The objective was to find the differences in the prevalence and resistance of E. coli isolated from raw milk samples from mastitis cases in four regions of China. A total of 750 bovine raw milk samples from mastitis cases were collected from four regions of China over two seasons. Antimicrobial resistance against 29 antimicrobial agents was determined and 27 drug-resistance genes were tested. Eighty-three strains (11.1%) of E. coli were isolated and identified. No significant differences in the number of E. coli isolates were observed between the two sampling seasons in the same regions (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in E. coli prevalence was found among the four different regions (P < 0.01). The isolates were most frequently resistant to penicillin (100%), acetylspiramycin (100%), lincomycin (98.8%), oxacillin (98.8%), and sulfamethoxazole (53%). All of the E. coli strains were multi-resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes and the most frequent multi-drug resistance patterns for the isolates were resistant to three (36.1%) or four (39.8%) classes of drugs simultaneously. The blaTEM gene (n = 69, 83.1%) was the most frequently detected resistance gene. The most frequent gene combinations were a four-gene pattern of "blaCTX-M-sulII-blaTEM-sulI" (n = 13, 15.7%) and a three-gene pattern of "blaCTX-M -aph (3)-II-blaTEM" (n = 11, 13.3%). This study indicated that there is a high incidence of E. coli with a great variation in resistance patterns and resistance genes, which is a matter of great concern for public and animal health in China.

Citrus fruits, classified under the Rutaceae family and Citrus genus, are valued for their high nutritional content, attributed to their rich array of natural bioactive compounds. To ensure both quality and nutritional value, precise non-destructive testing methods are crucial. Among these, computer vision and spectroscopy technologies have emerged as key tools. This review examines the principles and applications of computer vision technologies—including traditional computer vision, hyperspectral, and multispectral imaging—as well as various spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared, Raman, fluorescence, terahertz, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, data fusion methods that integrate these technologies are discussed. The review explores innovative uses of these approaches in Citrus quality inspection and grading, damage detection, adulteration identification, and traceability assessment. Each technology offers distinct characteristics and advantages tailored to the specific testing requirements in Citrus production. Through data fusion, these technologies can be synergistically combined, enhancing the accuracy and depth of Citrus quality assessments. Future advancements in this field will likely focus on optimizing data fusion algorithms, selecting effective preprocessing and feature extraction techniques, and developing portable, on-site detection devices. These innovations will drive the Citrus industry toward increased intelligence and precision in quality control.

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex tri-layer membrane that wraps droplets of lipids in milk. In recent years, it has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent bioactive functions and nutritional value. MFGM contains a diverse array of bioactive lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids, which play pivotal roles in mediating the bioactivity of the MFGM. We sequentially summarize the main lipid types in the MFGM in this comprehensive review and outline the characterization methods used to employ them. In this comprehensive review, we sequentially describe the types of major lipids found in the MFGM and outline the characterization methods employed to study them. Additionally, we compare the structural disparities among glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and gangliosides, while introducing the formation of lipid rafts facilitated by cholesterol. The focus of this review revolves around an extensive evaluation of the current research on lipid isolates from the MFGM, as well as products containing MFGM lipids, with respect to their impact on human health. Notably, we emphasize the clinical trials encompassing a large number of participants. The summarized bioactive functions of MFGM lipids encompass the regulation of human growth and development, influence on intestinal health, inhibition of cholesterol absorption, enhancement of exercise capacity, and anticancer effects. By offering a comprehensive overview, the aim of this review is to provide valuable insights into the diverse biologically active functions exhibited by lipids in the MFGM.

The practice of utilizing various categories of ingredients for marination has been prevalent in both home cooking and the meat industry for an extended period. Meat and meat products treated with various marination ingredients either alone or in combination with multiple marination processes can enhance color, flavor, and tenderness, while also improving their shelf life by reducing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and lipid oxidation. This narrative review aims to examine all recent scientific literature on various meat and meat products subjected to marination. Through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, the review summarizes all recent marinated and marination research articles, including types of marination ingredients, marination method, marinade mechanism, effect on sensory and nutritional quality, safety, shelf life, and health implications, resulting in a comprehensive overview of all information under marinades and marination for all scientists and food sectors concerned. The highlighted information will indicate future directions for the development of marination ingredients in the meat industry.