Progression in Computer networks and emerging of new technologies in this field helps to find out new protocols and frameworks that provides new computer network-based services. E-government services, a modernized version of conventional government, are created through the steady evolution of technology in addition to the growing need of societies for numerous services. Government services are deeply related to citizens’ daily lives; therefore, it is important to evolve with technological developments—it is necessary to move from the traditional methods of managing government work to cutting-edge technical approaches that improve the effectiveness of government systems for providing services to citizens. Blockchain technology is among the modern technologies highly suitable for developing digital governance services, and its technological ability to sustain information stability is vital in digital governance systems since it improves integrity and transparency measures while preventing corruption. In this study, computer networking protocols are built to form a peer-to-peer network framework for managing official documents. using blockchain technology was built to illustrate how any element of government work may be developed using it. The suggested framework comprises the addition of a new official document, and the verification of an existing document. The system was created in socket programming using Java and tested the response times for many simultaneous requests. The system was tested using transactions per second (throughput) measurement. The result showed that the proposed system processed 200 document verification transactions within 50 seconds. In addition, the test of the proposed system presented the time required for document retrieval—about three seconds to answer 100 document retrieval transactions. Furthermore, the results of throughput were compared to the results of the same measurement of some popular applications such as bitcoin. And the result of the proposed system was within the average value of output throughput of the other compared applications.

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are computer networks where parameters and devices are configured by software. Recently, artificial intelligence aspects have been used for SDN programs for various applications, including packet classification and forwarding according to the quality of service (QoS) requirements. The main problem is that when packets from different applications pass through computer networks, they have different QoS criteria. To meet the requirements of packets, routers classify these packets, add them to multiple weighting queue systems, and forward them according to their priorities. Multiple queue systems in routers usually use a class-based weighted round-robin (CBWRR) scheduling algorithm with pre-configured fixed weights for each priority queue. The problem is that the intensity of traffic in general and of each packet class occasionally changes. Therefore, in this work, we suggest using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to find the optimal weights for the weighted fair round-robin algorithm (WFRR) by considering the variable densities of the traffic. This work presents a framework to simulate router operations by determining the weights and schedule packets and forwarding them. The proposed algorithm to optimize the weights is compared with the conventional WFRR algorithm, and the results show that the particle swarm optimization for the weighted round-robin algorithm is more efficient than WFRR, especially in high-intensity traffic. Moreover, the average packet-loss ratio does not exceed 7%, and the proposed algorithms are better than the conventional CBWRR algorithm and the related work results.

This paper explores the Integration of Blockchain technology and WebSocket protocol to implement E-government system. Blockchain is used to record the correspondence between users and the government while WebSocket is used for the communication among the distributed nodes of the blockchain network. This system leverages the inherent security and transparency of blockchain in addition to the real-time communication capabilities of WebSocket, which elevate the performance of the delivered services by the government. In this paper, the users can submit transactions and track it in a way that allows them to follow up on all actions taken on their transactions. Information and transaction of the framework are stored in MongoDB system to be retrieved when it is needed. Also, previous transactions can be verified using Merkle tree. The whole Through a comprehensive analysis and implementation, this paper highlights the potential benefits of the framework. The system has been tested considering various factors related to end-user perception, such as transaction request, latency, and throughput. Additionally, practical use cases are discussed to successful adoption of the proposed framework, The proposed system ensures the active participation of all the nodes in the system without making an individual decision in favor of a particular node or the interest of the citizen.

One of the major capabilities of blockchain technology is the sharing of data in verifiable ways without losing control of information possession. Issuing and verifying student certifications for higher study applications or job recruitment require many steps that take days to complete and are considered time-consuming. Most universities around the world use centralized systems to control the entire procedure when a graduate applies for a job or postgraduate studies. Applying blockchain technology to certificate verification protocols through a comprehensive architecture provides authenticity and reduces time significantly. In this paper, a framework has been proposed to issue student certifications locally in addition to sharing them across the internet while maintaining control and ownership of the certifications. This framework leverages the advantages of blockchain technology to electronic certification sharing and verification. Applying the proposed blockchain-based certification system in universities will provide low latency for issuing, sharing, and verification of these certifications. The paper presents the proposed blockchain-based framework for e-certification sharing and an evaluation of the framework, which consists of measuring the average time to issue a certificate and transaction latency time.

Blockchain technology introduces a new approach to storing information, implementing tasks and functions, and building trust between participating nodes. Although blockchain technology has received extensive attention in various application contexts in recent years, the issue of privacy and security remains the primary focus of discussions of the blockchain. The use of hash algorithms can provide secure blockchain integration, and many hash algorithms offer solutions to data integrity and security problems within the context of blockchain technology. However, they are also subject to problems related to time, lack of resources, and memory usage. In this research, an algorithm is proposed to generate a hash based on chaos theory (1D and 2D) logistic maps and the new Merkle-Damgård construction. Hash outputs are tested in terms of time, complexity, and collision. The proposed algorithm is evaluated according to Jaccard similarity and various coefficient measurements, and it was found that the similarity between the inputs and the outputs does not exceed 0.1932 percent. All outcomes indicated successful performance. The proposed algorithm was implemented on a blockchain-based transaction flow system, consumed fewer resources than other hash algorithms (such as SHA1, SHA2, and MD5), and requires mere milliseconds to implement.

In this paper, an authenticate live 3D point cloud video streaming system is presented, using a low cost 3D sensor camera, the Microsoft Kinect. The proposed system is implemented on a client-server network infrastructure. The live 3D video is captured from the Kinect RGB-D sensor, then a 3D point cloud is generated and processed. Filtering and compression are used to handle the spatial and temporal redundancies. A color histogram based conditional filter is designed to reduce the color information for each frame based on the mean and standard deviation. In addition to the designed filter, a statistical outlier removal filter is used. A certificate-based authentication is used where the client will verify the identity of the server during the handshake process. The processed 3D point cloud video is live streamed over a TCP/IP protocol to the client. The system is evaluated in terms of: compression ratio, total bytes per points, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity (SSIM) index. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed video streaming system have a best case with SSIM 0.859, PSNR of 26.6 dB and with average compression ratio of 8.42 while the best average compression ratio case is about 15.43 with PSNR 18.5128 dB of and SSIM 0.7936.