The idea and perception of good cyber security protection remains at the forefront of many organizations’ information and communication technology strategy and investment. However, delving deeper into the details of its implementation reveals that organizations’ human capital cyber security knowledge bases are very low. In particular, the lack of social engineering awareness is a concern in the context of human cyber security risks. This study highlights pitfalls and ongoing issues that organizations encounter in the process of developing the human knowledge to protect from social engineering attacks. A detailed literature review is provided to support these arguments with analysis of contemporary approaches. The findings show that despite state-of-the-art cyber security preparations and trained personnel, hackers are still successful in their malicious acts of stealing sensitive information that is crucial to organizations. The factors influencing users’ proficiency in threat detection and mitigation have been identified as business environmental, social, political, constitutional, organizational, economical, and personal. Challenges with respect to both traditional and modern tools have been analyzed to suggest the need for profiling at-risk employees (including new hires) and developing training programs at each level of the hierarchy to ensure that the hackers do not succeed.

Social engineering, due in part to the increasing popularity and advancements in information technology and ubiquity of devices, has emerged as one of the most challenging cyber security threats in the contemporary age. In the context of cyber security, social engineering is the practice of taking advantage of human weaknesses through manipulation to accomplish a malicious goal. This literature review identifies various social engineering cyber security threats in diverse environments. Exploiting humans as the weakest security link in such environments, as opposed to technical vulnerabilities and system protocols, has led to increased calls for raising information security awareness among users. One of the most straightforward solutions is through effective training and education programs. As such, the paper details how innovative information security education programs can effectively increase user/employee awareness and ultimately reduce cyber security incidents.

Social engineering is one of the biggest threats organizations face today, as more and more organizations are adopting digitalization. In the context of cyber security, social engineering is the practice of taking advantage of human weaknesses through manipulation to accomplish a malicious goal. For better implementation methods against social engineering, this qualitative study will attempt to provide measures against information security challenges faced by organizations. The analysis is then provided by the answers of interviewed experts in the field of cyber security and social engineering. The research herein focuses on the human element of cyber security threats, recognizing that hackers exploit the vulnerabilities and lack of awareness of staff. Then using these issues to create security loopholes and engineer cyberattacks that include the interruption or infection of information systems, transfer of unauthorized funds, and stealing of credentials. The results of this qualitative study highlight that there is a positive relationship between social engineering and user awareness. The findings build upon the researchers’ ongoing work, which postulates that as an increase in contextual social engineering knowledge leads to a decrease in being victims of social engineering and is, therefore, one of the most effective mechanisms for managing social engineering.

Social engineering is one of the biggest threats organizations face today, as more and more companies are adopting digitalization. This study presents a critical review of the existing measures, tools, and policies for the protection of computer entities, particularly organizations, against cyber security social engineering. These factors were examined through a systematic review of recent studies published on the subject. Our analysis highlights the meaning of social engineering and the problem it poses, and outlines some of the previous efforts that necessitate an inquiry on the subject. There is an urgent need to provide training for employees of such digitalized companies to ensure they understand the risks and ways to avoid them. As socially engineered attacks depend on the human factor, employees' awareness is the best practice that can be implemented to contain its threats. Other measures include training of non-technical members, awareness programs, new security network, software usage, and security protocols to tackle social engineering threats.

Educational supervision is closely related to establishing instructional efficiency, and supervision is a multidimensional concept that varies from one setting to another. Application of contemporary tools, however, facilitates mediation of this complex and dynamic process. At the same time, it intends to help schools to establish digital education leadership. The paper herein, presents different methods through which digital leadership can be carried out. This study includes scientific supervision, transactional efforts, and transformational approach. The study suggests that digital and transformational leadership approaches can be blended to inspire leadership teams and leaders in educational supervision to innovate and come up with ideas, objectives and goals that lead change by using an all-around technological approach. The study further presents the benefits for schools to have an integrated leadership approach within educational supervision.