham, Gilles Dupré. Maneuverability of the Scope and Instruments within Three Different Single-Incision Laparoscopic Ports: An Experimental Pilot Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georg Haider; Ursula Schulz; Nikola Katic; Christian Peham; Gilles Dupré. 2021. "Maneuverability of the Scope and Instruments within Three Different Single-Incision Laparoscopic Ports: An Experimental Pilot Study." Animals 11, no. 5: 1242.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Animals
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As the longissimus dorsi muscle is the largest muscle in the equine back, it has great influence on the stability of the spine and facilitates proper locomotion. The longissimus muscle provides support to the saddle and rider and thereby influences performance in the horse. Muscular dysfunction has been associated with back disorders and decline of performance. In general, muscle function is determined by its specific intramuscular architecture. However, only limited three-dimensional metrical data are available for the inner organisation of the equine longissimus dorsi muscle. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the inner architecure of the equine longissimus. The thoracic and lumbar longissimus muscles of five formalin-fixed cadaveric horse backs of different ages and body types were dissected layerwise from cranial to caudal. Three-dimensional coordinates along individual muscle fibre bundles were recorded using a digitisation tool (MicroScribe®), to capture their origin, insertion and general orientation. Together with skeletal data from computed tomography (CT) scans, 3D models were created using imaging software (Amira). For further analysis, the muscle was divided into functional compartments during preparation and morphometric parameters, such as the muscle fascicle length, pennation angles to the sagittal and horizontal planes, muscle volume and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), were determined. Fascicle length showed the highest values in the thoracic region and decreased from cranial to caudal, with the cranial lumbar compartment showing about 75% of cranial fascicle length, while in most caudal compartments, fascicle length was less than 50% of the fascicle length in thoracic compartments. The pennation angles to the horizontal plane show that there are differences between compartments. In most cranial compartments, fascicles almost run parallel to the horizontal plane (mean angle 0°), while in the caudal compartment, the angles increase up to a mean angle of 38°. Pennation angles to the sagittal plane varied not only between compartments but also within compartments. While in the thoracic compartments, the fascicles run nearly parallel to the spine, in the caudal compartments, the mean angles range from 0–22°. The muscle volume ranged from 1350 cm3 to 4700 cm3 depending on body size. The PCSA ranged from 219 cm2 to 700 cm2 depending on the muscle volume and mean fascicle length. In addition to predictable individual differences in size parameters, there are obvious systemic differences within the muscle architecture along the longissimus muscle which may affect its contraction behaviour. The obtained muscle data lay the anatomical basis for a specific biomechanical model of the longissimus muscle, to simulate muscle function under varying conditions and in comparison to other species.

ACS Style

Johanna Dietrich; Stephan Handschuh; Robert Steidl; Alexandra Böhler; Gerhard Forstenpointner; Monika Egerbacher; Christian Peham; Hanna Schöpper. Muscle Fibre Architecture of Thoracic and Lumbar Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in the Horse. Animals 2021, 11, 915 .

AMA Style

Johanna Dietrich, Stephan Handschuh, Robert Steidl, Alexandra Böhler, Gerhard Forstenpointner, Monika Egerbacher, Christian Peham, Hanna Schöpper. Muscle Fibre Architecture of Thoracic and Lumbar Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in the Horse. Animals. 2021; 11 (3):915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Dietrich; Stephan Handschuh; Robert Steidl; Alexandra Böhler; Gerhard Forstenpointner; Monika Egerbacher; Christian Peham; Hanna Schöpper. 2021. "Muscle Fibre Architecture of Thoracic and Lumbar Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in the Horse." Animals 11, no. 3: 915.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Vibration
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The sand surface is considered a critical injury and performance contributing factor in different sports, from beach volleyball to greyhound racing. However, there is still a significant gap in understanding the dynamic behaviour of sport sand surfaces, particularly their vibration behaviour under impact loads. The purpose of this research was to introduce different measurement techniques to the study of sports sand surface dynamic behaviour. This study utilised an experimental drop test, accelerometry, in-situ moisture content and firmness data, to investigate the possible correlation between the sand surface and injuries. The analysis is underpinned by data gathered from greyhound racing and discussed where relevant.

ACS Style

Hasti Hayati; David Eager; Christian Peham; Yujie Qi. Dynamic Behaviour of High Performance of Sand Surfaces Used in the Sports Industry. Vibration 2020, 3, 410 -424.

AMA Style

Hasti Hayati, David Eager, Christian Peham, Yujie Qi. Dynamic Behaviour of High Performance of Sand Surfaces Used in the Sports Industry. Vibration. 2020; 3 (4):410-424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasti Hayati; David Eager; Christian Peham; Yujie Qi. 2020. "Dynamic Behaviour of High Performance of Sand Surfaces Used in the Sports Industry." Vibration 3, no. 4: 410-424.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2020 in Animals
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Laparoscopy is a growing field in veterinary medicine, although guidelines are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pressure–volume curve during capnoperitoneum in cats. A total of 59 female cats were scheduled for routine laparoscopy. Pressure and volume data were recorded and processed, and the yield point of the curve was calculated using a method based on a capacitor discharging function. For the remaining 40 cats, a linear-like pressure–volume curve was observed until a yield point with a mean cutoff pressure (COP) of 6.44 ± 1.7 mmHg (SD) (range, 2.72–13.00 mmHg) and a mean cutoff volume (COV) of 387 ± 144.35 mL (SD) (range, 178.84–968.43 mL) was reached. The mean mL/kg CO2 value in cats was 208 ± 34.69 mL/kg (range, 100.00–288.46 mL/kg). The COV correlated with COP and body weight but not with body condition score (BCS). COP correlated only with the COV. This study suggests that feline patients have a pressure–volume curve similar to that of canine patients, and the same pressure limit recommendations can be used for both species. After a yield point of 6.44 mmHg is reached, the increment in volume decreases exponentially as the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases.

ACS Style

Melissa Dorn; Anja Becher-Deichsel; Barbara Bockstahler; Christian Peham; Gilles Dupré. Pressure–Volume Curve during Capnoperitoneum in Cats. Animals 2020, 10, 1408 .

AMA Style

Melissa Dorn, Anja Becher-Deichsel, Barbara Bockstahler, Christian Peham, Gilles Dupré. Pressure–Volume Curve during Capnoperitoneum in Cats. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melissa Dorn; Anja Becher-Deichsel; Barbara Bockstahler; Christian Peham; Gilles Dupré. 2020. "Pressure–Volume Curve during Capnoperitoneum in Cats." Animals 10, no. 8: 1408.

Review
Published: 05 October 2019 in Sensors
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Movement science investigating muscle and tendon functions during locomotion utilizes commercial ultrasound imagers built for medical applications. These limit biomechanics research due to their form factor, range of view, and spatio-temporal resolution. This review systematically investigates the technical aspects of applying ultrasound as a research tool to investigate human and animal locomotion. It provides an overview on the ultrasound systems used and of their operating parameters. We present measured fascicle velocities and discuss the results with respect to operating frame rates during recording. Furthermore, we derive why muscle and tendon functions should be recorded with a frame rate of at least 150 Hz and a range of view of 250 mm. Moreover, we analyze why and how the development of better ultrasound observation devices at the hierarchical level of muscles and tendons can support biomechanics research. Additionally, we present recent technological advances and their possible application. We provide a list of recommendations for the development of a more advanced ultrasound sensor system class targeting biomechanical applications. Looking to the future, mobile, ultrafast ultrasound hardware technologies create immense opportunities to expand the existing knowledge of human and animal movement.

ACS Style

Christoph Leitner; Pascal A. Hager; Harald Penasso; Markus Tilp; Luca Benini; Christian Peham; Christian Baumgartner. Ultrasound as a Tool to Study Muscle–Tendon Functions during Locomotion: A Systematic Review of Applications. Sensors 2019, 19, 4316 .

AMA Style

Christoph Leitner, Pascal A. Hager, Harald Penasso, Markus Tilp, Luca Benini, Christian Peham, Christian Baumgartner. Ultrasound as a Tool to Study Muscle–Tendon Functions during Locomotion: A Systematic Review of Applications. Sensors. 2019; 19 (19):4316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Leitner; Pascal A. Hager; Harald Penasso; Markus Tilp; Luca Benini; Christian Peham; Christian Baumgartner. 2019. "Ultrasound as a Tool to Study Muscle–Tendon Functions during Locomotion: A Systematic Review of Applications." Sensors 19, no. 19: 4316.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in Animals
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We developed a finite element model (FEM) of the equine stifle joint to identify pressure peaks and simulate translocation and deformation of the menisci. A series of sectional magnetic resonance images (1.5 T) of the stifle joint of a 23 year old Shetland pony gelding served as basis for image segmentation. Based on the 3D polygon models of femur, tibia, articular cartilages, menisci, collateral ligaments and the meniscotibial ligaments, an FEM model was generated. Tissue material properties were assigned based on data from human (Open knee(s) project) and bovine femoro-tibial joint available in the literature. The FEM model was tested across a range of motion of approximately 30°. Pressure load was overall higher in the lateral meniscus than in the medial. Accordingly, the simulation showed higher translocation and deformation in the lateral compared to the medial meniscus. The results encourage further refinement of this model for studying loading patterns on menisci and articular cartilages as well as the resulting mechanical stress in the subchondral bone (femur and tibia). A functional FEM model can not only help identify segments in the stifle which are predisposed to injury, but also to better understand the progression of certain stifle disorders, simulate treatment/surgery effects and to optimize implant/transplant properties.

ACS Style

Pasquale Zellmann; Iris Ribitsch; Stephan Handschuh; Christian Peham. Finite Element Modelling Simulated Meniscus Translocation and Deformation during Locomotion of the Equine Stifle. Animals 2019, 9, 502 .

AMA Style

Pasquale Zellmann, Iris Ribitsch, Stephan Handschuh, Christian Peham. Finite Element Modelling Simulated Meniscus Translocation and Deformation during Locomotion of the Equine Stifle. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasquale Zellmann; Iris Ribitsch; Stephan Handschuh; Christian Peham. 2019. "Finite Element Modelling Simulated Meniscus Translocation and Deformation during Locomotion of the Equine Stifle." Animals 9, no. 8: 502.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2017 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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Accurate identification of the hip joint centre (HJC) is crucial for the correct estimation of knee and hip joint loads and kinematics, which is particularly relevant in orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal modelling. Several methods have been described for calculation of the HJC in humans, however, no studies have used these methods in the horse despite a similar need for improved evaluation of hip joint biomechanics in rehabilitation and musculoskeletal modelling. This preliminary study uses the commonly used functional method (least-squares sphere fit) to determine the HJC in three equid cadavers. Bone pins with reflective markers attached were drilled into the tuber coxae (TC), tuber ischium (TI), tuber sacrale (TS), greater trochanter (GT), third trochanter (TT) and lateral femoral condyle (FC) of the uppermost limb of the cadavers positioned in lateral recumbency. Three repetitions of passive movements consisting of pro-and retraction, ab- and adduction and circumduction were performed. The HJC was calculated using a least-squares sphere fitting method and presented as a distance from the TC based on a percentage of the TC to TI vector magnitude. Mean (± standard deviation) of the HJC is located 52.4% (± 3.9) caudally, 0.2% (± 6.5) dorsally, and 19.8% (± 4.2) medially from the TC. This study is the first to quantify the HJC in horses ex vivo using a functional method. Further work (in vivo and imaging) is required to validate the findings of the present study.

ACS Style

S. Valentin; C. Peham; Rebeka Zsoldos; T.F. Licka. A sphere fitting approach to determine the hip joint centre of the horse. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2017, 13, 113 -118.

AMA Style

S. Valentin, C. Peham, Rebeka Zsoldos, T.F. Licka. A sphere fitting approach to determine the hip joint centre of the horse. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2017; 13 (2):113-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Valentin; C. Peham; Rebeka Zsoldos; T.F. Licka. 2017. "A sphere fitting approach to determine the hip joint centre of the horse." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 2: 113-118.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2014 in BMC Veterinary Research
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Inclined or slippery surfaces and various other types of obstacles are common demands in our environment. Dogs with impaired locomotion might have difficulties to manage rough terrain. Gait analyses using force plates or pressure plates, which are well established to characterize limb loads in human medicine as well as in animals, are mostly limited to level surfaces. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cross-slope walking in ten healthy Labrador Retrievers using a pressure plate walkway system. The dogs walked over the pressure plate on a level surface, with a lateral elevation angle of 10° (CS1) or 15° (CS2) until five valid trials were achieved. Three measurements were obtained at weekly intervals. Peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz), step length, and velocity were determined. Compared to level walking (LW), cross-slope walking was associated with a significant decrease in GRF of the up-slope (US) hindlimb, which was compensated for by the down-slope (DS) forelimb. The other diagonal limb pair showed less pronounced effects during CS1, but in CS2 more weight was shifted onto the DS hindlimb during the first two measurements, thus reducing weight on the US forelimb (for IFz). The effect diminished from trial to trial, with GRF values approaching LW standards finally. The IFz was a more sensitive measure than the PFz. The step length of the DS forelimb was significantly decreased in both cross-slope conditions, while the step length of the US forelimb only decreased during CS2. The dogs adapted their gait pattern and step length to compensate for the discrepancy in apparent leg length caused by the cross-slope. The results suggest that cross-slope walking requires functional musculoskeletal adaptations that may be difficult for animals with impaired locomotion. Further, this knowledge might be of clinical impact for early diagnosis of neurological disorders, mild lameness and proprioceptive deficits.

ACS Style

Therese Strasser; Christian Peham; Barbara A Bockstahler. A comparison of ground reaction forces during level and cross-slope walking in Labrador Retrievers. BMC Veterinary Research 2014, 10, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Therese Strasser, Christian Peham, Barbara A Bockstahler. A comparison of ground reaction forces during level and cross-slope walking in Labrador Retrievers. BMC Veterinary Research. 2014; 10 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Therese Strasser; Christian Peham; Barbara A Bockstahler. 2014. "A comparison of ground reaction forces during level and cross-slope walking in Labrador Retrievers." BMC Veterinary Research 10, no. 1: 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in The Veterinary Journal
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the pressure distribution under three different types of harnesses used for guide dogs (designated H1, H2 and H3). The dogs (n = 8) led a trainer through a course including a range of exercises (straight line, curve left, curve right, upstairs and downstairs). All dogs were clinically sound and showed no sign of lameness. The pressures beneath the harnesses were determined by sensor strips and related to the gait. In all harnesses, the highest pressures were found in the right sternal region (H1 2.02 ± 0.6N/cm(2); H2 1.76 ± 0.4N/cm(2); H3 1.14 ± 0.5 N/cm(2)). In all other regions, the pressures were in the range of 0-1.32 N/cm(2). The right and left sternal regions were almost constantly loaded. Contrary to previous assumptions, the back regions had minimal loading. This investigation demonstrated that there were significant differences among the harnesses.

ACS Style

C. Peham; S. Limbeck; K. Galla; B. Bockstahler. Pressure distribution under three different types of harnesses used for guide dogs. The Veterinary Journal 2013, 198, e93 -e98.

AMA Style

C. Peham, S. Limbeck, K. Galla, B. Bockstahler. Pressure distribution under three different types of harnesses used for guide dogs. The Veterinary Journal. 2013; 198 ():e93-e98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Peham; S. Limbeck; K. Galla; B. Bockstahler. 2013. "Pressure distribution under three different types of harnesses used for guide dogs." The Veterinary Journal 198, no. : e93-e98.

Short communication
Published: 08 November 2011 in Journal of Biomechanics
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Handball is one of the top four athletic games with highest injury risks. The jump shot is the most accomplished goal shot technique and the lower extremities are mostly injured. As a basis for ankle sprain simulation, the aim of this study was to extend the ankle region of an existing musculoskeletal full-body model through incorporation of three prominent lateral ankle ligaments: ligamentum fibulotalare anterius (LFTA), ligamentum fibulotalare posterius (LFTP), ligamentum fibulocalcaneare (LFC). The specific objective was to calculate and visualise ligament force scenarios during the jumping and landing phases of controlled jump shots. Recorded kinematic data of performed jump shots and the corresponding ground reaction forces were used to perform inverse dynamics. The calculated peak force of the LFTA (107 N) was found at maximum plantarflexion and of the LFTP (150 N) at maximum dorsiflexion. The peak force of the LFC (190 N) was observed at maximum dorsiflexion combined with maximum eversion. Within the performed jump shots, the LFTA showed a peak force (59 N to 69 N) during maximum plantarflexion in the final moment of the lift off. During landing, the force developed by the LFTA reached its peak value (61 N to 70 N) at the first contact with the floor. After that, the LFTP developed a peak force (70 N to 118 N). This model allows the calculation of forces in lateral ankle ligaments. The information obtained in this study can serve as a basis for future research on ankle sprain and ankle sprain simulation.

ACS Style

M. Lindner; A. Kotschwar; Rebeka Zsoldos; M. Groesel; C. Peham. The jump shot – A biomechanical analysis focused on lateral ankle ligaments. Journal of Biomechanics 2011, 45, 202 -206.

AMA Style

M. Lindner, A. Kotschwar, Rebeka Zsoldos, M. Groesel, C. Peham. The jump shot – A biomechanical analysis focused on lateral ankle ligaments. Journal of Biomechanics. 2011; 45 (1):202-206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Lindner; A. Kotschwar; Rebeka Zsoldos; M. Groesel; C. Peham. 2011. "The jump shot – A biomechanical analysis focused on lateral ankle ligaments." Journal of Biomechanics 45, no. 1: 202-206.

Conference abstract
Published: 31 October 2011 in Neuromuscular Disorders
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ACS Style

R.R. Zsoldos; S. Valentin; P.J. Holler; C. Peham; T.F. Licka. P5.70 Age related changes in equine splenius muscle activity. Neuromuscular Disorders 2011, 21, 745 .

AMA Style

R.R. Zsoldos, S. Valentin, P.J. Holler, C. Peham, T.F. Licka. P5.70 Age related changes in equine splenius muscle activity. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2011; 21 (9):745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R.R. Zsoldos; S. Valentin; P.J. Holler; C. Peham; T.F. Licka. 2011. "P5.70 Age related changes in equine splenius muscle activity." Neuromuscular Disorders 21, no. 9: 745.

Conference abstract
Published: 31 October 2011 in Neuromuscular Disorders
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ACS Style

R.R. Zsoldos; S. Valentin; P.J. Holler; C. Peham; T.F. Licka. P5.71 Surface electromyography of the equine splenius muscle during neck exercises in relation to ultrasonographic muscle appearance. Neuromuscular Disorders 2011, 21, 745 -746.

AMA Style

R.R. Zsoldos, S. Valentin, P.J. Holler, C. Peham, T.F. Licka. P5.71 Surface electromyography of the equine splenius muscle during neck exercises in relation to ultrasonographic muscle appearance. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2011; 21 (9-10):745-746.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R.R. Zsoldos; S. Valentin; P.J. Holler; C. Peham; T.F. Licka. 2011. "P5.71 Surface electromyography of the equine splenius muscle during neck exercises in relation to ultrasonographic muscle appearance." Neuromuscular Disorders 21, no. 9-10: 745-746.

Comparative study
Published: 30 April 2010 in The Veterinary Journal
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The aim of the study was to compare the stability of the rider as well as the forces acting on a horse's back with different seating positions at the trot (sitting trot, rising trot and two-point seat). The same experienced rider was mounted on 10 sound horses trotting on a treadmill. The kinetic data were recorded with an electronic pressure mat, placed under a well-fitting dressage saddle with no saddle pad. The rider used three different seating positions, each for 20 s. Right forelimb motion was used to synchronise the pressure data with the stride cycles. To determine the rider's stability, the movement of the centre of pressure (COP) along the transverse (X) and longitudinal (Y) axes was calculated. The force was taken as the sum of all segments of the pressure pad multiplied by the area of the pressure pad. The maximum force and the X- and Y-deviations were evaluated using ANOVA for repeated measures with a Bonferroni Post hoc test. The stability of the rider in the Y-direction was significantly highest in the two-point seat, followed by the rising trot and the sitting trot, respectively. In the X-direction, there was no significant difference between the three positions. The significantly highest load on the horse's back was at the sitting trot (2112 N), followed by the rising trot (2056 N) and the two-point seat (1688 N). The rider was most stable in the two-point seat while transferring the lowest load on the horse's back. The rising trot was found to be more stable and less stressful for the horse's back compared to the sitting trot.

ACS Style

C. Peham; A.B. Kotschwar; B. Borkenhagen; S. Kuhnke; J. Molsner; A. Baltacis. A comparison of forces acting on the horse’s back and the stability of the rider’s seat in different positions at the trot. The Veterinary Journal 2010, 184, 56 -59.

AMA Style

C. Peham, A.B. Kotschwar, B. Borkenhagen, S. Kuhnke, J. Molsner, A. Baltacis. A comparison of forces acting on the horse’s back and the stability of the rider’s seat in different positions at the trot. The Veterinary Journal. 2010; 184 (1):56-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Peham; A.B. Kotschwar; B. Borkenhagen; S. Kuhnke; J. Molsner; A. Baltacis. 2010. "A comparison of forces acting on the horse’s back and the stability of the rider’s seat in different positions at the trot." The Veterinary Journal 184, no. 1: 56-59.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2009 in Human Movement Science
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As a consequence of the three interacting systems of horse, saddle, and rider, horseback riding is a very complex movement that is difficult to characterize by a limited number of biomechanical parameters or characteristic curves. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a technique for reducing multidimensional datasets to a minimal (i.e., optimally economic) set of dimensions. To apply PCA to horseback riding data, a “pattern vector” composed of the horizontal velocities of a set of body markers was determined. PCA was used to identify the major dynamic constituents of the three natural gaits of the horse: walk, trot, and canter. It was found that the trot is characterized by only one major component accounting for about 90% of the data’s variance. Based on a study involving 13 horses with the same rider, additional phase plane analyses of the order parameter dynamics revealed a potential influence of the saddle type on movement coordination for the majority of horses.

ACS Style

K. Witte; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. Motion pattern analysis of gait in horseback riding by means of Principal Component Analysis. Human Movement Science 2009, 28, 394 -405.

AMA Style

K. Witte, H. Schobesberger, C. Peham. Motion pattern analysis of gait in horseback riding by means of Principal Component Analysis. Human Movement Science. 2009; 28 (3):394-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Witte; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. 2009. "Motion pattern analysis of gait in horseback riding by means of Principal Component Analysis." Human Movement Science 28, no. 3: 394-405.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2009 in The Veterinary Journal
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The pattern of electromyographic activity of the equine long back muscle at the walk has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to use surface electromyography to measure activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles of horses walking on a treadmill. Fifteen horses without back pain were used and electromyographs were recorded bilaterally from the longissimus dorsi muscles at the level of T12, T16 and L3. Mean electromyograph activity and mean motion were calculated for each horse. At the walk, only one maximum activity for each longissimus dorsi muscle was detected during each motion cycle and this was highest at T12 and lowest at L3. Activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles at the walk is mainly responsible for stabilisation of the vertebral column against dynamic forces. At T12 the high maximum activity could contribute to the development of muscle pain at this site.

ACS Style

T. Licka; A. Frey; C. Peham. Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses when walking on a treadmill. The Veterinary Journal 2009, 180, 71 -76.

AMA Style

T. Licka, A. Frey, C. Peham. Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses when walking on a treadmill. The Veterinary Journal. 2009; 180 (1):71-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Licka; A. Frey; C. Peham. 2009. "Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses when walking on a treadmill." The Veterinary Journal 180, no. 1: 71-76.

Conference abstract
Published: 31 December 2006 in Journal of Biomechanics
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ACS Style

A. Baltacis; A. Hofmann; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. Evaluation of pressure distribution under a fitting saddle with different saddle pads. Journal of Biomechanics 2006, 39, S559 -559.

AMA Style

A. Baltacis, A. Hofmann, H. Schobesberger, C. Peham. Evaluation of pressure distribution under a fitting saddle with different saddle pads. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006; 39 ():S559-559.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Baltacis; A. Hofmann; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. 2006. "Evaluation of pressure distribution under a fitting saddle with different saddle pads." Journal of Biomechanics 39, no. : S559-559.

Conference abstract
Published: 31 December 2006 in Journal of Biomechanics
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ACS Style

A. Hofmann; A. Baltacis; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. Evaluation of pressure distribution under a too wide saddle with different saddle pads. Journal of Biomechanics 2006, 39, S559 -S560.

AMA Style

A. Hofmann, A. Baltacis, H. Schobesberger, C. Peham. Evaluation of pressure distribution under a too wide saddle with different saddle pads. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006; 39 ():S559-S560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Hofmann; A. Baltacis; H. Schobesberger; C. Peham. 2006. "Evaluation of pressure distribution under a too wide saddle with different saddle pads." Journal of Biomechanics 39, no. : S559-S560.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2006 in Journal of Biomechanics
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Diagnosis of back problems in equine orthopedics can be a difficult task. The aim of our study was to develop a new method for estimating the stiffness of the equine back in vivo. We measured the activity of the long back muscle at two locations on both sides at thoracic vertebrae T12 and T16 of 15 horses flexing and extending their back at stance using telemetric surface electromyography, while simultaneously recording the motion of the back with a video camera system. Out of these paired data sets we computed a transfer function in the frequency domain and evaluated its capability of capturing the biomechanical behavior. The transfer function was evaluated via correlation between calculated and actual motion resulting in correlation coefficients of 0.89 for lateral flexion and 0.83 for ventral extension at T16 and 0.82 for lateral flexion and 0.83 for ventral extension at T12. The transfer function was fitted to a filter polynomial of second order, and related to the motion equation. By comparison of coefficients we gained an estimate for the stiffness of the back resulting in a mean value of approximately 6100 N/m for lateral flexion and 650 N/m for ventral extension. This new method enables clinicians in equine orthopedics to estimate back stiffness in horses, and it also provides reality grounded values for biomechanical models of the equine back.

ACS Style

C. Peham; H. Schobesberger. A novel method to estimate the stiffness of the equine back. Journal of Biomechanics 2006, 39, 2845 -2849.

AMA Style

C. Peham, H. Schobesberger. A novel method to estimate the stiffness of the equine back. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006; 39 (15):2845-2849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Peham; H. Schobesberger. 2006. "A novel method to estimate the stiffness of the equine back." Journal of Biomechanics 39, no. 15: 2845-2849.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2006 in Equine Veterinary Journal
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Reasons for performing study: Interactions of various systems were investigated in several studies of dynamic systems, but the interactions between horse and rider have not yet been documented. These interactions include the rider's ability to control the horse, adapt to the horse and maintain both participants' body position. An optimum interaction is also adapted to the individual nature of the horse. Objective: To identify rider‐horse interactions by means of artificial neural nets analysing the time‐continuous pattern. Methods: Fourteen horses were measured trotting on hand, and ridden at working trot with a professional and a recreational rider using a 3D high speed video system (120 Hz)1. Angles were calculated after low pass filtering (5–20 Hz). Horse movements were described by 2D angles, angular velocities, and angular accelerations of variables of the right body side: hind and front fetlock, head, back and the summation angle of carpus, elbow, and shoulder, the summation angle of hock, stifle, and hip. Distances between the trajectories of the feature vectors in an N = 11 times 11 Kohonen map were determined and analysed by means of a cluster analysis. Results: Depending on the variables included, both rider specific as well as horse specific movement patterns could be identified. The time courses of the head angle indicate a movement pattern mainly dominated by the rider, whereas the time courses of variables of the hind fetlock and hock in most cases did not show differences between the conditions with, and without, rider. The skill of the professional rider could be documented with a higher adaptation to the horse's movement pattern. Conclusion and potential relevance: The presented time course oriented approach provides a sensitive tool in order to quantify the interaction of rider and horse.

ACS Style

W. I. Schöllhorn; C. Peham; Theresia Licka; M. Scheidl. A pattern recognition approach for the quantification of horse and rider interactions. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 38, 400 -405.

AMA Style

W. I. Schöllhorn, C. Peham, Theresia Licka, M. Scheidl. A pattern recognition approach for the quantification of horse and rider interactions. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2006; 38 (36):400-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. I. Schöllhorn; C. Peham; Theresia Licka; M. Scheidl. 2006. "A pattern recognition approach for the quantification of horse and rider interactions." Equine Veterinary Journal 38, no. 36: 400-405.