It is amazing to know that around 99.9% of the individuals genome among persons is alike, and only 0.1% of it differs in chromosome. This variance is accountable for the diversity in phenotypes and receptiveness of them to environmental effects. DNA variants are happening in numerous formulas. Mutations might be definite as order variants which happen in less than 1% of the populace, whereas the extra prevalent variant is identified as polymorphisms. More than 1% of the greatest public hereditary variants are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In human genome, SNPs considered as plentiful figure of genetic variation, and their importance in contribution to many disease, drug efficacy, and side effects in addition to may represent a prophylaxis. SNPs represent a specific location at which more than one nucleotide is established and only two alleles at a SNP locus. More than 100 million SNPs have been recognized in human, in average each 300 nucleotide on usual. The gene which has more than one allele is a normal result of SNP. SNPs are not restricted to coding sequence, but may be associated with non-coding region. Many techniques are used to analyze SNPs and involve two phases, one for allele recognition and another for detection.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by declining kidney function, ranging from mild damage to end‑stage renal disease. Its prevalence globally is estimated to be between 8 and 16%, with higher rates occurring in low‑ and middle‑income regions. Underlying factors include diabetes, hypertension and genetic predisposition. The multifactorial nature of CKD is influenced by genetics, renal function monitoring, anemia, electrolyte imbalances and other risk factors. The present study collected 465 samples from subjects aged 18‑65 years for a case‑control study. These included 219 patients with CKD (101 females and 118 males; mean ages, 46.56 and 46.84 years, respectively) and 246 healthy individuals (131 women and 115 men; mean ages, 37.16 and 41.23 years, respectively). Whole blood was drawn for serum analysis for the purpose of comparing various biochemical parameters between patients with CKD and the healthy subjects, including total protein, albumin, ferritin, unsaturated iron binding capacity, iron, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, glucose, urea, serum creatinine, total calcium, free calcium, sodium, potassium, 8‑hydroxy‑2'‑deoxyguanosine (8‑OHdG) and phosphorus. The results obtained revealed a significant association between age and the occurrence of CKD (P<0.001), as well as between body mass index and the likelihood of developing CKD (P=0.031), indicating a connection between obesity and CKD. Biochemical analysis revealed disparities in several markers among patients with CKD, including glucose, urea, serum creatinine, iron, liver enzymes (ALP, AST and ALT), phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and 8‑OHdG (P<0.05). However, no notable differences in terms of sex were observed when comparing each sex group separately for the patients and controls. On the whole, the present study underscores the multifactorial nature of CKD, and its significant association with age. The 8‑OHdG oxidative stress marker demonstrated potential in terms of distinguishing between CKD and healthy subjects. Further research is required, however, to explore additional CKD factors and to develop interventions for at‑risk populations.