In a search for useful seed aging signals as biomarkers for seed viability prediction, we conducted an experiment using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining to analyze morphological and molecular changes in naturally aged (NA) and artificially aged (AA) flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. A total of 2546 sections were performed from 112 seeds of 12 NA and AA seed samples with variable germination rates. Analyzing 1384 micrographs generated from TUNEL assay and DAPI staining revealed few alterations of the cellular morphology of the NA and AA seeds. Also, the revealed DNA degradations in the aged flax seeds appeared to be associated with seed samples of low germination rates. These results suggest that oily flax seed aging may alter the cellular morphology differently than starchy wheat seed aging. The results also imply that the TUNEL assay and DAPI staining may not yield informative assessments on cellular alterations and DNA degradation after the aging of oily seeds.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is among the earliest and widely cultivated fruit trees in the world due to its easy adaptation to diverse climates (Solomons et al. 2006). In July 2020, a rot disease was observed on multiple orchards located in Faisalabad- a region of Punjab Province. The symptoms appeared as light brown, circular to oval, and water-soaked lesions (4-8 mm in diameter). In more advanced stages of the disease, the lesions enlarged in size and leading to rot of the entire fruit. Disease incidence on fruit across the fields ranged from 23 to 29%. To isolate the causal agent, segments (5 mm2) were excised from 15 symptomatic fruit, surface disinfested with 70% ethanol for 1 min, washed in three changes of sterilized water, air dried, transferred aseptically to plates containing potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C for 7 days with a 12-h photoperiod. Nine single spore isolates with similar morphology were isolated from the infected tissues. The cultured isolates consistently yielded dark brown to black colonies on PDA. Conidia were in chains (average conidial dimension 20 to 28 × 8 to 10 μm), olivaceous to dark brown, with a short conical beak with both transversal (two to five) and longitudinal (one to three) septa. Conidiophores were short, septate, hyaline to olivaceous brown, either branched or unbranched, 20 to 52 μm long, and 1 to 3 μm wide. These cultural and morphological characteristics were consistent with the descriptions of Alternaria alternata (Simmons 2007). The genomic DNA from three isolates was extracted using a PrepMan Ultra kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol and amplified using universal primers ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990) and the endopolygalacturonase gene using primers PG3/PG2b (Andrew et al. 2009), and sequenced. The amplified PCR products were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MW261786, MW433689, MW439319 for ITS and MW249057, MW463344, MW463345 for PG3/PG2b). Blast searches against GenBank showed 99%-100% nucleotide identity with the reference sequences of various A. alternata isolates. The pathogenicity of the representative isolate (PDL 2021) was tested on Fig fruit cv. “Black Mission”. For that, 20 asymptomatic and mature fruit were surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol solution for 30 s. The fruit were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension (106 spores/ml) of A. alternata and stored at 25°C and 80% relative humidity. An equal number of fruit inoculated with sterile water were used as negative controls. Symptoms similar to those on the naturally infected fruits began after 4-5 days of inoculation. The negative controls remained healthy. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by reisolating (100%) A. alternata from only the inoculated fruit. Previously, the pathogen has been reported to cause fruit rot of Lychee, Peach and Pomegranate in Pakistan (Alam et al 2017a; 2019b; 2019c). The pathogen has been reported to cause fig fruit rot in California (Michailides et al. 1994). Keeping in view the extent of disease on many fruits, further studies are needed on management options to combat the disease in Punjab Province of Pakistan.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital leguminous crop known for its rich nutritional profile, includ-ing high protein and oil content, making it a valuable resource in global agriculture and human nutrition. In Pakistan due to regulatory issues non-GMO soybean is grown therefore, the universal herbicide control method is not applicable. Similarly, for other crops, specific herbicides are avail-able but for soybean no crop specific herbicide is present. A comprehensive study was conducted over two growing seasons, in 2022 and 2023, at Agronomic Research Farm University of Agri-culture Faisalabad. The research involved 16 different treatments, including both six pre-emergence and eight post-emergence herbicides as well as a control group and weedy check. Findings of this study showed that critical importance of weed management in soybean cultiva-tion, as unchecked weed infestation can lead to substantial yield losses. Among the pre-emergence herbicide S-Metolachlor + Pendimethalin performed best and showed higher plant height (54.33 cm & 53.67 cm), 100 grain weight (11.57 g & 12 g), seed yield plant-1 (13.07 g and 12.87 g), lower Susceptibility Index (10%), higher weed control percentage (91.21% & 95.65%) higher weed con-trol efficiency (92.02% & 93.43%), herbicide efficiency index (27.54% & 32.48%) and lower weed index (18.16% & 21.70%) during 2022 and 2023 respectively. However, in post emergence herbi-cide the Fluizefop-p-butyl is most effective herbicide due to less crop injury 10% Susceptibility In-dex, higher plant height (42.67 cm & 44 cm), whole plant weight (93.33 g & 95 g), 100-grain weight (11.40 g & 11.77 g), seed yield plant-1 (12.87 g & 13.13 g), higher weed control percentage (91.12% & 91.03%) higher weed control efficiency (89.73% & 92.36%, herbicide efficiency index (21.18% & 30.41%) and lower weed index (19.42% & 20.08%) in both 2022 and 2023 respectively. Notably, herbicides such as S-Metolachlor + Atrazine + Mesotrione, Topramezone, Mesosulfu-ron-methyl + Iodosulfuron-methyl sodium and Mesotrione + Atrazine led to complete plant mor-tality, resulting lethal to soybean. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that screened the best suitable herbicides with less plant injury, and higher efficiency index. So, it is recom-mended that the application of S-Metolachlor + Pendimethalin as PRE and Fluizefop-p-butyl as POST showed the least injury and best weed control results with higher grain yield.