An exoskeleton robot helps the wearer with mechanical forces by identifying the wearer’s intentions and requires high energy efficiency, sufficient load capacity, and a comfortable fit. However, since it is difficult to implement complex anatomical movements of the human body, most exoskeleton robots are designed simply, unlike the anatomy of real humans. This forces the wearer to accept the robot’s stiffness entirely, and to use energy inefficiently from the power source. In this paper, a simple 1 degree of freedom (DoF) structure, which was mainly used in the knees of exoskeleton robots, was designed with a polycentric (multi-axial) structure to minimize the misalignment between wearer and robot, so that torque transfer could be carried out efficiently. In addition, the overall robot system was constructed by using an electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) to solve the problems of the energy inefficiency of conventional hydraulic actuators and the low load capacity of conventional electric actuators. After the configuration of the hardware system, the sliding mode controller was designed to address the EHA nonlinear models and the uncertainty of the plant design. This was configured as Simulink for the first verification, and the experiment was conducted by applying it to the actual model to demonstrate the performance of the sliding mode control. In this process, an optical rotary encoder was used as the main feedback sensor of the controller. The proposed polycentric knee exoskeleton robot system using the EHA was able to reach the desired target value well despite the presence of many model uncertainties.

In the development of a wearable robot, compact volume size, high energy efficiency, and a high load capacity linear actuator system are necessary. However, conventional hydraulic actuator systems are difficult to apply to wearable robots. Also, they have nonlinearities because of the presence of hydraulic fluid in a single rod cylinder. Electric linear actuators resolve the problems of hydraulic systems. However, due to their low load capacity, they are not easy to apply to wearable robots. In this paper, a pump-controlled electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) system that considers the disadvantages of the hydraulic actuator and electric actuator is proposed for a wearable robot. Initially, a locking circuit design is considered for the EHA to give the system load holding capacity. Based on the developed model, the adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) scheme is designed to resolve the nonlinearity problem of changes in the dynamic system. The ASMC scheme is then modeled and verified with Simulink. In order to verify the performance of the proposed adaptive control with the model, experiments are conducted. The proposed EHA verifies that the ASMC reaches the target value well despite the existence of many model uncertainties.

Exoskeleton robots have been developed in various fields and are divided into electric and hydraulic exoskeletons according to the actuator type. In the case of hydraulic robots, because a unidirectional pump is applied, there are limitations to the wearer’s walking. In addition, robot systems are complicated, because a directional control valve is required to change the direction of the actuator. To solve these problems, we designed the electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) system which has both the hydraulic and electric advantages. The EHA system consists of a hydraulic bidirectional pump, a motor, a hydraulic cylinder, and various valves. For the development of the piston pump, we analyzed the gait cycle and considered the flow rate and pulsation rate. In order to reduce the size and weight of the EHA system, the valves were made from one manifold, and the hydraulic circuit was simplified. We verified that the developed EHA system is applicable to robots through position and force control experiments. Because the hydraulic system is nonlinear, we designed a sliding mode control (SMC) and compared it with the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller.

In this study, a novel method for designing real-time motion profiles based on a weighted fuzzy logic algorithm for an exoskeleton robot was proposed. When developing exoskeleton robots, it is important that they can identify a wearer’s motion intent in real time; therefore, we produced the motion profiles of an exoskeleton robot knee joint angles using hip joint angles and plantar pressure sensors. Two types of sensors were used to design the robot’s knee estimation angle profiles in real time—namely, hip joint angles to design the fuzzy logic algorithm and plantar pressure sensors to classify the robot’s gait phase. In the fuzzy set, four fuzzy inputs were produced through the hip joint angles; then, four fuzzy outputs were implemented based on the fuzzy inputs using 68 predefined rule bases in the fuzzy inference. The fuzzy outputs were used as the basis for calculating the motion profiles during the defuzzification. To adjust the knee angle of the robot, the weighted values were assigned to each hip joint angle section. To validate the proposed algorithm, we conducted two experiments—namely, the exoskeleton robot with and without an actuator. The method was verified through experiments showing that the motion profiles estimated the robot’s knee angles close to the desired angles.

An electropermanent magnet (EM) can be fixed or rotated without applying the additional power of a wobble motor. This consists of a neodymium magnet and semi-hard magnet. A model to design a wobble motor for a wobble gripper without finite element analyses and to predict the attraction force according to the permanent magnet and current is necessary. In this paper, a force model is derived using distribution parameter and magnetic circuit analyses, including flux loss and fringing effects. It is not easy to design a complete magnetic circuit model considering the loss effects, but it can be constructed using a relatively straightforward method that simplifies the paths of leaked fluxes into arcs and straight lines. The model was verified by comparing the results of finite element analyses with measurements of two prototypes using internal and external fixed cases. The model properly predicts the attractive force between the rotor and stator and can be used in the initial design of a gripper that holds or rotates with the electropermanent magnet.

The thin wobble motors that are required to hold rating shafts employ an electropermanent magnet. This turns the holding force on and off by applying a momentary electrical pulse. To design the magnet devices without the need for finite element analyses, a theoretical force model is necessary for predicting the attractive force. In this paper, first, a force model is derived by estimating the permeance around the air gap. A magnetic circuit is constructed, employing a relatively simple method to build the model in clouding leakage flux. Thus, the basic structure and driving principle are also presented. Next, an analytical force model is constructed on the basis of distribution parameter analysis between the stator and the rotating shaft. The design of the electromagnet core and the control method are presented. Finally, a prototype model of the motor that is 30 mm in diameter and 7 mm in thick is fabricated. The two models are verified by comparing the results of FEM with the results of the experiments. They can properly predict the attractive force, so the thin wobble motor with holding force can be applied in portable electric equipment.