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The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.
Naveed Akbar; Muhammad Nasir; Naureen Naeem; Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad; Sanaullah Iqbal; Anjum Rashid; Muhammad Imran; Tanweer Aslam Gondal; Muhammad Atif; Bahare Salehi; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Miquel Martorell; William C. Cho. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins 2019, 11, 574 .
AMA StyleNaveed Akbar, Muhammad Nasir, Naureen Naeem, Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad, Sanaullah Iqbal, Anjum Rashid, Muhammad Imran, Tanweer Aslam Gondal, Muhammad Atif, Bahare Salehi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Miquel Martorell, William C. Cho. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):574.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaveed Akbar; Muhammad Nasir; Naureen Naeem; Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad; Sanaullah Iqbal; Anjum Rashid; Muhammad Imran; Tanweer Aslam Gondal; Muhammad Atif; Bahare Salehi; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Miquel Martorell; William C. Cho. 2019. "Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan." Toxins 11, no. 10: 574.
(1) Background: Multiple attempts have been conducted to correlate milk keeping quality with chemical, physical or bacteriological parameters. These methods only measure the chemical changes in milk produced by bacteria. Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) is an economic and recent method used to measure both volatile compounds and microbial load in milk, also allowing to keep the quality of the milk product. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted to identify and measure the off-flavoring volatile compounds through gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the microbial load of pasteurized fluid milk stored at different temperatures, as a possible indicator of its keeping quality. (3) Results: The highest results were obtained to acetone, followed by butanone, pentanal and ethanol. These mean values were significantly enhanced from the 0 to 19th day of storage, at 10 °C. At day 19th, the minimum score for aroma, flavor and overall acceptability were also recorded as 4.33 ± 0.17, 4.02 ± 0.06, 4.00 ± 0.04, respectively. Likewise, maximum values for standard plate count (Log10 CFU 15.54 ± 0.40 mL−1) and total psychotroph count (Log10 CFU 11.67 ± 0.30mL−1) were reported at 10 °C and 4 °C. (4) Conclusion: HS-SPME/GC-FID methodology revealed to be very sensitive and capable to be applied in volatile compounds quantification in pasteurized milk produced during the storage period at different temperatures.
Anjum Rashid; Imran Javed; Barbara Rasco; Shyam Sablani; Muhammad Ayaz; Muhammad A. Ali; Muhammad Abdullah; Muhammad Imran; Tanweer Aslam Gondal; Muhammad Inam Afzal; Muhammad Atif; Bahare Salehi; Célia F. Rodrigues; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Natália Martins. Measurement of Off-Flavoring Volatile Compounds and Microbial Load as a Probable Marker for Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Milk. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 959 .
AMA StyleAnjum Rashid, Imran Javed, Barbara Rasco, Shyam Sablani, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad A. Ali, Muhammad Abdullah, Muhammad Imran, Tanweer Aslam Gondal, Muhammad Inam Afzal, Muhammad Atif, Bahare Salehi, Célia F. Rodrigues, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Natália Martins. Measurement of Off-Flavoring Volatile Compounds and Microbial Load as a Probable Marker for Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Milk. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (5):959.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnjum Rashid; Imran Javed; Barbara Rasco; Shyam Sablani; Muhammad Ayaz; Muhammad A. Ali; Muhammad Abdullah; Muhammad Imran; Tanweer Aslam Gondal; Muhammad Inam Afzal; Muhammad Atif; Bahare Salehi; Célia F. Rodrigues; Javad Sharifi-Rad; Natália Martins. 2019. "Measurement of Off-Flavoring Volatile Compounds and Microbial Load as a Probable Marker for Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Milk." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5: 959.