Geographers have a keen interest in innovation because of its connection to regional economic advantage. We argue that, to date, understandings of innovation are predominantly technological and product driven and defined in universal terms such that the nature of innovation is stripped of its contextual influence and is overly masculinist. Through combined analysis of interview material from two complementary studies on the gendering of entrepreneurship based in the United States, this paper challenges current conceptualisations of innovation within geography. We show how the context, both social and geographical, of an innovation is elementary to its identification as innovative. Moreover, we reveal some of the many instances of innovation that occur in economic sectors and by agents that are typically ignored or undervalued by current research and by policy. Our analysis challenges researchers and policymakers to expand their concepts of regional and urban development beyond those processes associated with technologically defined and growth-oriented originality, such that notions of local development may enhance the social well-being of places and be more gender inclusive.

Hanson S. and Blake M. Gender and entrepreneurial networks, Regional Studies. In a recent critical survey in 2003, Peter Nijkamp argued for the importance of networks and networking for successful entrepreneurship and emphasized the strategic advantage that dense urban areas afford to networks. Nijkamp's arguments are extended herein by investigating the impact of an entrepreneur's identity on network formation, use and opportunity. Focus is made specifically on gender to emphasize the ways networks are embedded in place-based social, economic, cultural, and political structures, which shape entrepreneurs' identities and affect access to resources. The review reveals, first, how little is known about gender and entrepreneurial networks in general and especially about the gendered geography of such networks; and, second, the importance of investigating the impacts of social identity on entrepreneurs' networks if the relationships between entrepreneurship and place are to be understood. Hanson S. et Blake M. Les réseaux de sexe et d'entreprise, Regional Studies. Dans une enquête critique récente en 2003, Peter Nijkamp discute de l'importance des réseaux et de la construction de réseaux pour créer un esprit d'entreprise, et a souligné l'avantage stratégique que les agglomérations urbaines offrent aux réseaux. On cherche à élargir les arguments de Nijkamp en examinant l'impact de l'identité d'un entrepreneur sur la construction, l'utilisation et la présence des réseaux. On se concentre notamment sur la notion de sexe afin de souligner les façons dont les réseaux sont ancrés dans des structures sociales, économiques, culturelles et politiques spécifiques à un endroit, et qui influent sur les identités des entrepreneurs et l'accès aux ressources. La critique laisse voir, primo, que l'on sait très peu en général quant aux réseaux de sexe et d'entreprise et en particulier au sujet de la géographie du sexe de tels réseaux et, secundo, l'importance d'examiner l'impact de l'identité sociale sur les réseaux d'entrepreneurs pour faciliter une meilleure compréhension du rapport entre l'esprit d'entreprise et l'endroit. Sexe Esprit d'entreprise Endroit Réseaux Hanson S. und Blake M. Geschlecht und unternehmerische Netzwerke, Regional Studies. In einer aktuellen kritischen Studie argumentierte Peter Nijkamp (2003) Nijkamp, P. 2003. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37: 395–405. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] für die Bedeutung von Netzwerken und Netzwerkarbeit für erfolgreiches Unternehmertum und betonte den strategischen Vorteil, den dichte urbane Gebiete für Netzwerke bieten. Wir erweitern Nijkamps Argumente, indem wir die Auswirkung der Identität eines Unternehmers auf die Bildung, Nutzung und Chancen eines Netzwerks untersuchen. Insbesondere konzentrieren wir uns hierbei auf das Geschlecht, um zu betonen, auf welche Weisen die Netzwerke in ortsgebundene gesellschaftliche, wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und politische Strukturen eingebettet sind, die die Identitäten der Unternehmer prägen und sich auf den Zugang zu Ressourcen auswirken. Aus unserer Überprüfung geht hervor, dass erstens wenig über das Geschlecht im Zusammenhang mit unternehmerischen Netzwerken im Allgemeinen und insbesondere über die geschlechtsbezogene Geografie solcher Netzwerke bekannt ist, und dass zweitens eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der sozialen Identität auf die Netzwerke der Unternehmer wichtig ist, wenn wir die Beziehungen zwischen Unternehmertum und Ort verstehen wollen. Geschlecht Unternehmertum Ort Netzwerke Hanson S. y Blake M. Género y redes empresariales, Regional Studies. En un reciente estudio crítico, Peter Nijkamp (2003) Nijkamp, P. 2003. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37: 395–405. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] subrayó la importancia de las redes y la creación de redes para el éxito empresarial y destacó la ventaja estratégica que las áreas urbanas densas ofrecen a las redes. Aquí ampliamos los argumentos de Nijkamp al analizar el efecto de la identidad de un empresario en la formación, el uso y la oportunidad de una red. Prestamos especial atención a los diferentes sexos para recalcar el modo en que las redes están arraigadas en estructuras sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas con un determinado espacio que conforman las identidades de los empresarios y afectan al acceso a los recursos. En nuestro análisis destacamos primero lo poco que se conoce sobre los géneros y las redes empresariales y especialmente sobre la geografía de géneros de tales redes; y segundo, la importancia de estudiar los efectos de la identidad social en las redes de empresarios si queremos entender las relaciones entre el empresariado y su espacio. Género Empresariado Lugar Redes

Increasing awareness and concern with global climate change has led to a push to identify local food consumption as a way to reduce food miles and help preserve the environment. The journey from farm to fork is rarely a simple connection between farmer and consumer but involves a range of different actors and agents, located in different places and at different socioeconomic scales. The result is a confusing array of meanings that can be attached to food items considered to be local (e.g., local supplier, local producer, local commodity chain, local cultural product). This research explores the ways that retailers seek to sell local food, ways that this term is understood by consumers, and ways that consumers negotiate these differences. The research employs a case study methodology and draws on interviews with producers and white, middle-class consumers located in West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom. Shopping is a skilled activity and the local is revealed as a complex intersection of provisioning decisions and practices that household food buyers undertake in the context of food availability and the racialized and classed marketing strategies of retailers, which in turn makes problematic the food miles concept for political mobilization.

In this paper we explore how family relations influence the migration decisions of partners in dual-earner households. Specifically, we focus on how care responsibilities link the lives of partners, their children, and their parents, and how these ‘linked lives’ enable and constrain migration. We adopt a grounded theory approach and interview partners in two suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The results have two implications for the development of family migration theory. First, as dual-earner households make family migration decisions in the context of linked lives, these migration decisions cannot be understood as either economically driven or care driven, being contextualised by both spheres. Second, the importance of intergenerational links may increase the incidence of return migration of later-life dual-earner households.

This research considers the relationship between neoliberalism, poverty and food insecurity and how this impacts on the ability of a community to self-organise and become resilient. Specifically, it examines shocks imposed by the implementation of austerity policy and neoliberal welfare reform and the longer term individualisation that gives rise to greater vulnerability to such shocks and how community organisations encourage different levels of resilience in the face of this. Original findings from case study and qualitative analysis are twofold. Firstly, food insecurity effects are not only hunger and poor health experienced at the individual scale, but they also extend into places through the loss of social networks, erosion of community spaces, denigration of local foodscapes and collective de-skilling that limits the community resources needed for self-organising. Secondly, the ways in which food support is provided in communities has implications for how communities can regain the resources they need to be able to enact resilience in the face of trouble and difficulty. As such, the research demonstrates that self-organising is more than free-time activity; in these conditions, the capacity to self-organise is a vital community asset that is necessary for building resilience and social sustainability. As such, policy responses to poverty should take a multi-scale approach.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore aspects of creating, seeking, sharing and management of information in food blogging as serious leisure.Design/methodology/approach: Participants' conceptualisation of food blogging and the role of information in it is interpreted through in‐depth interviews and analysis of activity on the UK Food Bloggers Association web site.Findings: Food blogging as a leisure pursuit resulted in the creation of new information sources, for which existing information is a source of inspiration. The content, and style of blogs, and so their nature as information sources, were influenced by the extent of involvement in a professional‐amateur‐public (PAP) system. Information about publics or audiences was of great concern and a focus of collegial information sharing. The management of content implies greater personal information management needs, but the data did not show great awareness of this, rather interviewees were concerned with access management. Pre‐professionals had an intensified concern with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).Research limitations/implications: Food blogs may be better understood by placing them in the context of the PAP system.Practical implications: Food bloggers are sophisticated users of information and ICTs, but have unrecognised access management and information management requirements that have potentially significant design implications.Originality/value: This paper adds to the growing literature on information aspects of serious leisure by examining activity within Stebbins' professional‐amateur‐public system.