Interactions and achieve manifold developments. The purpose of thestudy was to explore the development of social intelligence duringuniversity years among University students. The study was delimited tofour year under graduate programs Bachelor of Science (BS) students ofUniversity of Sargodha. The cross-sectional study includes the studentsof BS programs 1st semester and 7th semester. Using multi-stagesampling technique, 560 students in total from seven department of theuniversity were selected as the sample. Tromso Social Intelligence Scale(TSIS) with reliability coefficient (Cronbach Alpha) 0.75 was used. Itwas found that overall the development of social intelligence duringuniversity years was at good rate and statistically significant. The urbanand rural backgrounds students and boarder and day scholar studentsreported equal level of social intelligence; whereas male studentsreported higher level of social intelligence than the female students. It isrecommended that the universities may arrange seminars and groupdiscussion to provide social interaction to students. Universityadministration and teachers may arrange co-curricular activities andother social gatherings at inter-departmental and inter-university level.

The current study explored the link of parental punishment with academic achievement of secondary school students. The sample size of 400 students (200 male and 200 female) was conveniently selected from both the private and the public secondary schools of tehsil Sargodha. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Major findings included that the majority of the students were physically punished. Whereas, some students were psychologically and emotionally punished by their parents. The results showed that parental punishment causes low academic achievement among students. The current study recommended that parents should not punish their children as it ultimately lowers their academic performance outcomes. This practice of parental punishment may be discouraged by guiding the parents in parent-teacher meetings.

The study aimed at finding the impact of school Head teachers’ budget management competencies, utilization priorities and relationship with school performance. The objectives of the study were; (i) to identify the budget management competencies among Head Teachers of secondary schools, (ii) to explore the priorities of head teachers regarding the utilization of Budget in secondary schools and (iii) to find out the relationship of secondary schools Head teacher’s budget management competency on school performance. The population consisted of 431 head teachers (202 male & 229 female) working in secondary schools of district Sargodha. All 352 head teachers were taken as sample. Two research instruments i.e., questionnaires for head teachers on a five-point rating scale and a checklist on three points were developed. The reliability coefficient Chronback Alpha value was .904. The major findings of the study were; Majority of Headteachers were good enough in budget management competencies and there was a positive and moderate correlation between the financial competencies of head teachers and their school performance. It is recommended that a committee of senior Head Teachers may be notified by the competent authorities for guidelines on financial issues.

In the present study, we examined the relationship between parental control and secondary level students’ attitude towards studies. The population of the study was the male and female Secondary level students and their parents of all the boys’ and girls’ government secondary schools of Tehsil Sargodha. A sample of 150 students of the10th class and their parents were selected on an availability basis from the randomly selected 30 secondary schools including 10 Boys and 20 Girls schools. Two self-developed research instruments including one for parents’ control and the other for students’ attitude were used. To analyse the data, statistical calculations including frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation were used. The findings showed that the parents with more public dealing professions tend towards the strict and highly strict level of parental control and there exist a positive and moderate relationship between parental control and students’ attitude towards studies. The study recommends that parent teacher regular meetings may be organized for parents ‘awareness to adopt better control strategy.

Teaching is not a simple job; many elements increase the level of stress in teachers. Teachers use different stress-coping strategies to focus on teaching tasks. The study was conducted to analyze the occupational stress of female primary ‎school teachers and their coping strategies. The objectives were to (i) investigate the stress level and major occupational stressors among female primary school teachers and (ii) explore coping strategies for female primary teachers' stresses. All the female primary school teachers serving in the 630 primary schools of Tehsil Sargodha were the population, out of which 50% (315) female primary schools were selected randomly, and one teacher from each school was conveniently selected. Two self-developed rating scales with reliability coefficient values of 0.85 and 0.79 were research instruments. The data analysis was carried out using percentages, frequency, t-tests, and ANOVA. Results revealed that all female primary school teachers were highly stressed and adopted coping strategies in order to encounter stress. The recommendation is that head teachers should support teachers in school affairs and involve them in decision-making.

Digital learning is essential for everyone in this digital world, and specifically for the growth of students. This quantitative research aimed to find out the comparative analysis of digital learning practices in private and public schools. The population of this study was 8th-class students in public and private schools of Sargodha city to explore the digital learning practices. Through a random sampling technique, the 580 students from private and public schools of Sargodha were included in the sample for the study. A rating scale was designed through an extensive literature review to assess the digital learning practices and validated by experts, then pilot tested on 50 students. The value of Cronbach's Alpha of the rating scale was .94. The Data was analysed through descriptive statistics. It was concluded that the majority of students used digital learning practices. The private school students use digital practices and tools for learning as compared to students in public schools. It is recommended that for public school teachers, the school education department may arrange teacher training, integrating advanced digital tools, promoting multimedia and collaboration platforms, ensuring timely digital feedback, and providing equal access to technology for all.