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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most popular tobacco product among youth in the United States. The function of all e-cigarettes and other vaping products is similar: to heat a liquid to produce an aerosol for inhalation. The act of inhaling aerosols generated from e-cigarettes is commonly referred to as vaping. The overall structure of e-cigarettes, common to all generations of the product, includes a battery, atomizer, and a reservoir containing liquid. However, there is significant variability in product design and customizability. Liquids used in e-cigarettes are usually (but not always) composed of nicotine, as well as at least one solvent, usually propylene glycol (PG) and/or vegetable glycerin (VG), flavorings (tobacco, menthol, candy or beverage themed, and more), and additives (e.g., sweeteners). While e-cigarettes have become highly effective in delivering nicotine, these products have also been used to vaporize other psychoactive substances, including cannabis products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). In this chapter, we describe the basic structure of e-cigarettes and the significant differences among the different generations of products. We highlight what is known about the liquids and substances used in these devices, including nicotine, cannabinoids, flavorings, and potentially toxic chemicals.
Rachel Boykan; Maciej L. Goniewicz. Background and Description of E-Cigarette Products and Solutions. Electronic Cigarettes and Vape Devices 2021, 37 -51.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Maciej L. Goniewicz. Background and Description of E-Cigarette Products and Solutions. Electronic Cigarettes and Vape Devices. 2021; ():37-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Maciej L. Goniewicz. 2021. "Background and Description of E-Cigarette Products and Solutions." Electronic Cigarettes and Vape Devices , no. : 37-51.
Nicotine and cannabis use are common among adolescents and may be associated with behavioral problems, poor academic outcomes and use disorders. The goals of this analysis were the following: (1) Describe the influence of friends’ nicotine and cannabis smoking and vaping on self-reported use. (2) Describe the relationship between friends’ nicotine and cannabis use on participants’ urinary biomarkers of nicotine (cotinine) and cannabis (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹tetrahydrocannabinol=THC-COOH). This is a secondary analysis of survey and biomarker data collected in adolescents aged 12–21 between April 2017 and April 2018, in Long Island, New York. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using SPSS 26. A cutoff value of ≥10 ng/mL was used to signify recent usage for urinary cotinine and THC-COOH levels. Over one-third of the 517 surveyed adolescents reported using tobacco and one-third reported using cannabis. A significant relationship between friends’ substance use and self-use was found. For both tobacco and cannabis, over 90% (p < 0.01) of participants with urinary biomarker levels above cutoff had friends who used the respective substance. Friends’ nicotine and friends’ cannabis use were each independently associated with urinary biomarker levels for those substances (for nicotine, beta = 88.29, p = 0.03; for cannabis, beta = 163.58, p = 0.03). Friends’ use of nicotine and cannabis is associated with adolescents’ intake, as well as the physiological exposure to those substances. These findings underscore the importance of including peer influence in the discussion with adolescents about tobacco and cannabis use.
Rachel Herold; Rachel Boykan; Allison Eliscu; Héctor Alcalá; Maciej Goniewicz. Association between Friends’ Use of Nicotine and Cannabis and Intake of both Substances among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 695 .
AMA StyleRachel Herold, Rachel Boykan, Allison Eliscu, Héctor Alcalá, Maciej Goniewicz. Association between Friends’ Use of Nicotine and Cannabis and Intake of both Substances among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Herold; Rachel Boykan; Allison Eliscu; Héctor Alcalá; Maciej Goniewicz. 2021. "Association between Friends’ Use of Nicotine and Cannabis and Intake of both Substances among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 695.
Rachel Boykan; Susan Walley. Asthma to EVALI: Tobacco Use Is a Pediatric Problem. Hospital Pediatrics 2020, 11, 106 -108.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Susan Walley. Asthma to EVALI: Tobacco Use Is a Pediatric Problem. Hospital Pediatrics. 2020; 11 (1):106-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Susan Walley. 2020. "Asthma to EVALI: Tobacco Use Is a Pediatric Problem." Hospital Pediatrics 11, no. 1: 106-108.
Given the dangers posed by tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure, pediatricians should address tobacco use and exposure with patients and parents at every opportunity, but this is not consistently done in practice. One reason may be that many medical residents do not receive education on how to address tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure with patients and their parents. In a 2012 survey of U.S. pediatric program directors, 65% of programs reported covering tobacco control in their curricula, but most training programs focused on tobacco's health effects and not intervention strategies for clinical practice. Since that survey, electronic health records have been implemented broadly nationwide and utilized to address tobacco smoke exposure. Investigators surveyed U.S. program directors in 2018 and residents in 2019 to explore the ways in which the residents learn about tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure, components and use of the electronic record specific to tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure, and perceived resident effectiveness in this area. All the program directors and 85% of the residents valued training, but 21% of the residents reported receiving none. Moreover, a minority of the residents assessed themselves as effective at counseling parents (19%) or adolescents (23%), and their perceived effectiveness was related to small group learning and active learning workshops, modalities that were infrequently implemented in training. Respondents also reported infrequent use of electronic health record prompts regarding tobacco and the absence of prompts about critical issues (e.g., addressing tobacco smoke exposure in vehicles or other settings or offering treatment or referrals to parents who smoke). This paper provides recommendations about augmenting pediatric resident training in simple ways.
Rachel Boykan; Julie Gorzkowski; Robert J. Wellman; Brian P. Jenssen; Jonathan D. Klein; Jessica Krugman; Lori Pbert; Ramzi G. Salloum. Pediatric Resident Training in Tobacco Control and the Electronic Health Record. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2020, 60, 446 -452.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Julie Gorzkowski, Robert J. Wellman, Brian P. Jenssen, Jonathan D. Klein, Jessica Krugman, Lori Pbert, Ramzi G. Salloum. Pediatric Resident Training in Tobacco Control and the Electronic Health Record. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020; 60 (3):446-452.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Julie Gorzkowski; Robert J. Wellman; Brian P. Jenssen; Jonathan D. Klein; Jessica Krugman; Lori Pbert; Ramzi G. Salloum. 2020. "Pediatric Resident Training in Tobacco Control and the Electronic Health Record." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 60, no. 3: 446-452.
Background: The use of high-nicotine content e-cigarettes (so-called pods, such as Juul) among adolescents raises concerns about early onset of nicotine addiction. Methods: In this analysis of adolescents surveyed from April 2017–April 2018, we compare survey responses and urinary cotinine of pod vs. non-pod using past-week e-cigarette users aged 12–21. Results: More pod users categorized themselves as daily users compared to non-pod users (63.0% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001); more pod than non-pod users had used e-cigarettes within the past day (76.2% vs. 29.6%; p = 0.001). More pod users responded affirmatively to nicotine dependence questions (21.4% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.04). Urinary cotinine levels were compared among those responding positively and negatively to dependence questions: those with positive responses had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels than those responding negatively. Conclusions: Adolescents who used pod products showed more signs of nicotine dependence than non-pod users. Pediatricians should be vigilant in identifying dependence symptoms in their patients who use e-cigarettes, particularly in those using pod devices.
Rachel Boykan; Maciej L. Goniewicz; Catherine R. Messina. Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2135 .
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Catherine R. Messina. Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (12):2135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Maciej L. Goniewicz; Catherine R. Messina. 2019. "Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2135.
Surveys have been instrumental in describing adolescent use of tobacco, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and marijuana. However, objective biomarker data are lacking. We compared adolescent self-reported use to urinary biomarkers. From April 2017 to April 2018, adolescents 12 to 21 years old completed an anonymous questionnaire regarding tobacco, e-cigarette, and marijuana use and provided a urine sample. Urine was analyzed for biomarkers cotinine, total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Of 517 participants, 2.9% reported using tobacco, 14.3% e-cigarettes, and 11.4% marijuana in the past week. Only 2% reporting no smoking had total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol levels above cutoff (14.5 pg/mL); 2% of non-e-cigarette users had cotinine above cutoff (10 ng/mL); 2% of those denying marijuana use had THCA above cutoff (10 ng/mL). Daily e-cigarette users showed significantly higher median cotinine than nondaily users (315.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 1375.9] vs 1.69 ng/mL [IQR 28.2]; P < .003). Overall, 40% who reported using nicotine-free products had cotinine >10 ng/mL. Pod users' median cotinine was significantly higher than in nonpod users (259.03 [IQR 1267.69] vs 1.61 ng/mL [IQR 16.3]; P < .003). Median THCA among daily marijuana users was higher than in nondaily users (560.1 [IQR 1248.3] vs 7.2 ng/mL [IQR 254.9]; P = .04). Sixty-one percent of those with cotinine >10 ng/mL vs 39% of those with cotinine10 ng/mL (P < .001). Adolescents' self-report correlated with measured urinary biomarkers, but subjects were unaware of their nicotine exposure. More frequent e-cigarette and pod use correlated with elevated biomarkers. Co-use of tobacco, e-cigarettes, and marijuana was corroborated by higher THCA in those with higher cotinine.
Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Gabriela Chateau; Allison Eliscu; Jonathan Tolentino; Maciej Goniewicz. Self-Reported Use of Tobacco, E-cigarettes, and Marijuana Versus Urinary Biomarkers. PEDIATRICS 2019, 143, e20183531 .
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Catherine R. Messina, Gabriela Chateau, Allison Eliscu, Jonathan Tolentino, Maciej Goniewicz. Self-Reported Use of Tobacco, E-cigarettes, and Marijuana Versus Urinary Biomarkers. PEDIATRICS. 2019; 143 (5):e20183531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Gabriela Chateau; Allison Eliscu; Jonathan Tolentino; Maciej Goniewicz. 2019. "Self-Reported Use of Tobacco, E-cigarettes, and Marijuana Versus Urinary Biomarkers." PEDIATRICS 143, no. 5: e20183531.
E-cigarettes have emerged and soared in popularity in the past ten years, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth in the United States (US). In this review, we discuss what the Surgeon General has called a public health “epidemic”—the precipitous increase in youth use of e-cigarettes and the health consequences of this behavior. Further, we review tobacco control policy efforts (e.g., Tobacco 21, banning flavors, advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws)—efforts proven to be critical in reducing cigarette smoking and smoking-related disease and death among US children and adults—including their potential and challenges regarding managing and mitigating the emergence of e-cigarettes. Finally, we close with a discussion of the efforts of transnational tobacco companies to rebrand themselves using e-cigarettes and other new products.
Brian Jenssen; Rachel Boykan. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). Children 2019, 6, 30 .
AMA StyleBrian Jenssen, Rachel Boykan. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). Children. 2019; 6 (2):30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrian Jenssen; Rachel Boykan. 2019. "Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels)." Children 6, no. 2: 30.
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a well-established evidence-based method of working with patients to promote health behavior change. Standardized patient (SP) simulation allows trainees to practice and receive feedback on clinical and communication skills and may be useful in applying MI techniques to address tobacco use and exposure. We developed two SP cases for pediatric residents to practice addressing tobacco use with parents of their patients. Thirty-six residents participated, 26 of whom had prior MI training. Resident postencounter self-reflection identified MI-specific skills, including eliciting the SP's view on positive/negative aspects of smoking, identifying stressors/triggers associated with smoking, eliciting reasons for smoking, asking about motivation/willingness to quit, eliciting benefits of quitting smoking, letting the SP do the talking, and guiding the SP in making a quit plan. On paired-samples t tests, resident self-evaluation checklist scores averaged 6.79 out of 8.00 (SD = 1.018, SEM = 0.165), compared with SP checklist scores, which averaged 7.08 out of 8.00 (SD = 1.217, SEM = 0.197). These two SP cases were useful in many ways, allowing residents with prior MI training the opportunity for practice/feedback on skills learned and introducing residents with no prior MI training to MI concepts through experience/feedback. Residents consistently identified using MI concepts on postencounter self-reflection; resident self-evaluation and SP evaluation of residents showed agreement. These sessions could be utilized within a communication/MI curriculum or as stand-alone sessions to introduce MI concepts/techniques for addressing tobacco cessation in the pediatric setting.
Rachel Boykan; Robyn Blair; Perrilynn Baldelli; Susan Owens. Using Motivational Interviewing to Address Tobacco Cessation: Two Standardized Patient Cases for Pediatric Residents. MedEdPORTAL 2019, 15, 10807 .
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Robyn Blair, Perrilynn Baldelli, Susan Owens. Using Motivational Interviewing to Address Tobacco Cessation: Two Standardized Patient Cases for Pediatric Residents. MedEdPORTAL. 2019; 15 (1):10807.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Robyn Blair; Perrilynn Baldelli; Susan Owens. 2019. "Using Motivational Interviewing to Address Tobacco Cessation: Two Standardized Patient Cases for Pediatric Residents." MedEdPORTAL 15, no. 1: 10807.
Although e-cigarette use among US youth decreased in 2016 for the first time since 2011,1 2 with the introduction of the new generation of nicotine vapourisers, ‘pods,’ this trend may not continue. Pods are compact, lightweight, ultraportable and easy to use inconspicuously. Popularity of these devices has increased in the past year, most notably, one brand, Juul. Use of Juul and similar products (‘ juuling ’) among youth has parents, teachers and the lay public appropriately concerned. However, to date, there are no data on nicotine exposure among youth who use pod systems. ### Survey To characterise the use of pods among adolescents, we surveyed patients 12–21 years seen at three Stony Brook Children’s Hospital outpatient clinics (Long Island, New York) from April 2017 to April 2018. All participants/parents provided written consent. Participants completed a 60-item anonymous questionnaire about personal use of e-cigarettes, including specific product types and brands, and provided a spot urine sample. ### Product analysis Using previously described analytical methods,3 we measured total nicotine concentration in pod products, purchased online, that were popular among our participants. We also measured total nicotine yields in aerosols generated from these products using a smoking machine and standardised laboratory puffing protocol (70 mL puff volume, 2 s puff duration and puff intervals of 10 s).3 We used gas chromatography-mass …
Maciej Lukasz Goniewicz; Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Allison Eliscu; Jonathan Tolentino. High exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems (‘pods’). Tobacco Control 2018, 28, 676 -677.
AMA StyleMaciej Lukasz Goniewicz, Rachel Boykan, Catherine R. Messina, Allison Eliscu, Jonathan Tolentino. High exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems (‘pods’). Tobacco Control. 2018; 28 (6):676-677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciej Lukasz Goniewicz; Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Allison Eliscu; Jonathan Tolentino. 2018. "High exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems (‘pods’)." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6: 676-677.
The research sought to identify the general use of medical librarians in pediatric residency training, to define the role of medical librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine (EBM) to pediatric residents, and to describe strategies and curricula for teaching EBM used in pediatric residency training programs. We sent a 13-question web-based survey through the Association of Pediatric Program Directors to 200 pediatric residency program directors between August and December 2015. A total of 91 (46%) pediatric residency program directors responded. Most (76%) programs had formal EBM curricula, and more than 75% of curricula addressed question formation, searching, assessment of validity, generalizability, quantitative importance, statistical significance, and applicability. The venues for teaching EBM that program directors perceived to be most effective included journal clubs (84%), conferences (44%), and morning report (36%). While 80% of programs utilized medical librarians, most of these librarians assisted with scholarly or research projects (74%), addressed clinical questions (62%), and taught on any topic not necessarily EBM (58%). Only 17% of program directors stated that librarians were involved in teaching EBM on a regular basis. The use of a librarian was not associated with having an EBM curriculum but was significantly associated with the size of the program. Smaller programs were more likely to utilize librarians (100%) than were medium (71%) or large programs (75%). While most pediatric residency programs have an EBM curriculum and engage medical librarians in various ways, librarians’ expertise in teaching EBM is underutilized. Programs should work to better integrate librarians’ expertise, both in the didactic and clinical teaching of EBM.
Rachel Boykan; Robert M. Jacobson. The role of librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine to pediatric residents: a survey of pediatric residency program directors. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2017, 105, 355 -360.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Robert M. Jacobson. The role of librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine to pediatric residents: a survey of pediatric residency program directors. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 2017; 105 (4):355-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Robert M. Jacobson. 2017. "The role of librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine to pediatric residents: a survey of pediatric residency program directors." Journal of the Medical Library Association 105, no. 4: 355-360.
OBJECTIVES: (1) To implement a new policy-driven referral program, Opt-to-Quit, using electronic data transfer from the electronic health record (EHR) to the New York State Smokers’ Quitline (NYSSQL) and (2) to improve referrals to the NYSSQL for smoking caregivers of children admitted to a children’s hospital. METHODS: Smoking caregivers of pediatric patients were referred to the NYSSQL through a standardized template built into the EHR, during the child’s hospitalization or emergency department encounter. Direct data exchange was based on a point-to-point protocol, without dependence on any external centralized processing service. Input and oversight were provided by a multidisciplinary task force, which included physician and nursing leadership, information technology specialists, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance personnel and legal counsel, and NYSSQL staff. The process was refined through several iterative plan-do-study-act cycles, using a single-armed, prospective cohort study design, including surveys of nursing staff and continued input of information technology experts on both hospital and Quitline sides. RESULTS: In 2013, 193 smokers were identified in 2 pilot units; 62% (n= 119) accepted referral to the NYSSQL. In 2014, after expansion to all inpatient units and the emergency department, 745 smokers were identified, and 36% (n = 266) accepted referral. Over the 2 years, overall increase in referrals was 124%; as of the first quarter of 2015, referral rate was sustained at 34%. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital-wide implementation of the Opt-to-Quit program through our EHR was feasible and sustainable and has significantly improved referrals to the NYSSQL.
Rachel Boykan; Carolyn Milana; Grace Propper; Patricia Bax; Paula Celestino. Implementation of an Inpatient Electronic Referral System (Opt-to-Quit) From the Electronic Health Record to the New York State Smokers Quitline: First Steps. Hospital Pediatrics 2016, 6, 545 -551.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Carolyn Milana, Grace Propper, Patricia Bax, Paula Celestino. Implementation of an Inpatient Electronic Referral System (Opt-to-Quit) From the Electronic Health Record to the New York State Smokers Quitline: First Steps. Hospital Pediatrics. 2016; 6 (9):545-551.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Carolyn Milana; Grace Propper; Patricia Bax; Paula Celestino. 2016. "Implementation of an Inpatient Electronic Referral System (Opt-to-Quit) From the Electronic Health Record to the New York State Smokers Quitline: First Steps." Hospital Pediatrics 6, no. 9: 545-551.
Rachel Boykan; Christal Achille; Catherine R Messina. Physicians' Beliefs and Self-Reported Practice Regarding Second and Third Hand Smoke and Electronic Cigarettes. PEDIATRICS 2016, 137, 608 -608.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Christal Achille, Catherine R Messina. Physicians' Beliefs and Self-Reported Practice Regarding Second and Third Hand Smoke and Electronic Cigarettes. PEDIATRICS. 2016; 137 (Supplement):608-608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Christal Achille; Catherine R Messina. 2016. "Physicians' Beliefs and Self-Reported Practice Regarding Second and Third Hand Smoke and Electronic Cigarettes." PEDIATRICS 137, no. Supplement: 608-608.
This longitudinal evidence-based medicine curriculum used various teaching strategies to reinforce knowledge and skills. First-year residents learned basics in an interactive fashion, second-year residents prepared a clinically relevant, evidence-based presentation, and third-year residents served as evidence-based medicine mentors.
Maribeth B. Chitkara; Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. A Longitudinal Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum for Pediatric Residents. Academic Pediatrics 2016, 16, 305 -307.
AMA StyleMaribeth B. Chitkara, Rachel Boykan, Catherine R. Messina, Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. A Longitudinal Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum for Pediatric Residents. Academic Pediatrics. 2016; 16 (3):305-307.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaribeth B. Chitkara; Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. 2016. "A Longitudinal Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum for Pediatric Residents." Academic Pediatrics 16, no. 3: 305-307.
OBJECTIVES: Study objectives were to compare smoking cessation rates between parents in the newborn nursery (NBN) versus the NICU and compare acceptance of referral to the New York State Smoker’s Quitline (NYSSQL) between the 2 units. Secondary aims were to identify opportunities for improved smoking cessation interventions with parents of newborns.METHODS: From January through December 2013, smoking parents/caregivers of infants in the NBN and NICU (n = 226) completed a 34-item questionnaire. For those who accepted electronic referral to the NYSSQL, participation/outcome data and questionnaire data were matched. Relationships were examined using the χ2 test of independence.RESULTS: The majority of respondents had cut back (56%) or quit (36%) prenatally. Seventy-nine percent of NBN parents accepted referred to the NYSSQL versus 53% of NICU parents; odds ratio = 3.31 (1.48–7.40; P < .01). At 7- to 8-month follow-up (n = 35): 11 of 28 (NBN) versus 0 of 7 (NICU) quit, 11 of 28 (NBN) versus 5 of 7 (NICU) cut back, 6 of 28 (NBN) versus 2 of 7 (NICU) did not quit/cut back (P = .13). Significantly more mothers (80%; 16/20) compared with fathers (46%; 6/13) quit/cut back, 20% (4/20) of mothers versus 54% (7/13) of fathers did not quit/cut back (P = .04). Exclusive formula-feeding rates were higher in this cohort of smokers surveyed than in all parents of infants admitted to the NBN/NICU for the same year (45% vs 13%).CONCLUSIONS: In this study population, parents of healthy newborns were more receptive to quitline referrals than parents of infants admitted to the NICU.
Rachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina. A Comparison of Parents of Healthy Versus Sick Neonates: Is There a Difference in Readiness and/or Success in Quitting Smoking? Hospital Pediatrics 2015, 5, 619 -623.
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Catherine R. Messina. A Comparison of Parents of Healthy Versus Sick Neonates: Is There a Difference in Readiness and/or Success in Quitting Smoking? Hospital Pediatrics. 2015; 5 (12):619-623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Catherine R. Messina. 2015. "A Comparison of Parents of Healthy Versus Sick Neonates: Is There a Difference in Readiness and/or Success in Quitting Smoking?" Hospital Pediatrics 5, no. 12: 619-623.
Maribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan; Catherine Messina. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Diagnostic Test. MedEdPORTAL 2014, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleMaribeth Chitkara, Rachel Boykan, Catherine Messina. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Diagnostic Test. MedEdPORTAL. 2014; 10 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan; Catherine Messina. 2014. "An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Diagnostic Test." MedEdPORTAL 10, no. 1: 1.
Maribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. MedEdPORTAL 2014, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleMaribeth Chitkara, Rachel Boykan. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. MedEdPORTAL. 2014; 10 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan. 2014. "An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses." MedEdPORTAL 10, no. 1: 1.
Rachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Harm/Causation and Prognosis. MedEdPORTAL 2014, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Maribeth Chitkara. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Harm/Causation and Prognosis. MedEdPORTAL. 2014; 10 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara. 2014. "An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Harm/Causation and Prognosis." MedEdPORTAL 10, no. 1: 1.
Maribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Therapy. MedEdPORTAL 2014, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleMaribeth Chitkara, Rachel Boykan. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Therapy. MedEdPORTAL. 2014; 10 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaribeth Chitkara; Rachel Boykan. 2014. "An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum, Critical Appraisal: Therapy." MedEdPORTAL 10, no. 1: 1.
Medical residents are a distinct group of health sciences library users that need detailed instruction in literature searching. Core residency competencies from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education require that all residents be competent in finding, critically appraising, and incorporating the latest clinical evidence into their daily practice with patients. With the collaboration of the library and a clinical department of pediatrics, a program was developed that teaches residents the basic elements of EBM searching and then reinforces this learning over the course of three years.
Colleen M. Kenefick; Rachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara. Partnering With Residents for Evidence-Based Practice. Medical Reference Services Quarterly 2013, 32, 385 -395.
AMA StyleColleen M. Kenefick, Rachel Boykan, Maribeth Chitkara. Partnering With Residents for Evidence-Based Practice. Medical Reference Services Quarterly. 2013; 32 (4):385-395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleColleen M. Kenefick; Rachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara. 2013. "Partnering With Residents for Evidence-Based Practice." Medical Reference Services Quarterly 32, no. 4: 385-395.
Rachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara; Colleen Kenefick; Catherine Messina. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum: Two Small-Group Sessions to Teach PICO Question Formation and Searching Strategies. MedEdPORTAL 2013, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleRachel Boykan, Maribeth Chitkara, Colleen Kenefick, Catherine Messina. An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum: Two Small-Group Sessions to Teach PICO Question Formation and Searching Strategies. MedEdPORTAL. 2013; 9 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachel Boykan; Maribeth Chitkara; Colleen Kenefick; Catherine Messina. 2013. "An Integrated Practical Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum: Two Small-Group Sessions to Teach PICO Question Formation and Searching Strategies." MedEdPORTAL 9, no. 1: 1.