Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are considered to have higher energy efficiency and advantages to better control CO₂ emissions compared to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). However, in the context that a large amount of thermal power is still used in developing countries, the CO₂ emission reduction effectiveness of BEVs can be weakened or even counterproductive. To reveal the impact of the electricity generation mix on carbon emissions from vehicles, this paper compares the life cycle carbon emissions of BEVs with ICEVs considering the regional disparity of electricity generation mix in China. According to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis and regional electricity carbon intensity, this study demonstrates that BEVs in the region with high penetration of thermal power produce more CO₂ emissions, while BEVs in the region with higher penetration of renewable energy have better environmental performance in carbon emission reduction. For instance, in the region with over 50% penetration of renewable energy, a BEV can reduce more CO₂ (18.32 t) compared to an ICEV. Therefore, the regions with high carbon emissions from vehicles need to increase the proportion of renewable generation as a priority rather than promoting BEVs.

In this paper we investigated SF ₆ decomposition behaviour of typical insulation defects in gas‐solid insulated converter transformer valve‐side bushing under partial discharge (PD). Additionally, we compared the results with that of gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The results indicated that SF ₆ decomposition behaviour varies with the insulation defects type. For metal protrusion defects, the proportion ranking of CO ₂ and SO ₂ can be related to whether the needle tip is wrapped with epoxy resin‐impregnated paper (ERIP). The proportion of carbon‐containing products is much higher under contamination defect than under other defects. Moreover, the proportion of carbon‐containing components is higher under flashover condition than under PD condition and is accompanied by the appearance of H ₂ S and CS ₂ . However, the yield of SO ₂ F ₂ is always low. Compared to negative DC voltages, positive DC voltages have a higher proportion of carbon‐containing components, mainly in the form of more CO ₂ and less SOF ₂ . Compared to the PD decomposition behaviour of typical insulation defects in GIS, when PD involves ERIP, the proportion of carbon‐containing products, especially CO ₂ , is significant higher, while the proportion of sulphur containing products, especially SO ₂ F ₂ , is lower.

Various developing countries have been promoting public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects in recent years. Energy infrastructure project construction, which needs substantial capital investments, is a cornerstone of and supports economic development. A PPP-based energy infrastructure project is beneficial for alleviating developing countries' financial burden and for facilitating the diversified development of the energy market. Therefore, to increase government income and reduce infrastructure project costs, the PPP energy project construction model attracts considerable attention of various industries, especially in developing countries. For example, as gross domestic product (GDP) growth decelerates and the government debt ratio rapidly increases, many Chinese provinces and cities face financial obstacles to economic development; therefore the Chinese government has issued a series of PPP-based energy policies. However, a number of risk factors associated with PPP projects, and conflicting interests between governments and private investors, have resulted in project failure. This study analyzes the development of PPP in China from the economic and industrial development perspective. It combines the latest PPP energy policies of China to solve problems that stem from the main risk factors involved in constructing and operating PPP energy projects. This research also provides game analysis for achieving maximum benefits as the government and private investor have conflicting interests.

Optimisation of reserve purchased in advance becomes increasingly essential to hedge against the growing level of power unbalance brought by the integration of large‐scale wind power. Moreover, due to the centralised integration mode of wind farms, cross‐region reserve sharing strategy becomes quite imperative. Therefore, this study presents a dynamic reserve demand estimation (DRDE) model, which synthetically considers N − 1 contingency along with load and wind forecast error. In the proposed approach, historical data is rearranged by a two‐dimensional binning technique and fitted by the versatile probability distribution model, which assisting the model reacts to different prediction level in each dispatch period dynamically. Furthermore, a cost‐effectivity oriented reserve allocation strategy for the multi‐area system is developed based on the DRDE model. The efficiency of the proposed method is tested in both 6‐bus test system and IEEE 118‐bus test system. The results show that, whether in the scenario of self‐sufficient reserve supplying or cross‐region reserve sharing strategy, the proposed estimation model effectively reduces the expectation of both load shedding and wind curtailment. Moreover, the proposed strategy improves the economy of system operation on the premise of ensuring system reliability.

Energy infrastructure construction is a top priority and focus for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and this drives dramatical demand for significant energy consumption growth and investment funds in BRI countries. In response, the concept of a regional power grid of an industrial park (RPGIP) has emerged as a new energy infrastructure, where the industrial power supply, load, and grid are integrated to form a balanced and independent regional power grid. Moreover, dramatically increased market competition on the retail side of the electricity market challenges developing countries striving to achieve sustainable development of power retailers. This paper proposes that power retailers transform into energy saving companies (ESCOs) to participate in the electricity management of an RPGIP. By using a financing scheme realized by asset securitization, power retailers can smoothly participate in the construction and operation of a power system of BRI that contributes to accelerating energy infrastructure construction, the electricity management of the RPGIP, and sustainable development of power retailers in BRI countries. Furthermore, this study provides a game analysis for achieving maximum benefits of power retailers and industrial consumers in the implementation of the financing scheme.