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R. Paulik
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Christchurch 8011, New Zealand

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Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in GeoHazards
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This study presents a scenario-based approach for identifying and comparing tsunami exposure across different sociopolitical scales. In Samoa, a country with a high threat to local tsunamis, we apply scenarios for the 2009 South Pacific tsunami inundation at different grid resolutions (50 and 10 m) to quantify building and road exposure at the national, district and village levels. We show that while the coarser 50 m model is adequate for use in the rapid identification of exposure at the national and district levels, it can overestimate exposure by up to three times more at the village level. Overestimation typically occurs in areas characterized by flat, low-lying, gentle-rising terrain. Overall, a 35% increase in buildings exposed to the 50 m model is observed compared with the 10 m scenario on southeast Upolu island. Similarly, a 31% increase in road exposure is observed for the 50 m scenario. These observations are discussed within the context of tsunami evacuation planning and logistics. Notwithstanding the variability in exposure, a precautionary approach leads us to conclude that while higher-resolution models are recommended where available data and/or financial resources permit, the absence of such datasets should not preclude the use of coarser hazard datasets in risk assessments. Finer-resolution models provide more credence in detailed local-level exposure evaluation. While the results of this study are specific to the Samoan context, the results can be applied to the multiscale assessment of tsunami risk exposure in similar hazard contexts.

ACS Style

Shaun Williams; Ryan Paulik; Rebecca Weaving; Cyprien Bosserelle; Josephina Chan Ting; Kieron Wall; Titimanu Simi; Finn Scheele. Multiscale Quantification of Tsunami Hazard Exposure in a Pacific Small Island Developing State: The Case of Samoa. GeoHazards 2021, 2, 63 -79.

AMA Style

Shaun Williams, Ryan Paulik, Rebecca Weaving, Cyprien Bosserelle, Josephina Chan Ting, Kieron Wall, Titimanu Simi, Finn Scheele. Multiscale Quantification of Tsunami Hazard Exposure in a Pacific Small Island Developing State: The Case of Samoa. GeoHazards. 2021; 2 (2):63-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaun Williams; Ryan Paulik; Rebecca Weaving; Cyprien Bosserelle; Josephina Chan Ting; Kieron Wall; Titimanu Simi; Finn Scheele. 2021. "Multiscale Quantification of Tsunami Hazard Exposure in a Pacific Small Island Developing State: The Case of Samoa." GeoHazards 2, no. 2: 63-79.

Article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Pure and Applied Geophysics
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The 16 September 2015 MW8.3 Illapel Earthquake generated a tsunami that caused severe building and infrastructure damage in Coquimbo, Chile. Initial reports indicated numerous buildings, transport, energy, water and coastal protection structures sustained varying levels of damage in response to tsunami exposure. A digital ‘census style’ survey was carried out in Coquimbo to measure and record tsunami hazard characteristics and associated buildings and infrastructure network component damage. Flow depths measured from 655 watermarks ranged from 0.1 to 4.7 m, with a 1.47 m mean and 1.02 m standard deviation. Over 3000 damage samples were recorded for tsunami exposed buildings and infrastructure components. Damage levels for 545 buildings showed most sustained partial but repairable damage at tsunami flow depths up to 2 m. A further 2544 damage samples were collected for transport, energy, water infrastructure network components and coastal protection structures. We observed undamaged infrastructure components in high proportions and observed that complete component damage was often caused by secondary hazards (e.g. debris) or cascading impacts where seawall and stormwater culvert failures damaged co-located roads, pathways and utility poles. Future investigations of the hydrodynamic tsunami characteristics influencing infrastructure component fragility will support the analysis of physical damage to single components and cascading impacts across multiple infrastructure networks.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; James H. Williams; Nick Horspool; Patricio A. Catalan; Richard Mowll; Pablo Cortés; Richard Woods. The 16 September 2015 Illapel Earthquake and Tsunami: Post-Event Tsunami Inundation, Building and Infrastructure Damage Survey in Coquimbo, Chile. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, James H. Williams, Nick Horspool, Patricio A. Catalan, Richard Mowll, Pablo Cortés, Richard Woods. The 16 September 2015 Illapel Earthquake and Tsunami: Post-Event Tsunami Inundation, Building and Infrastructure Damage Survey in Coquimbo, Chile. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; James H. Williams; Nick Horspool; Patricio A. Catalan; Richard Mowll; Pablo Cortés; Richard Woods. 2021. "The 16 September 2015 Illapel Earthquake and Tsunami: Post-Event Tsunami Inundation, Building and Infrastructure Damage Survey in Coquimbo, Chile." Pure and Applied Geophysics , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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This study evaluates changes to building exposure and economic loss from tsunami in southeast Upolu Island, Samoa. A deterministic tsunami loss model was configured to estimate building exposure and conditional probabilities of building damage and direct economic loss for two temporal periods before and after the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami (SPT). A simulated 2009 SPT inundation scenario and building inventories representing each period show a small (4%) loss reduction after the 2009 SPT. In the ten years after the event we observed a >90% probability that residential dwellings sustain a loss reduction of USD $9 million, while hotel and resort building losses more than tripled to USD $6 million. The observed building damage and economic loss change reflect the social and economic drivers of post-2009 SPT recovery. Economic losses for several coastal villages impacted by the 2009 SPT reduced in response to ‘build back and relocate’ measures, moving buildings to higher elevations. Conversely, increasing tourism led to hotel and resort building ‘build back’ on coastal land exposed to the simulated 2009 SPT inundation. Tsunami loss models that quantify spatio-temporal building damage and economic loss change can assist disaster risk managers to plan and implement community and sector appropriate tsunami mitigation measures.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Shaun Williams; Titimanu Simi; Cyprien Bosserelle; Josephina Chan Ting; Lameko Simanu. Evaluating building exposure and economic loss changes after the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 56, 102131 .

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Shaun Williams, Titimanu Simi, Cyprien Bosserelle, Josephina Chan Ting, Lameko Simanu. Evaluating building exposure and economic loss changes after the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 56 ():102131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Shaun Williams; Titimanu Simi; Cyprien Bosserelle; Josephina Chan Ting; Lameko Simanu. 2021. "Evaluating building exposure and economic loss changes after the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 56, no. : 102131.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Climate
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Flood damage assessments provide critical information for flood hazard mitigation under changing climate conditions. Recent efforts to improve and systemise damage assessments have focused primarily on urban environments with few examples for primary industries such as dairy. This paper explores the adverse consequences of flooding on dairy farms in the Bay of Plenty region, New Zealand. Ex-tropical Cyclone Debbie in April 2017 caused prolonged riverine and surface water flooding on over 3500 hectares of dairy farmland. The event provided an opportunity to develop and apply a participatory approach for collecting information about on-farm flood damage, and both response and recovery actions implemented by dairy farmers. Semi-structured interviews and transect walks with farmers revealed a range of direct and indirect damages to production and capital assets, influenced by duration of inundation, silt deposition and seasonality. Results highlight the need to identify on-farm and off-farm asset interdependencies of dairy farm systems to estimate long-term socio-economic consequences at farm-level. Enhancing dairy farm flood resilience in a changing climate will rely on farm-level response and recovery plans, proactively supported by emergency management agencies, farm service suppliers and support agencies.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Kate Crowley; Nicholas Cradock-Henry; Thomas Wilson; Ame McSporran. Flood Impacts on Dairy Farms in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand. Climate 2021, 9, 30 .

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Kate Crowley, Nicholas Cradock-Henry, Thomas Wilson, Ame McSporran. Flood Impacts on Dairy Farms in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand. Climate. 2021; 9 (2):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Kate Crowley; Nicholas Cradock-Henry; Thomas Wilson; Ame McSporran. 2021. "Flood Impacts on Dairy Farms in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand." Climate 9, no. 2: 30.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Geosciences
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Evacuation zones are a critical tool for mitigating loss of life in tsunami events. In New Zealand, tsunami evacuation zones are implemented by emergency management agencies at regional or sub-regional scales, providing national coverage for populated coastlines at risk to tsunami inundation. In this study, we apply the exposure component of a risk model framework (RiskScape) to deliver a first national-scale assessment of New Zealand’s population and built-environment exposure in tsunami evacuation zones. Usually-resident populations, buildings, land and transport network components are identified at an asset level and enumerated at national and regional scales. Evacuation zones are occupied by just under 10% of New Zealand’s population, residing in 399,000 residential buildings. These are supported by a further 5400 critical buildings and 6300 km of road transport network. Approximately 40% of exposed populations and buildings occupy evacuation zones expected to be inundated once every 500 years. This includes over 150,000 people in highly vulnerable age groups, i.e., children and elderly. The complex arrangement of built environments highlights a need for disaster risk managers to proactively identify and prepare populations for evacuation based on their vulnerability to harm from tsunami and ability to access resources for recovery after the event.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Heather Craig; Benjamin Popovich. A National-Scale Assessment of Population and Built-Environment Exposure in Tsunami Evacuation Zones. Geosciences 2020, 10, 291 .

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Heather Craig, Benjamin Popovich. A National-Scale Assessment of Population and Built-Environment Exposure in Tsunami Evacuation Zones. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (8):291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Heather Craig; Benjamin Popovich. 2020. "A National-Scale Assessment of Population and Built-Environment Exposure in Tsunami Evacuation Zones." Geosciences 10, no. 8: 291.

Article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Pure and Applied Geophysics
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The 2018 Sulawesi tsunami caused widespread impacts in Palu City, Indonesia, including to components of infrastructure lifeline networks. Lifeline networks are key to the operation of society and are particularly crucial during post-disaster relief and recovery efforts. Understanding their vulnerability to tsunami hazards is important for disaster risk reduction, but is an understudied topic. This study uses field survey and remotely sensed data to develop a single dataset, used to create tsunami fragility functions for road and utility pole assets in Palu. Tsunami inundation depths were estimated at component locations from a spatial interpolation of field measured flow depths and wave run-up. Component attributes and geometries exposed to tsunami inundation were compiled from both field surveys and remote sensing on satellite imagery and ‘street view’ imagery, which included component construction material, capacity (roads) and height (poles). Roads demonstrate a 0.16 probability of exceeding complete damage at 2 m inundation depth, while utility poles see a 0.47 probability. The probability of exceeding complete damage at 2 m inundation depth for concrete, asphalt, collector and local roads is 0.34, 0.17, 0.19 and 0.13 respectively, and for concrete, steel, steel < 5 m height and steel > 5 m height utility poles is 0.42, 0.48, 0.49 and 0.47 respectively. When comparing the synthesised tsunami fragility functions to those from other global events, Palu roads were more vulnerable at 2 m inundation depth (0.16) compared to roads exposed to the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan (0.06) and 2015 Illapel tsunami in Chile (0.05).

ACS Style

James H. Williams; Ryan Paulik; Thomas M. Wilson; Liam Wotherspoon; Andi Rusdin; Gumbert Maylda Pratama. Tsunami Fragility Functions for Road and Utility Pole Assets Using Field Survey and Remotely Sensed Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Tsunami, Palu, Indonesia. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2020, 177, 3545 -3562.

AMA Style

James H. Williams, Ryan Paulik, Thomas M. Wilson, Liam Wotherspoon, Andi Rusdin, Gumbert Maylda Pratama. Tsunami Fragility Functions for Road and Utility Pole Assets Using Field Survey and Remotely Sensed Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Tsunami, Palu, Indonesia. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2020; 177 (8):3545-3562.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James H. Williams; Ryan Paulik; Thomas M. Wilson; Liam Wotherspoon; Andi Rusdin; Gumbert Maylda Pratama. 2020. "Tsunami Fragility Functions for Road and Utility Pole Assets Using Field Survey and Remotely Sensed Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Tsunami, Palu, Indonesia." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 8: 3545-3562.

Article
Published: 03 June 2020 in Pure and Applied Geophysics
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We developed tsunami fragility functions using three sources of damage data from the 2018 Sulawesi tsunami at Palu Bay in Indonesia obtained from (i) field survey data (FS), (ii) a visual interpretation of optical satellite images (VI), and (iii) a machine learning and remote sensing approach utilized on multisensor and multitemporal satellite images (MLRS). Tsunami fragility functions are cumulative distribution functions that express the probability of a structure reaching or exceeding a particular damage state in response to a specific tsunami intensity measure, in this case obtained from the interpolation of multiple surveyed points of tsunami flow depth. We observed that the FS approach led to a more consistent function than that of the VI and MLRS methods. In particular, an initial damage probability observed at zero inundation depth in the latter two methods revealed the effects of misclassifications on tsunami fragility functions derived from VI data; however, it also highlighted the remarkable advantages of MLRS methods. The reasons and insights used to overcome such limitations are discussed together with the pros and cons of each method. The results show that the tsunami damage observed in the 2018 Sulawesi event in Indonesia, expressed in the fragility function developed herein, is similar in shape to the function developed after the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki tsunami, albeit with a slightly lower damage probability between zero-to-five-meter inundation depths. On the other hand, in comparison with the fragility function developed after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Banda Aceh, the characteristics of Palu structures exhibit higher fragility in response to tsunamis. The two-meter inundation depth exhibited nearly 20% probability of damage in the case of Banda Aceh, while the probability of damage was close to 70% at the same depth in Palu.

ACS Style

Erick Mas; Ryan Paulik; Kwanchai Pakoksung; Bruno Adriano; Luis Moya; Anawat Suppasri; Abdul Muhari; Rokhis Khomarudin; Naoto Yokoya; Masashi Matsuoka; Shunichi Koshimura. Characteristics of Tsunami Fragility Functions Developed Using Different Sources of Damage Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2020, 177, 2437 -2455.

AMA Style

Erick Mas, Ryan Paulik, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Bruno Adriano, Luis Moya, Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Rokhis Khomarudin, Naoto Yokoya, Masashi Matsuoka, Shunichi Koshimura. Characteristics of Tsunami Fragility Functions Developed Using Different Sources of Damage Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2020; 177 (6):2437-2455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erick Mas; Ryan Paulik; Kwanchai Pakoksung; Bruno Adriano; Luis Moya; Anawat Suppasri; Abdul Muhari; Rokhis Khomarudin; Naoto Yokoya; Masashi Matsuoka; Shunichi Koshimura. 2020. "Characteristics of Tsunami Fragility Functions Developed Using Different Sources of Damage Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 6: 2437-2455.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Coastal flooding from extreme sea levels will increase in frequency and magnitude as global climate change forces sea-level rise (SLR). Extreme sea-level events, rare in the recent past (i.e., once per century), are projected to occur at least once per year by 2050 along many of the world’s coastlines. Information showing where and how built-environment exposure increases with SLR, enables timely adaptation before damaging thresholds are reached. This study presents a first national-scale assessment of New Zealand’s built-environment exposure to future coastal flooding. We use an analytical risk model framework, “RiskScape”, to enumerate land, buildings and infrastructure exposed to a present and future 100-year extreme sea-level flood event (ESL100). We used high-resolution topographic data to assess incremental exposure to 0.1 m SLR increases. This approach detects variable rates in the potential magnitude and timing of future flood exposure in response to SLR over decadal scales. National built-land and asset exposure to ESL100 flooding doubles with less than 1 m SLR, indicating low-lying areas are likely to experience rapid exposure increases from modest increases in SLR expected within the next few decades. This highlights an urgent need for national and regional actions to anticipate and adaptively plan to reduce future socio-economic impacts arising from flood exposure to extreme sea-levels and SLR.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Scott Stephens; Robert Bell; Sanjay Wadhwa; Ben Popovich. National-Scale Built-Environment Exposure to 100-Year Extreme Sea Levels and Sea-Level Rise. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1513 .

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Scott Stephens, Robert Bell, Sanjay Wadhwa, Ben Popovich. National-Scale Built-Environment Exposure to 100-Year Extreme Sea Levels and Sea-Level Rise. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1513.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Scott Stephens; Robert Bell; Sanjay Wadhwa; Ben Popovich. 2020. "National-Scale Built-Environment Exposure to 100-Year Extreme Sea Levels and Sea-Level Rise." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1513.

Article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Pure and Applied Geophysics
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The 2018 Sulawesi earthquake (Mw 7.5) and tsunami destroyed many buildings and caused more than 3300 fatalities in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Damage reports and satellite images from Palu City indicated severe tsunami impacts to buildings and lifelines infrastructure within 300 m from the coastline. Seven-weeks after the earthquake a field survey was carried out in Palu City to measure tsunami flow depths and record damage levels for buildings, roads and electricity infrastructure. Above ground level tsunami flow depths measured at 371 building sites ranged from 0.1 to 3.65 m, with a 1.05 m mean and 0.55 m standard deviation. The survey team also recorded attributes and damage levels for 463 buildings, 7.9 km of road and 455 utility poles. We observed that non-engineered ‘light timber’ and ‘lightly reinforced concrete’ construction frame buildings were highly susceptible to ‘non-structural’ component damage when tsunami flow depths respectively exceed 0.4 m and 1 m above the first finished floor level, while unrepairable or complete building damage was regularly observed when flow depths exceeded 1.2 m. Only non-structural component damage was observed for engineered ‘reinforced concrete’ buildings. While tsunami flow depth traces could not be measured for affected road and utility pole components, hazard intensity parameters can be obtained from tsunami inundation maps to estimate the conditions contributing to observed damage levels. The information presented herein forms an important evidence base to support future tsunami hazard and risk research in Indonesia.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Aditya Gusman; James Williams; Gumbert Maylda Pratama; Sheng-Lin Lin; Alamsyah Prawirabhakti; Ketut Sulendra; Muhammad Yasser Zachari; Zabin Ellyni Dwi Fortuna; Novita Barrang Pare Layuk; Ni Wayan Ika Suwarni. Tsunami Hazard and Built Environment Damage Observations from Palu City after the September 28 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2019, 176, 3305 -3321.

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Aditya Gusman, James Williams, Gumbert Maylda Pratama, Sheng-Lin Lin, Alamsyah Prawirabhakti, Ketut Sulendra, Muhammad Yasser Zachari, Zabin Ellyni Dwi Fortuna, Novita Barrang Pare Layuk, Ni Wayan Ika Suwarni. Tsunami Hazard and Built Environment Damage Observations from Palu City after the September 28 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2019; 176 (8):3305-3321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Aditya Gusman; James Williams; Gumbert Maylda Pratama; Sheng-Lin Lin; Alamsyah Prawirabhakti; Ketut Sulendra; Muhammad Yasser Zachari; Zabin Ellyni Dwi Fortuna; Novita Barrang Pare Layuk; Ni Wayan Ika Suwarni. 2019. "Tsunami Hazard and Built Environment Damage Observations from Palu City after the September 28 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 176, no. 8: 3305-3321.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2019 in Geosciences
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Coastal settlements worldwide have suffered significant damage and loss to tsunami hazards in the last few decades. This period coincides with socio-economic changes that have heightened spatio-temporal risk through increased coastal development and infrastructure. In this study, we apply a spatio-temporal loss model to quantify the changes in direct economic losses to residential buildings from tsunami hazards over a 20-year period in Omaha Beach, New Zealand. The approach reconstructed temporal urban settlement patterns (1992, 1996, 2006 and 2012) for an area potentially exposed to regional source tsunami inundation hazard. Synthetic depth–damage functions for specific building classes were applied to estimate temporal damage and loss from tsunami inundation exposure at each building location. Temporal loss estimates were reported for a range of risk metrics, including probable maximum loss, loss exceedance and average annual loss. The results showed that an increase in the number of buildings and changes to building design (i.e., storeys, floor area, foundations) influenced the increasing risk to direct economic loss over the study period. These increases were driven by conversion from rural to urban land use since 1996. The spatio-temporal method presented in this study can be adapted to analyse changing risk patterns and trends for coastal settlements to inform future tsunami mitigation measures and manage direct economic losses.

ACS Style

Ryan Paulik; Emily Lane; Shaun Williams; William Power. Changes in Tsunami Risk to Residential Buildings at Omaha Beach, New Zealand. Geosciences 2019, 9, 113 .

AMA Style

Ryan Paulik, Emily Lane, Shaun Williams, William Power. Changes in Tsunami Risk to Residential Buildings at Omaha Beach, New Zealand. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (3):113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Paulik; Emily Lane; Shaun Williams; William Power. 2019. "Changes in Tsunami Risk to Residential Buildings at Omaha Beach, New Zealand." Geosciences 9, no. 3: 113.

Original research article
Published: 27 February 2019 in Frontiers in Built Environment
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Rapid and profound changes in the technology used for data acquisition, computing and information management provides a framework that has the potential to allow communities to consider acquiring, analyzing and managing data in new ways. Improving the collection and management of data, immediately in post-disaster reconnaissance and in long-term impact assessments, is central to enabling knowledge of such events to be used and applied to improving community resilience to those disasters. This paper presents the development and applications of an integrated and extensible framework for the capture of attribute data that describes pre-disaster physical characteristics and post-disaster damage of assets within our communities. The framework, referred to as Real-time Individual Asset Attribute Collection Tool (RiACT) and its associated Asset Repository Web Portal, enables data capture by direct field observations of asset attributes. It also includes the real-time transfer of these field observations to the web portal and/or the download of previously acquired history and metadata of any specific asset of interest to the observer whilst they are in the field. The use of this framework enables improved understanding of asset portfolios within the context of risk reduction and readiness, as well as facilitating efficient and rapid capture of damage distribution across the affected region. This in turn supports better decision making for a quicker disaster response and recovery. This paper presents a review of the existing state-of-art data collection methodologies and describe the development of an improved tool and its Information Technology architecture. Experiences and challenges in applying the framework are highlighted through: (1) the capture of community data in Viet Nam for a multi-hazard assessment in 2014 and 2018, the refinement of asset data related to residential buildings in the Greater Wellington region in 2016, and a survey of building types in Tanna, Vanuatu in 2018; (2) facilitating training in field data capture processes in Indonesia in 2015, as well as in Samoa and Vanuatu in 2017; (3) collection of asset damage data following the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake in New Zealand, the 2016 Tropical Cyclone Winston in Fiji and the 2015 Illapel earthquake and tsunami in Chile.

ACS Style

Sheng-Lin Lin; Andrew King; Nick Horspool; Vinod Sadashiva; Ryan Paulik; Shaun Williams. Development and Application of the Real-Time Individual Asset Attribute Collection Tool. Frontiers in Built Environment 2019, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Sheng-Lin Lin, Andrew King, Nick Horspool, Vinod Sadashiva, Ryan Paulik, Shaun Williams. Development and Application of the Real-Time Individual Asset Attribute Collection Tool. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2019; 5 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheng-Lin Lin; Andrew King; Nick Horspool; Vinod Sadashiva; Ryan Paulik; Shaun Williams. 2019. "Development and Application of the Real-Time Individual Asset Attribute Collection Tool." Frontiers in Built Environment 5, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Disaster Research
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Regional disaster data are important for understanding the characteristics of disasters and for identifying potential mitigation measures. However, many countries have no official disaster database that includes information such as numbers of deaths or damaged buildings for each disaster event. The Global Centre for Disaster Statistics (GCDS) was established to assist countries and organizations in the collection of disaster data. At present, a significant amount of tsunami disaster data are available from Indonesia, which will be used to demonstrate its application for analyzing vulnerability characteristics of historical tsunamis. There are 53 data points covering 13 tsunami events between the year 1861 and 2014. Based on data availability, five tsunami events, namely the 1977 Sumba, the 2004 Indian Ocean, the 2006 Java, the 2010 Mentawai, and the 2011 Great East Japan, were selected. Numbers of deaths and damaged buildings were used in combination with hazard data to estimate vulnerability, defined as the ratio between maximum flow depth against death and building damage ratios. Numbers of evacuees were initially used to estimate actual numbers of exposed population but it was later discovered that this parameter overestimated the exposed population in certain cases. As a result, this study presents the vulnerability characteristics of people and buildings in Indonesia, exposed to unusual or extreme tsunamis, mostly in a condition without or with limited access to official warnings. In brief, a maximum flow depth of 5 m caused an approximate 100% death ratio in the majority of Indonesian tsunamis in this study. On the other hand, death ratio in the 2011 Japan tsunami was limited to 10% because of the early warning and high disaster awareness. Effective disaster risk reduction activities such as official warnings, evacuations, and tsunami education were observed for certain locations. Lastly, adding hazard and population data at the village level is recommended for improving the collection of future tsunami disaster data for the GCDS database.

ACS Style

Anawat Suppasri; Abdul Muhari; Syamsidik; Ridwan Yunus; Kwanchai Pakoksung; Fumihiko Imamura; Shunichi Koshimura; Ryan Paulik; Jakarta Ministry Of Marine Affairs And Fisheries. Vulnerability Characteristics of Tsunamis in Indonesia: Analysis of the Global Centre for Disaster Statistics Database. Journal of Disaster Research 2018, 13, 1039 -1048.

AMA Style

Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Syamsidik, Ridwan Yunus, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Ryan Paulik, Jakarta Ministry Of Marine Affairs And Fisheries. Vulnerability Characteristics of Tsunamis in Indonesia: Analysis of the Global Centre for Disaster Statistics Database. Journal of Disaster Research. 2018; 13 (6):1039-1048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anawat Suppasri; Abdul Muhari; Syamsidik; Ridwan Yunus; Kwanchai Pakoksung; Fumihiko Imamura; Shunichi Koshimura; Ryan Paulik; Jakarta Ministry Of Marine Affairs And Fisheries. 2018. "Vulnerability Characteristics of Tsunamis in Indonesia: Analysis of the Global Centre for Disaster Statistics Database." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 6: 1039-1048.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2010 in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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ACS Style

David M. Kennedy; Ryan Paulik; Mark E. Dickson. Subaerial weathering versus wave processes in shore platform development: reappraising the Old Hat Island evidence. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2010, 36, 686 -694.

AMA Style

David M. Kennedy, Ryan Paulik, Mark E. Dickson. Subaerial weathering versus wave processes in shore platform development: reappraising the Old Hat Island evidence. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2010; 36 (5):686-694.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Kennedy; Ryan Paulik; Mark E. Dickson. 2010. "Subaerial weathering versus wave processes in shore platform development: reappraising the Old Hat Island evidence." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36, no. 5: 686-694.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2008 in New Zealand Geographer
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Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand, is a structurally controlled estuary where most of the accommodation space has been occupied by sediment and expanses of mud/sand flats are exposed at low tide. A flood‐tide delta extends 1.5 km from the entrance; however, both a mud basin and surfical fluvial deltas are absent from the inlet. Sedimentological and foraminiferal analysis of vibrocores from the inlet's southern half indicates that the intertidal flats accreted close to modern elevations soon after sea level flooding. The present surfical morphology of Whanganui Inlet therefore appears to be inherited from sedimentation that took place soon after sea level stabilized, with little deposition now occurring on the intertidal flats.

ACS Style

David M. Kennedy; Ryan Paulik; Michael Millar. Infill of a structurally controlled estuary: An example from southern Whanganui Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer 2008, 64, 20 -33.

AMA Style

David M. Kennedy, Ryan Paulik, Michael Millar. Infill of a structurally controlled estuary: An example from southern Whanganui Inlet, New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer. 2008; 64 (1):20-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Kennedy; Ryan Paulik; Michael Millar. 2008. "Infill of a structurally controlled estuary: An example from southern Whanganui Inlet, New Zealand." New Zealand Geographer 64, no. 1: 20-33.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2007 in Geomorphology
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ACS Style

D.M. Kennedy; R. Paulik. Estuarine shore platforms in Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 2007, 88, 214 -225.

AMA Style

D.M. Kennedy, R. Paulik. Estuarine shore platforms in Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology. 2007; 88 (3-4):214-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.M. Kennedy; R. Paulik. 2007. "Estuarine shore platforms in Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand." Geomorphology 88, no. 3-4: 214-225.