Background: Root resorption (RR) of the adjacent teeth due to upper canine impaction requires an appropriate modification of the orthodontic treatment plan and the mechanotherapy used. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess scientific evidence published during the last decade, concerning the prevalence of lateral incisor RR caused by impacted maxillary canines, based only on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The location of RR on this tooth, as well as the prevalence of RR on the other adjacent teeth, were additionally evaluated. Methods: This review followed the criteria specified by the PRISMA statement. Four databases were searched for articles published between January 2008 and June 2021. Predefined and piloted data collection forms were used to record the necessary information. Results: A total of 5098 records were initially screened. Only seven articles were finally eligible for further analysis. A total number of 540 participants (176 males and 364 females) was derived from the included studies. RR of maxillary lateral incisors was common (50%). RR of mild severity was more common (62%), more frequently located in the middle (52%) and apical (42%) thirds of the root. Conclusions: Further research with more homogeneous groups is required.

The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method and the potential for chronological age estimation using this method. The sample consisted of 474 lateral cephalometric radiographs, from orthodontic patients aged 6.4–22.4 years. Six raters were trained to the CVM method (Baccetti). All images were assessed twice. Intra- and inter-rater agreements were assessed by Cohen’s weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Analysis of variance was performed to investigate the correlation between cervical maturation stages and chronological age. The age prediction potential of the method was tested by general linear model regression analysis. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.857 to 0.931. Intra-rater absolute agreement ranged from 77% to 87% however inter-rater absolute agreement was lower than 50%. Inter-rater reliability was higher than 0.9. The 3rd Cervical Maturation Stage (CS3) showed the lowest reproducibility. The mean age differences among the 6 CS stages were statistically significant and increased as the CS increased. CS and gender could roughly explain the 60% (adjusted R² = 0.61) of the age variance of the sample. This CVM method proved able to show high reliability; however, it cannot predict accurately the pubertal growth spurt. A direct correlation was found between cervical stages and chronological age. This method provides a broad estimation of chronological age.

Gender determination is an essential element for human identification in forensic medicine, to which the maxillary sinuses may contribute as they remain intact even after severe damage to the skull and other structures. Aim: To evaluate scientific evidence published over the last decade to determine whether maxillary sinus dimensions and volume may constitute useful parameters for forensic identification and gender determination, based only on cone-beam computed tomography images (CBCT). Methods: This review adhered to the PRISMA statement’s criteria. Four databases were searched for articles published between January 2010 and April 2023. Results: Initially, 1719 records were identified. After screening, there were 2475 participants in the included studies. Of the fifteen articles selected, five reported data assessing only volumetric measurements of the maxillary sinus, seven reported data calculating only linear measurements and three reported data by combining findings of both linear and volumetric measurements of the maxillary sinus. Maxillary sinus volume was significantly higher in male participants. Maxillary sinus height was the best discriminating parameter for forensic identification with an overall accuracy ranging from 70% to 80%. Conclusions: Maxillary sinus measurements revealed anatomic variability between genders, and this approach can be applied as a complementary method for human identification.

Evidence on the potential adverse effects of surgically accelerated orthodontic techniques is scarce. The aim of this review was to evaluate the available scientific evidence regarding the adverse effects on periodontium, tooth vitality, and root resorption, associated with these surgical procedures in children, adolescents, and adults. The reporting of this review was based on the PRISMA2020 guidelines. Seven databases and three registers were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) published up to 22 June 2022. Hand searching of the reference lists of the included studies was also performed. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias and ROBINS-I tools. A total of 887 records were initially screened. Finally, 33 RCTs (713 patients), six CCTs (103 patients), and six ongoing protocols were eligible for this systematic review. The current review indicated that there are no significant adverse effects of surgically accelerated orthodontic techniques on periodontium, root length, or tooth vitality. High-quality clinical trials with less risk of bias should be conducted to allow reliable conclusions regarding the adverse effects of the surgical procedures associated with the acceleration of orthodontic treatment on children, adolescents, and adults.