This paper reviewed the various factors affecting the removal of PFASs from water by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.

As a form of pollution source control and a low-impact development measure, bioretention is a convenient, economical, and effective method for the removal of heavy metals from stormwater runoff, which can adapt to the randomness and uncontrollability of non-point source pollution. However, few studies have assessed the performance of bioretention in the simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals and the impact of heavy metal migration on the bioretention life cycle. In this study, the removal rates of various heavy metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were enhanced using a biochar modified bioretention cell, as compared to the traditional sandy soil bioretention process. Following treatment with the biochar modified bioretention cell, the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were 55%, 61%, 19.66%, and 36.43% lower than the traditional sandy soil bioretention effluent, respectively. These results show that biochar significantly improves the removal of heavy metals by the bioretention process, especially Cu and Zn. This study also evaluated the effect of biochar on the inhibition of heavy metal migration in the filler material, by sampling and analysing the filler and retained water at different filler depths, then repeating the filler leaching experiment after simulated rainfall. The content of heavy metals at a filler depth of 45 cm in the traditional sandy soil bioretention system, was significantly higher than in the biochar modified bioretention system, showing that biochar plays an important role in the inhibition of heavy metal migration. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT