We evaluated dendrobine for its potential effect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) progression using the intestinal epithelial Caco‐2/RAW264.7 macrophage co‐culture cell model. The results showed that dendrobine maintained the tight junction (TJ) proteins in co‐cultured Caco‐2 cells, suggesting its protective effect on intestinal integrity. Moreover, the findings indicated that the dendrobine group downregulated levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐α), proinflammatory Interleukin (IL)‐1βand IL‐6, and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in co‐cultured RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, dendrobine‐mediated anti‐inflammatory effects were observed based on the inhibition of LPS‐induced proinflammatory mediators of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB)‐related signaling. These results demonstrated the protective effect of dendrobine at effectively ameliorating intestinal barrier disruption and inhibiting activation of the NF‐κB pathway in macrophages through the intestinal barrier.

Pomelo fruitlet is a side-product of pomelo, and this study aimed to extract the antioxidative flavonoid compounds from pomelo fruitlets with high efficiency through ultrasonic-associated microwave methods. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the spatial structure of the pomelo fruitlet powder was changed; microwaves and ultrasonic waves facilitated the formation of globular and curved surfaces, respectively. Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic pretreatment resulted in significantly higher yield. Each type of flavonoid compound was characterized using PR-LCMS analysis, and naringin with high nutritive value was detected in all groups. After purifying the flavone fractions with AB-8 macroporous resin, naringin, 2′′-O-acetyl-3′-O-methylrutin, and 5,7,8,3′-tetrahydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxy were identified, which could act as free radical scavengers to protect erythrocytes from AAPH-induced hemolysis. This study strongly improved the effects of ultrasonic-microwave synergetic methods on the high utilization of pomelo fruitlets, especially in terms of flavonoid extraction and bioavailability.