Mercury (Hg) has been identified as one of the most toxic nonradioactive materials known to man. Although mercury is a naturally occurring element, anthropogenic mercury is now a major worldwide concern and is an international priority toxic pollutant. It also comprises one of the primary constituents of dental amalgam fillings. Even though dental mercury amalgams have been used for almost two centuries, its safety has never been tested or proven in the United States by any regulatory agency. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the safety of its use since 1845, and many studies conclude that its use exposes patients to troublesome toxicity. In this review, we present in an objective way the danger of dental amalgam to human health based on current knowledge. This dilemma is addressed in terms of an integrated toxicological approach by focusing on four mayor issues to show how these interrelate to create the whole picture: (1) the irrefutable constant release of mercury vapor from dental amalgams which is responsible for individual chronic exposure, (2) the evidence of organic mercury formation from dental amalgam in the oral cavity, (3) the effect of mercury exposure on gene regulation in human cells which supports the intrinsic genetic susceptibility to toxicant and, finally, (4) the availability of recent epidemiological data supporting the link of dental amalgams to diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson.

Warfarin is one of the most used oral anticoagulants, even after the arrival of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Warfarin has been implicated in approximately one-third of emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events among older adults in national U.S. data. Warfarin dose has been shown to vary between patients with up to 10 times the standard dose. This variability is due to multiple factors such as age, gender, diet, body size, co-medications, and the genetic background of the patient, where the genetic background accounts for 50% of warfarin dose variability among Europeans. Sadly, these findings do not apply to Caribbean Hispanic populations such as Puerto Ricans due to them having an admixed genetic profile. In the field of pharmacogenomics (PGx), the utility of machine learning (ML) has been used to predict individual drug responses by analyzing complex genetic and clinical data, which helps personalize medicine by tailoring treatments to a patient’s genetic makeup. Inclusion of ethno-specific variants has demonstrated improvement on the application of ML to a specific population. This study compares eight ML methods to predict warfarin sensitivity in Puerto Rican Caribbean Hispanics. This study is a secondary analysis of genetic and clinical data from 217 Puerto Rican patients treated with warfarin for thromboembolic disorders. After quality control filtering and exclusion of participant records with incomplete genetic and clinical data, 146 participants are retained for analysis. Data are divided into 65% and 35% to be used as training and test sets. Model performance is determined by comparing the precision and accuracy metrics, computed through the corresponding confusion matrixes. A gradient boosting classifier (GDB) achieves the highest overall accuracy (0.7500) and weighted precision of (0.7642); however, sensitivity for detecting warfarin-sensitive patients remains low. Feature importance analysis suggests that rs202201137 could contribute to model predictions, although overall detection of warfarin-sensitive individuals remains limited.