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Prof. Dr. Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román
Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 31 July 2021 in Nutrients
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The purpose of this cross-cultural study was to determine the association between the sociodemographic background of a child’s parents (i.e., their socioeconomic level, marital status, and educational level) with the child’s lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet (MD), physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST)), and health markers. Material: This cross-sectional study included 1273 children, from Chile (n = 496), Colombia (n = 340), and Spain (n = 437). The sociodemographic information together with the lifestyle and health markers of the children were measured. There was an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level for the parents of Chilean children and handgrip strength (β −0.61, p< 0.001); meanwhile, for Spanish children, an inverse association between a low or medium-low socioeconomic level and PA after school (β −0.58, p = 0.016), lifestyle (β −0.74, p = 0.015), and with MD adherence (β −0.86, p = 0.004) was found. The risk (i.e., by odd ratios (OR)) of being divorced/separated parents marital status showed an inverse association with abdominal obesity (OR 0.21, p = 0.045) in Spanish children; however, the parent’s marital status and a low educational level were risk factors for the suffering of a low nutritional level in Colombian children (OR 2.02, p = 0.048; OR 2.49, p< 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, a low educational level for parents reported for Chilean children had a positive association with ST of ≥4 h per day (OR 1.82, p = 0.020). In conclusion, in Spanish-speaking children, the lifestyle and health markers of the children are affected by the sociodemographic background of their parents; however, these effects could be moderated by the socio-cultural and economic status of their countries as members of the OCDE; therefore, it is essential to develop policies that decrease these gaps, so that children who are under-resourced can reach their full potential.

ACS Style

Cristian Álvarez; Iris Guzmán-Guzmán; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; Constanza Palomino-Devia; Felipe Reyes-Oyola; Lorena Paredes-Arévalo; Marlys Leal-Oyarzún; Isabel Obando-Calderón; Mauricio Cresp-Barria; Claudia Machuca-Barria; Sebastián Peña-Troncoso; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Pedro Delgado-Floody. Association between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents with Health-Related and Lifestyle Markers of Children in Three Different Spanish-Speaking Countries: An Inter-Continental Study at OECD Country Level. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2672 .

AMA Style

Cristian Álvarez, Iris Guzmán-Guzmán, Pedro Latorre-Román, Juan Párraga-Montilla, Constanza Palomino-Devia, Felipe Reyes-Oyola, Lorena Paredes-Arévalo, Marlys Leal-Oyarzún, Isabel Obando-Calderón, Mauricio Cresp-Barria, Claudia Machuca-Barria, Sebastián Peña-Troncoso, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Pedro Delgado-Floody. Association between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents with Health-Related and Lifestyle Markers of Children in Three Different Spanish-Speaking Countries: An Inter-Continental Study at OECD Country Level. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (8):2672.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristian Álvarez; Iris Guzmán-Guzmán; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; Constanza Palomino-Devia; Felipe Reyes-Oyola; Lorena Paredes-Arévalo; Marlys Leal-Oyarzún; Isabel Obando-Calderón; Mauricio Cresp-Barria; Claudia Machuca-Barria; Sebastián Peña-Troncoso; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Pedro Delgado-Floody. 2021. "Association between the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Parents with Health-Related and Lifestyle Markers of Children in Three Different Spanish-Speaking Countries: An Inter-Continental Study at OECD Country Level." Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2672.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The necessity of improve the life quality in elderly people is well-known. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of physical and cognitive training programs, as well as their combination on the cognitive functions and physical capacities in women over 80 years old. Methods: Forty-three women took part in this study (80.86 ± 5.03 years). They were divided into four groups (three experimental groups and one control group). Experimental group 1 performed cognitive training. Experimental group 2 did physical–cognitive training, and Experimental Group 3 accomplished physical training. All of training programs had duration of eight weeks (five sessions of 60 min per week). We measured cognitive variables with the Stroop test, D2 test, and Trail Making test. Physical variables were measured with handgrip strength, Minute Step Test, and visual–acoustic reaction time. Results. Control group reduces his physical and cognitive capacities, while the three experimental groups increase these capacities. We found a strong correlation between the increase of physical and cognitive capacities. Conclusion: Eight weeks of training physical, cognitive or mixed, increased physical and cognitive functions of elderly people which may reduce the negative effects of the aging process.

ACS Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla; Agustín Aibar-Almazán; José Cabrera-Linares; Emilio Lozano-Aguilera; Víctor Serrano Huete; María Escarabajal Arrieta; Pedro Latorre-Román. A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol to Test the Efficacy of a Dual-Task Multicomponent Exercise Program vs. a Simple Program on Cognitive and Fitness Performance in Elderly People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6507 .

AMA Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla, Agustín Aibar-Almazán, José Cabrera-Linares, Emilio Lozano-Aguilera, Víctor Serrano Huete, María Escarabajal Arrieta, Pedro Latorre-Román. A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol to Test the Efficacy of a Dual-Task Multicomponent Exercise Program vs. a Simple Program on Cognitive and Fitness Performance in Elderly People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla; Agustín Aibar-Almazán; José Cabrera-Linares; Emilio Lozano-Aguilera; Víctor Serrano Huete; María Escarabajal Arrieta; Pedro Latorre-Román. 2021. "A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol to Test the Efficacy of a Dual-Task Multicomponent Exercise Program vs. a Simple Program on Cognitive and Fitness Performance in Elderly People." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6507.

Research article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Research in Sports Medicine
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The main purpose of the present study was to determine the association of physical activity (PA) patterns prior to COVID-19 confinement with severe respiratory distress consistent with COVID-19 symptoms. Participants were recruited by sending a survey through various social network channels via the snowball method. A voluntary sample of 420 individuals consisting of 199 men and 221 women from the Spanish national territory participated in this study. Some factors, such as being overweight and obese were related to the presence of a greater number of symptoms associated with COVID-19. Interestingly, it was observed that not performing moderate or vigorous PA increased the risk of COVID-19 symptoms. Consequently, when the effect of the practise of PA was evaluated in terms of the number of practises per week and in minutes per practise per week, a protective effect was observed, where moderate PA >150 min per week reported an inverse association with hospitalization for respiratory symptoms (RR: 95%CI: 0.24, 0.05–1.04, P = 0.05). Likewise, overweight (RR: 16.3, 95%CI: 1.93–137.9, P = 0.01), obesity (RR: 19.1, 95%CI: 1.63–222.5, P = 0.019) and non-performance of moderate PA (RR: 4.12, 95%CI; 0.95–17.76, P = 0.05) reported positive associations with hospitalization for respiratory symptoms. Thus, the practise of moderate PA (>150 min per week) is a protective factor against hospitalization for respiratory symptoms consistent with COVID-19 symptoms.

ACS Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán; Pedro Delgado-Floody; Julio Herrador Sanchez; Jerónimo Aragón-Vela; Felipe García Pinillos; Juan A. Párraga Montilla. Protective role of physical activity patterns prior to COVID-19 confinement with the severity/duration of respiratory pathologies consistent with COVID-19 symptoms in Spanish populations. Research in Sports Medicine 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, Pedro Delgado-Floody, Julio Herrador Sanchez, Jerónimo Aragón-Vela, Felipe García Pinillos, Juan A. Párraga Montilla. Protective role of physical activity patterns prior to COVID-19 confinement with the severity/duration of respiratory pathologies consistent with COVID-19 symptoms in Spanish populations. Research in Sports Medicine. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán; Pedro Delgado-Floody; Julio Herrador Sanchez; Jerónimo Aragón-Vela; Felipe García Pinillos; Juan A. Párraga Montilla. 2021. "Protective role of physical activity patterns prior to COVID-19 confinement with the severity/duration of respiratory pathologies consistent with COVID-19 symptoms in Spanish populations." Research in Sports Medicine , no. : 1-12.

Research article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Psychology, Health & Medicine
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A healthy lifestyle, including food habits, physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST), is an important factor for well-being. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between lifestyle (i.e., PA, ST and food habits), self-esteem and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A second objective was to determine the association between self-esteem with HRQoL, considering the mediating effect of lifestyle. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed, involving both girls (n = 282, 11.86 ± 0.82 years) and boys (n = 352, 12.02 ± 0.87 years). Lifestyle, self-esteem, HRQoL and anthropometrics parameters were evaluated. The study reported that self-esteem (β; 0.04, P = 0.49) and PA (β; 1.15, P < 0.001) had positive association with HRQoL. By contrast,ST was linked in an inverse way to HRQoL (β; −1.82,, P < 0.001). According to the second objective, self-esteem had a significant association with HRQoL (total effect = 0.48, p < 0.01), and ST mediated this association negatively, instead, PA and food habits positively mediated this association. In conclusion, self-esteem presented association with HRQoL and lifestyle mediates this relationship positively (PA, MD adherence) and negatively (ST). Therefore, promoting healthy lifestyle among children should be a target of community- and school-based interventions to promote well-being.

ACS Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedroángel Latorre-Román; Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán; Juan Párraga Montilla; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Pedro Delgado-Floody. Lifestyle mediates the relationship between self-esteem and health-related quality of life in Chilean schoolchildren. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Pedroángel Latorre-Román, Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, Juan Párraga Montilla, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Pedro Delgado-Floody. Lifestyle mediates the relationship between self-esteem and health-related quality of life in Chilean schoolchildren. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedroángel Latorre-Román; Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán; Juan Párraga Montilla; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Pedro Delgado-Floody. 2021. "Lifestyle mediates the relationship between self-esteem and health-related quality of life in Chilean schoolchildren." Psychology, Health & Medicine , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2021 in Nutrients
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The objective was to investigate the association between creativity and memory with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., CFR classification and V˙O2max); lifestyle parameters (i.e., physical activity (PA), sleep duration, screen time (ST), and food habits); and anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) among Chilean schoolchildren. A total of 248 schoolchildren (137 boys, 111 girls, 11.80 ± 1.17 and 11.58 ± 1.09 years, respectively) participated in the cross-sectional study. Creativity, memory, concentration, and selective attention and lifestyle (PA, ST, sleep duration, and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence) were measured using a standard questionnaire. CRF (measured by the 20 m shuttle run test and expressed as maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and anthropometric measures (BMI and WC) were also included. Creativity showed a positive association with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (β; 0.209, 95% CI; 0.02–0.40, p = p< 0.05) and MD Adherence (score) (β; 0.206, 95% CI; 0.01; 0.74, p = p< 0.05). Long-term memory reported a positive association with CRF (β; 1.076, 95% CI; 0.02–2.13, p = p< 0.05). An increase in CRF levels, together with healthy food habits and normal nutritional status, should be a target for community- and school-based interventions to promote cognitive development in creativity and memory among schoolchildren.

ACS Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; Cristian Álvarez; Pedro Delgado-Floody. Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1799 .

AMA Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Pedro Latorre-Román, Juan Párraga-Montilla, Cristian Álvarez, Pedro Delgado-Floody. Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (6):1799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; Cristian Álvarez; Pedro Delgado-Floody. 2021. "Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren." Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1799.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze which gait variables are the best for detecting cognitive impairment and to determine if age and gender can influence gait variations in older people. Methods: 65 participants took part in this study (22 men and 43 women; age: 73.88 ± 9.56 years). We use the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Gait speed (GS) and the complex gait test (CGT) were analyzed with photocells Witty (Microgate, Italia). The OptoGait system (Microgate, Italia) was used to analyze step length (SL) and step coefficient of variation (CV sl). Results: There was a significant association between MoCA and SL (r = 0.420; p = 0.002), CV sl (r = −0.591; p < 0.001), and CGT (r = −0.406; p = 0.001). Instrumental activities of daily living showed significant association with SL (r = 0.563; p < 0.001); CV sl (r = −0.762; p < 0.001), CGT (r = −0.622; p < 0.001), and GS (r = 0.418; p < 0.001). CV sl showed the best results with MoCA when linear regression analysis was applied (R2 = 0.560; p = 0.007; Y = 23.669 − 0.320x). Participants older than 79 years showed lower MoCA scores and poorer gait parameters than people younger than 79 years. Conclusions: CV sl, SL, CGT, and GS make it possible to detect MCI in older people, especially when these variables are evaluated as a whole.

ACS Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Juan Carmona-Torres; José Laredo-Aguilera; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Pedro Latorre-Román. Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3428 .

AMA Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla, Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Juan Carmona-Torres, José Laredo-Aguilera, Ana Cobo-Cuenca, Pedro Latorre-Román. Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (7):3428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Párraga-Montilla; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Juan Carmona-Torres; José Laredo-Aguilera; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Pedro Latorre-Román. 2021. "Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3428.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to determine the influence of arch stiffness on running spatiotemporal parameters at a common speed for a wide range of endurance runners (i.e., 12 km·h−1). In total, 97 runners, 52 men and 45 women, completed a treadmill running protocol at 12 km·h−1. Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system, and foot structure was assessed by determining arch stiffness. Since between-sex differences were found in anthropometric and foot structure variables, data analysis was conducted separately for men and women, and body mass and height were considered as covariates. For both sexes, a k-means cluster analysis grouped participants according to arch stiffness, by obtaining a group of low-arch stiffness (LAS group) and a group of high-arch stiffness (HAS group), with significant differences in arch stiffness (p < 0.001, for both men and women). No significant differences between LAS and HAS groups were found in running spatiotemporal parameters, regardless of sex (p ≥ 0.05). For both sexes, the partial correlation analysis reported no significant correlations (p ≥ 0.05) between foot structure variables and running spatiotemporal parameters. The results obtained show no differences in spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running at submaximal velocity between runners with low-arch stiffness and those with high-arch stiffness, regardless of sex. These findings may have important implications for clinicians and coaches by adding more evidence to the debate about the use of static foot classification measures when characterizing the foot and its biomechanics during running.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Latorre-Román; Carles Escalona-Marfil; Víctor Soto-Hermoso; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Silvia Pueyo-Villa; Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz; Luis Roche-Seruendo. Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2437 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Pedro Latorre-Román, Carles Escalona-Marfil, Víctor Soto-Hermoso, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Silvia Pueyo-Villa, Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz, Luis Roche-Seruendo. Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (5):2437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Latorre-Román; Carles Escalona-Marfil; Víctor Soto-Hermoso; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Silvia Pueyo-Villa; Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz; Luis Roche-Seruendo. 2021. "Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2437.

Systematic review
Published: 11 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In this work we aimed to perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials within an aging population that investigated the general impacts of a resistance training (RT) protocol on key outcome measures relating to gait and/or balance. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines, two electronic databases (PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for randomized controlled trials that measured at least one key outcome measure focusing on gait and/or balance in older adults. 3794 studies were identified, and after duplicates were removed, 1913 studies remained. 1886 records were removed due to the abstract not meeting the inclusion criteria. 28 full-text articles were assessed further, and 20 of the articles were identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion. The remaining 20 studies were assessed for quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale; 12 studies remained and were included in this systematic review. Our review suggests that RT has a positive effect on both gait and balance in an elderly population. RT improves gait, specifically straight-line walking speed in older adults. RT is an adequate training method to improve balance in an aging population. Improvements in strength, attributed to RT, may allow for greater autonomy and independence to carry out activities of daily living as we age.

ACS Style

Christopher J. Keating; José Carlos Cabrera-Linares; Juan A. Párraga-Montilla; Pedro A. Latorre-Román; Rafael Moreno del Castillo; Felipe García-Pinillos. Influence of Resistance Training on Gait & Balance Parameters in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1759 .

AMA Style

Christopher J. Keating, José Carlos Cabrera-Linares, Juan A. Párraga-Montilla, Pedro A. Latorre-Román, Rafael Moreno del Castillo, Felipe García-Pinillos. Influence of Resistance Training on Gait & Balance Parameters in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher J. Keating; José Carlos Cabrera-Linares; Juan A. Párraga-Montilla; Pedro A. Latorre-Román; Rafael Moreno del Castillo; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2021. "Influence of Resistance Training on Gait & Balance Parameters in Older Adults: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1759.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Journal of Sensors
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The study of fatigue during training is becoming a very useful tool to avoid possible injuries not only during the training sessions but also during recovery time. Many researches have proved that concepts such as muscular fatigue and postactivation potentiation have a close relationship. With this aim, vertical jump can provide a very important information that can help to analyze the muscular fatigue that happened during this type of activity, mainly if the monitoring system is able to measure jumping parameters during their regular training session in their natural training environment. This study was performed with instrumented insoles called ECnsole. These insoles were tested with a group of twelve volunteers. In a tumbling surface, the participants performed a jumping protocol in three conditions: rest, fatigue-induced, and recovery. Using these validated insoles, the acrobatic gymnasts showed an inability to use the stretch-shortening cycle for improving vertical jumping performance after fatigue condition, although no deterioration of jump performance was found.

ACS Style

Fernando Martínez-Martí; Pedro A. Latorre-Román; María Sofía Martínez-García; Victor M. Soto-Hermoso; Miguel A. Carvajal; Jesús López-Bedoya; Alberto J. Palma. Acute Effects of Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump Performance in Acrobatic Gymnasts, Evaluated by Instrumented Insoles: A Pilot Study. Journal of Sensors 2021, 2021, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Fernando Martínez-Martí, Pedro A. Latorre-Román, María Sofía Martínez-García, Victor M. Soto-Hermoso, Miguel A. Carvajal, Jesús López-Bedoya, Alberto J. Palma. Acute Effects of Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump Performance in Acrobatic Gymnasts, Evaluated by Instrumented Insoles: A Pilot Study. Journal of Sensors. 2021; 2021 ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Martínez-Martí; Pedro A. Latorre-Román; María Sofía Martínez-García; Victor M. Soto-Hermoso; Miguel A. Carvajal; Jesús López-Bedoya; Alberto J. Palma. 2021. "Acute Effects of Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump Performance in Acrobatic Gymnasts, Evaluated by Instrumented Insoles: A Pilot Study." Journal of Sensors 2021, no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The promotion of Physical Activity (PA) is an important public health goal to reduce comorbidity and diseases associated with aging such as anxiety and depression. Aim: To investigate the association between level of PA, mental health and the consumption of medications among a representative cohort of Spanish pre-elderly people. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 5977 participants aged 50 to 64 years who participated in the National Health Survey in Spain 2017. The levels of PA were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the mental conditions were measured by the Goldberg Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). The chi-square test was used for qualitative variables; Pearson’s correlation was conducted between GHQ-12 score with different quantitative variables; and a logistic regression was used to determine the association between PA and mental health with the sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The participants were 51.9% women and 48.1% men with a mean age of 56.79 years, and 35.5% of participants had a low level of PA. A low level of PA was associated with cases of mental health vulnerability, anxiety and depression (in women), the consumption of more medications and greater multimorbidity. Conclusion: It is important that people reach old age with an optimal health status in order to reduce age-related disability and morbidity. More than a third of the Spanish pre-elderly do not reach the levels of PA recommended by the WHO. People who had low level of PA consumed more medications and had higher mental health vulnerability and greater multimorbidity.

ACS Style

Juan Carmona-Torres; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; José Laredo-Aguilera. Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1100 .

AMA Style

Juan Carmona-Torres, Ana Cobo-Cuenca, Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Pedro Latorre-Román, Juan Párraga-Montilla, José Laredo-Aguilera. Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3):1100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Carmona-Torres; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Pedro Latorre-Román; Juan Párraga-Montilla; José Laredo-Aguilera. 2021. "Physical Activity, Mental Health and Consumption of Medications in Pre-elderly People: The National Health Survey 2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1100.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Journal of Sports Sciences
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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 10-week active recess programme in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in children. A total of 114 children (age range = 8–12 years old, 47.3% girls) participated in this study. The students were randomly assigned to two groups, experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG performed a programme of physical exercise at moderate to vigorous intensity with cognitive engagement for 10 weeks, three times a week. Physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity, and cognitive flexibility were tested. Non-significant differences were found in physical fitness (both pre-test and post-test) between groups. The EG experienced significant improvements in all school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility (TMT test). In addition, the EG showed greater increase (p<0.05) than the CG in all variables of school aptitudes (p<0.01), creativity (p<0.001) and cognitive flexibility (p<0.05). Significant correlation between ∆ TMT-B and ∆ VO2max (r=-0.289, p=0.031) was found. In conclusion, active recess based on high intensity training can be a proper tool to improve some cognitive skills, such as school aptitudes, creativity, and cognitive flexibility.

ACS Style

Latorre-Román Pedro Ángel; Berrios-Aguayo Beatriz; Aragón-Vela Jerónimo; Pantoja-Vallejo Antonio. Effects of a 10-week active recess program in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in elementary school children. A randomised-controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences 2021, 39, 1277 -1286.

AMA Style

Latorre-Román Pedro Ángel, Berrios-Aguayo Beatriz, Aragón-Vela Jerónimo, Pantoja-Vallejo Antonio. Effects of a 10-week active recess program in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in elementary school children. A randomised-controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2021; 39 (11):1277-1286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Latorre-Román Pedro Ángel; Berrios-Aguayo Beatriz; Aragón-Vela Jerónimo; Pantoja-Vallejo Antonio. 2021. "Effects of a 10-week active recess program in school setting on physical fitness, school aptitudes, creativity and cognitive flexibility in elementary school children. A randomised-controlled trial." Journal of Sports Sciences 39, no. 11: 1277-1286.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study determined the strength training (ST) habits of amateur endurance runners in Spain regarding athletic level. A sixteen-item online questionnaire comprised of (i) demographic information, (ii) performance, and (iii) training contents was completed by 1179 athletes. Five group levels were determined according to the personal best times of the athletes in a 10-km trial (LG1: level group 1, 50–55 min; LG2: level group 2, 45–50 min; LG3: level group 3, 40–45 min; LG4: level group 4, 35–40 min; LG5: level group 5, 30–35 min). Most athletes (n = 735, 62.3%) perceived ST as being a key component in their training program. Resistance training (RT) was reported as a ST type used by 63.4% of the athletes, 66.9% reported using bodyweight exercises, 46.8% reported using plyometric training, 65.6% reported using uphill runs, and 17.8% reported using resisted runs. The prevalence of runners who excluded ST from their training programs decreased as the athletic performance level increased (18.2% in lower-level athletes vs. 3.0% in higher-level), while the inclusion of RT, bodyweight exercises, plyometric training, and uphill and resisted runs was more frequent within higher-level groups. Most athletes included ST using low-to-moderate loads and high a number of repetitions/sets comprised of RT, plyometric training, resisted runs, and core, respiratory, and foot muscles training.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pascual Bujalance-Moreno; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8184 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Pascual Bujalance-Moreno, Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pascual Bujalance-Moreno; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. 2020. "Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8184.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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Background Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. Objective This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. Methods In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. Results Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (r>0.8; P<.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (r2>0.1). Conclusions The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020, 8, e19498 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Victor Soto Hermoso, Pedro Latorre Román, Pedro Delgado, Cristian Martinez, Antonio Carton, Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020; 8 (10):e19498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. 2020. "Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10: e19498.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Gait & Posture
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The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of ten weeks of different running-retraining programmes on rearfoot strike (RFS) prevalence in adolescents. it is possible to change foot strike pattern in adolescents? A total of 180 children (45.3% girls), aged 13–16 years, participated in this intervention study. The children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (EGs) that each carried out a different retraining programme, based on running technique (n = 38), a 15% increased step frequency (SF) (n = 37) and barefoot training (n = 30), performed for three days each week. A control group (CG) (n = 43) did not perform any retraining. A 2D video-based analysis (240 Hz) was used to determine the RFS. At baseline, no significant differences in RFS prevalence were found between the EGs and the CG in either the left (χ2 = 2.048; p = 0.559) or the right foot (χ2 = 0.898; p = 0.825). In the post-test, no significant differences were found for the left foot (χ2 = 7.102; p = 0.069), but there were significant differences for the right foot (χ2 = 9.239; p = 0.025) were observed. In the re-test, no significant differences were found for either the left foot (χ2 = 2.665; p = 0.273) or the right foot (χ2 = 2.182; p = 0.325). In addition, no group displayed significant changes in RFS prevalence from the pre-test to the re-test. There was a trend towards a reduction in the RFS prevalence in both the increased SF group and the barefoot group. The main finding of this study was that certain running-retraining programmes performed three times per week for ten weeks are not enough to modify the runner’s foot strike pattern (FSP).

ACS Style

Pedro José Consuegra González; Felipe García-Pinillos; David J. Mora López; Antonio José Cardona Linares; Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román. Effects of a 10-week running-retraining programme on the foot strike pattern of adolescents: A longitudinal intervention study. Gait & Posture 2020, 83, 147 -151.

AMA Style

Pedro José Consuegra González, Felipe García-Pinillos, David J. Mora López, Antonio José Cardona Linares, Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla, Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román. Effects of a 10-week running-retraining programme on the foot strike pattern of adolescents: A longitudinal intervention study. Gait & Posture. 2020; 83 ():147-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro José Consuegra González; Felipe García-Pinillos; David J. Mora López; Antonio José Cardona Linares; Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román. 2020. "Effects of a 10-week running-retraining programme on the foot strike pattern of adolescents: A longitudinal intervention study." Gait & Posture 83, no. : 147-151.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Sleep quality (SQ) plays a role in multiple activities of daily living, but little is known about its role in concurrent training [CT, high-intensity interval (HIIT) plus resistance training (RT)] adaptations for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) markers. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a 20-week CT programme on MetS and HRQoL markers according to the SQ of morbidly obese patients. Methods: Twenty-nine morbidly obese patients were allocated to one of two groups: good sleep quality (GSQ, n = 15, 38.07 ± 12.26 years) and poor sleep quality (PSQ, n = 14, 40.79 ± 11.62 years). HRQoL, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SDP and DBP, respectively), and plasma outcomes were measured. Results: The GSQ group reported significant changes (pre- vs. post-intervention) in WC (114.0 ± 3.1 vs. 110.4 ± 3.4 cm, p = 0.012), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (137.0 ± 4.3 vs. 125.6 ± 1.8 mmHg, p = 0.006), and HRQoL general health (51.33 ± 21.08 vs. 64.33 ± 16.24, p = 0.020). By contrast, the PSQ group showed significant changes only in SQ (9.00 ± 2.42 vs. 5.36 ± 2.84, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Morbidly obese PSQ patients showed a lower response for improving MetS and HRQoL markers after a 20-week CT programme than GSQ peers. However, there was a greater effect size for decreasing WC and SBP in favour of the GSQ compared with the PSQ group, suggesting that there are limitations to CT benefits on these outcomes in the PSQ group. These results call for more complex future studies.

ACS Style

Pedro Delgado-Floody; Pedro Latorre-Román; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Johnattan Cano-Montoya; José Laredo-Aguilera; Juan Carmona-Torres; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Cristian Álvarez. Poor Sleep Quality Decreases Concurrent Training Benefits in Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Quality of Life of Morbidly Obese Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6804 .

AMA Style

Pedro Delgado-Floody, Pedro Latorre-Román, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Johnattan Cano-Montoya, José Laredo-Aguilera, Juan Carmona-Torres, Ana Cobo-Cuenca, Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Cristian Álvarez. Poor Sleep Quality Decreases Concurrent Training Benefits in Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Quality of Life of Morbidly Obese Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6804.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Delgado-Floody; Pedro Latorre-Román; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Johnattan Cano-Montoya; José Laredo-Aguilera; Juan Carmona-Torres; Ana Cobo-Cuenca; Diana Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Cristian Álvarez. 2020. "Poor Sleep Quality Decreases Concurrent Training Benefits in Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Quality of Life of Morbidly Obese Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6804.

Research article
Published: 02 August 2020 in Mind, Brain, and Education
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The purpose of this study was to design and validate a complex gait test (CGT) in preschool children and to examine the relationship between CGT performance and age, sex, and cognitive functioning. A total of 1,040 preschool children, aged 3 to 6 years, participated in this study. In all children, standardized dynamic balance test, and several cognitive functioning measures were used. The results indicate that the CGT has adequate reliability and validity. In the test–retest analysis (n = 90), the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.901 (p < .001). A significant correlation between the initial test and retest (r = 0.821, p < .001) and between the CGT and dynamic balance test (r = −0.432, p < .001), Porteus Maze Test (PMT) (r = −0.416, p = .011), and Goodenough‐Harris Drawing Test (GHDT) (r = −0.386, p < .001) was found. Boys showed a better performance than girls at 3–6 years old. The CGT showed excellent reliability and validity in preschool children and may serve as a potential biomarker in cognitive development.

ACS Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre‐Román; Pedro José Consuegra González; Melchor Martínez‐Redondo; Antonio José Cardona Linares; J Salas‐Sánchez; Manuel Lucena Zurita; D. Manjón Pozas; Inmaculada Pérez Jiménez; J. Aragón‐Vela; Felipe García‐Pinillos; Alejandro Robles‐Fuentes; Ja Párraga‐Montilla. Complex Gait in Preschool Children in a Dual‐Task Paradigm Is Related to Sex and Cognitive Functioning: A Cross‐Sectional Study Providing an Innovative Test and Reference Values. Mind, Brain, and Education 2020, 14, 351 -360.

AMA Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre‐Román, Pedro José Consuegra González, Melchor Martínez‐Redondo, Antonio José Cardona Linares, J Salas‐Sánchez, Manuel Lucena Zurita, D. Manjón Pozas, Inmaculada Pérez Jiménez, J. Aragón‐Vela, Felipe García‐Pinillos, Alejandro Robles‐Fuentes, Ja Párraga‐Montilla. Complex Gait in Preschool Children in a Dual‐Task Paradigm Is Related to Sex and Cognitive Functioning: A Cross‐Sectional Study Providing an Innovative Test and Reference Values. Mind, Brain, and Education. 2020; 14 (4):351-360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre‐Román; Pedro José Consuegra González; Melchor Martínez‐Redondo; Antonio José Cardona Linares; J Salas‐Sánchez; Manuel Lucena Zurita; D. Manjón Pozas; Inmaculada Pérez Jiménez; J. Aragón‐Vela; Felipe García‐Pinillos; Alejandro Robles‐Fuentes; Ja Párraga‐Montilla. 2020. "Complex Gait in Preschool Children in a Dual‐Task Paradigm Is Related to Sex and Cognitive Functioning: A Cross‐Sectional Study Providing an Innovative Test and Reference Values." Mind, Brain, and Education 14, no. 4: 351-360.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The association between the changes in lifestyle during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confinement and body weight have not been studied deeply. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine lifestyle changes, such as eating habits and physical activity (PA) patterns, caused by confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze its association with changes in body weight. Seven hundred participants (women, n = 528 and men, n = 172) aged between 18–62 years old of the Chilean national territory participated in the study. Food habits, PA, body weight, and sociodemographic variables were measured through a survey in May and June 2020. The body weight increase presented positive association with the consumption of fried foods ≥ 3 times per week (OR; 3.36, p < 0.001), low water consumption (OR; 1.58, p = 0.03), and sedentary time ≥6 h/day (OR; 1.85, p = 0.01). Conversely, fish consumed (OR; 0.67, p = 0.03), active breaks (OR; 0.72, p = 0.04), and PA ≥ 4 times per week (OR; 0.51, p = 0.001) presented an inverse association with body weight increase. Daily alcohol consumption (OR; 4.77, p = 0.003) was associated with PA decrease. food habits, PA, and active breaks may be protective factors for weight increase during COVID-19 confinement.

ACS Style

Daniela Reyes-Olavarría; Pedro Latorre-Román; Iris Guzmán-Guzmán; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedro Delgado-Floody. Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5431 .

AMA Style

Daniela Reyes-Olavarría, Pedro Latorre-Román, Iris Guzmán-Guzmán, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Pedro Delgado-Floody. Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniela Reyes-Olavarría; Pedro Latorre-Román; Iris Guzmán-Guzmán; Daniel Jerez-Mayorga; Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete; Pedro Delgado-Floody. 2020. "Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5431.

Review
Published: 24 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Neurological dysfunction due to stroke affects not only the extremities and trunk muscles but also the respiratory muscles. Aim: to synthesise the evidence available about the effectiveness of respiratory muscle training (RMT) to improve respiratory function parameters and functional capacity in poststroke patients. Methods: a systematic electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and Web of Science databases, from inception to May 2020. Study selection and data extraction: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of RMT versus non-RMT or sham RMT in poststroke patients. We extracted data about respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity (walking ability, dyspnea, balance, activities of daily life), characteristics of studies and features of RMT interventions (a type of RMT exercise, frequency, intensity and duration). Two reviewers performed study selection and data extraction independently. Results: nineteen RCTs met the study criteria. RMT improved the first second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and walking ability (6 min walking test), but not Barthel index, Berg balance scale, and dyspnea. Conclusions: RMT interventions are effective to improve respiratory function and walking ability in poststroke patients.

ACS Style

Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres; José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Juan Antonio Párraga-Montilla; Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca. Effectiveness of Respiratory Muscle Training for Pulmonary Function and Walking Ability in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5356 .

AMA Style

Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres, José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera, Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Juan Antonio Párraga-Montilla, Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca. Effectiveness of Respiratory Muscle Training for Pulmonary Function and Walking Ability in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa; Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres; José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Juan Antonio Párraga-Montilla; Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca. 2020. "Effectiveness of Respiratory Muscle Training for Pulmonary Function and Walking Ability in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5356.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background. Many studies have shown a relationship between physical functioning and health status in older people. Aim. The purpose of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of physical activity (PA), ability to walk, weight status, self-perceived health, and disease or chronic health problems in people over 65 years from 2009 to 2017, using the European Health Survey in Spain and the National Health Survey in Spain. Methods. This study included 13,049 older people: 6026 (2330 men and 3696 women; age (mean, SD (Standard Deviation)) = 75.61 ± 7.11 years old) in 2009 and 7023 (2850 men and 4173 women; age (mean, SD) = 76.01 ± 7.57 years old) in 2017. Results. In 2017, older people exhibited lower values of moderate PA (p < 0.001), a lower number of hours of walking per week (p < 0.001), and worse self-perceived health status (p < 0.001) compared to 2009. These differences are maintained when comparing the sexes. Compliance with PA recommendations was 27.9% and 6.1% (chi-squared = 352.991, p < 0.001) in 2009 and 2017, respectively. There were no significant differences in weight status between older people in 2009 and 2017. In 2017, older people had significantly high percentages of disease or chronic health problems (p < 0.05), number of diseases (p < 0.001), severe difficulty walking 500 m without assistance (p < 0.05), and severe difficulty going up or down 12 stairs. Conclusions. From 2009 to 2017, Spanish older people worsened their PA levels and perception of their health status, and they increased their disease levels, which could be associated with the worsening of ability to walk in 2017.

ACS Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres; Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca; José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera. Physical Activity, Ability to Walk, Weight Status, and Multimorbidity Levels in Older Spanish People: The National Health Survey (2009–2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1 .

AMA Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres, Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca, José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera. Physical Activity, Ability to Walk, Weight Status, and Multimorbidity Levels in Older Spanish People: The National Health Survey (2009–2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres; Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca; José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera. 2020. "Physical Activity, Ability to Walk, Weight Status, and Multimorbidity Levels in Older Spanish People: The National Health Survey (2009–2017)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 1.

Preprint content
Published: 20 April 2020
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BACKGROUND Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. METHODS In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. RESULTS Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (r>0.8; P<.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (r2>0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Victor Soto Hermoso, Pedro Latorre Román, Pedro Delgado, Cristian Martinez, Antonio Carton, Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. 2020. "Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.