The molecular dynamics simulations of fentanyl complexed with the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) were studied using both inactive 4DKL and active 5C1M opioid receptor crystal structures. Analogous simulations in morphine with or without a ligand were done for comparison. Simulations of the inactive states were carried out in the absence and presence of the Na⁺ ion. The obtained fentanyl’s binding mode agrees with some of the mutagenesis data, and it overlaps with that of morphine only to a minor extent. Notably, fentanyl stabilizes different rotameric states of Trp293^6.48 than observed for morphine or unliganded receptor. Another difference is tighter arrangement of the interaction between Asp147^3.32 and Tyr326^7.43 (a link between helices TM3 and TM7) in the presence of fentanyl. Principal component analysis reveals differences in the trajectories dependent on the ligand bound. The differences found could be linked to ligand-dependent efficacy with respect to receptor intracellular signaling events.

Interactions of 21 fentanyl derivatives with μ-opioid receptor (μOR) were studied using experimental and theoretical methods. Their binding to μOR was assessed with radioligand competitive binding assay. A uniform set of binding affinity data contains values for two novel and one previously uncharacterized derivative. The data confirms trends known so far and thanks to their uniformity, they facilitate further comparisons. In order to provide structural hypotheses explaining the experimental affinities, the complexes of the studied derivatives with μOR were modeled and subject to molecular dynamics simulations. Five common General Features (GFs) of fentanyls’ binding modes stemmed from these simulations. They include: GF1) the ionic interaction between D147 and the ligands’ piperidine NH⁺ moiety; GF2) the N-chain orientation towards the μOR interior; GF3) the other pole of ligands is directed towards the receptor outlet; GF4) the aromatic anilide ring penetrates the subpocket formed by TM3, TM4, ECL1 and ECL2; GF5) the 4-axial substituent (if present) is directed towards W318. Except for the ionic interaction with D147, the majority of fentanyl-μOR contacts is hydrophobic. Interestingly, it was possible to find nonlinear relationships between the binding affinity and the volume of the N-chain and/or anilide’s aromatic ring. This kind of relationships is consistent with the apolar character of interactions involved in ligand–receptor binding. The affinity reaches the optimum for medium size while it decreases for both large and small substituents. Additionally, a linear correlation between the volumes and the average dihedral angles of W293 and W133 was revealed by the molecular dynamics study. This seems particularly important, as the W293 residue is involved in the activation processes. Further, the Y326 (OH) and D147 (Cγ) distance found in the simulations also depends on the ligands’ size. In contrast, neither RMSF measures nor D114/Y336 hydrations show significant structure-based correlations. They also do not differentiate studied fentanyl derivatives. Eventually, none of 14 popular scoring functions yielded a significant correlation between the predicted and observed affinity data (R < 0.30, n = 28).

Fentanyl has been found to only weakly bind the σ ₁ -receptor, and its close derivatives have submicromolar affinities.

In this paper, we present density functional theory calculations to predict the NMR parameters for two model systems: the formamide–formic acid (FM FA) and formamide–formamidine (FM FI) complexes, where intermolecular double proton exchange occurs. For the first time, the NMR parameters have been calculated along the reaction paths of the proton transfers described by means of the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) procedure. The most interesting one-bond spin–spin coupling constants, ^1(h)J_XH, between migrating protons and heavier nuclei change character from intra- to intermolecular along the pathway. The maximal positive values of the reduced ^1(h)K_XH coupling constants correspond to the situation when they are intramolecular; they decrease along the path, change sign and reach small negative values, becoming intermolecular couplings. The differing character of the double proton exchange resulting from the synchronicity or asynchronicity of the process is reflected in the calculated NMR parameters. Surprisingly substantial values have been calculated for the six-bond intermolecular proton–proton^6hJ_HH coupling constants between protons bound to the carbon atoms. A simple procedure consisting of removal of the proton(s) forming the hydrogen bonds has been employed to indicate an influence of hydrogen bonding on the intermolecular coupling constants. Some of the spin–spin coupling constants (^2hJ_XY) are predominantly transmitted through hydrogen bonds and decrease with removal of the proton(s), while others (^4hJ_CC) are less sensitive to the presence or absence of the protons of hydrogen bonding.