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Prof. francois Boussu
ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100, Roubaix, France

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0 Composite Applications
0 Weaving Technology
0 textile composite
0 3D fabrics
0 ballistic protection

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ballistic protection
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Composite Applications

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Journal article
Published: 02 July 2021 in Textiles
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The performance of bulletproof vests is mainly based on the energy absorption capacity of the flexible fibrous reinforcements. To understand the in situ behaviour of these textile structures during a ballistic impact, we find the use of sensor yarns integrated into these fibrous reinforcements to be a non-invasive and reliable solution. Measurements of the dynamic deformation of the sensor yarns will provide a new and useful source of information. The design and manufacturing stages of a sensor yarn, made with the same structural yarns of the fabric, are detailed successively. Then, different batches of sensor yarns were designed, and electromechanical tensile tests were performed in quasi-static mode. These experiments provide encouraging results for the measurement of the deformation of a textile structure subject to a dynamic impact.

ACS Style

Benjamin Barthod-Malat; Cédric Cochrane; François Boussu. Development of Piezoresistive Sensor Yarn to Monitor Local Fabric Elongation. Textiles 2021, 1, 170 -184.

AMA Style

Benjamin Barthod-Malat, Cédric Cochrane, François Boussu. Development of Piezoresistive Sensor Yarn to Monitor Local Fabric Elongation. Textiles. 2021; 1 (2):170-184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Barthod-Malat; Cédric Cochrane; François Boussu. 2021. "Development of Piezoresistive Sensor Yarn to Monitor Local Fabric Elongation." Textiles 1, no. 2: 170-184.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2021 in Sensors
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In this work, a sensor yarn based on a natural sisal yarn containing a non-electro-conductive core impregnated with PVA polymer and coated by PEDOT:PSS polymer as an electro-conductive sheath was investigated. The main objectives include the development of this new sensor yarn as a first step. Then, we look towards the insertion of this sensor yarn into different woven structures followed by the monitoring of the mechanical behaviour of composite materials made with these fibrous reinforcements. The combined effect of the structural geometry and the number of PEDOT:PSS coating layers on the properties of the sensor yarns was investigated. It was found that the number of PEDOT:PSS coating layers could strongly influence the electromechanical behaviours of the sensor yarns. Different methods of characterization were employed on strain-sensor yarns with two and four coating layers of PEDOT:PSS. The piezo-resistive strain-sensor properties of these selected coating layers were evaluated. Cyclic stretching-releasing tests were also performed to investigate the dynamic strain-sensing behavior. The obtained results indicated that gauge factor values can be extracted in three strain regions for two and four coating layers, respectively. Moreover, these strain-sensor yarns showed accurate and stable sensor responses under cyclic conditions. Furthers works are in progress to investigate the mechanism behind these first results of these sisal fibre-based sensors.

ACS Style

Ahmed Abed; Zineb Samouh; Cédric Cochrane; Francois Boussu; Omar Cherkaoui; Reddad El Moznine; Julien Vieillard. Piezo-Resistive Properties of Bio-Based Sensor Yarn Made with Sisal Fibre. Sensors 2021, 21, 4083 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Abed, Zineb Samouh, Cédric Cochrane, Francois Boussu, Omar Cherkaoui, Reddad El Moznine, Julien Vieillard. Piezo-Resistive Properties of Bio-Based Sensor Yarn Made with Sisal Fibre. Sensors. 2021; 21 (12):4083.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Abed; Zineb Samouh; Cédric Cochrane; Francois Boussu; Omar Cherkaoui; Reddad El Moznine; Julien Vieillard. 2021. "Piezo-Resistive Properties of Bio-Based Sensor Yarn Made with Sisal Fibre." Sensors 21, no. 12: 4083.

Review article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Defence Technology
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Personal body armour is one of the most important pieces of equipment to protect human beings from various critical and fatal injuries. In today’s modern world, various organizations including law enforcement and security service have made it mandatory for their personnel to wear personal protection system while on field duty. However, the systems should comprise an improved ballistic performance, light-weighted, flexible as well as comfortable panel not only to be accepted with a wider range but also for effective performances of the consumer. Generally, the overall performances of the protective body armour could be affected by various parameters including armour design techniques, type of materials used and finishing of the panels. The current paper aims to critically review state-of-art for armour panel design techniques and the different perspective body armour materials. The paper starts by discussing the different body armour and its category. Later, the different states of technology for armour panel design (mostly for women), its problems and the possible solutions will be cited. Later, the commonly used different polymeric fibrous and the future possible advanced materials including carbon nanotube (CNT), Graphene CNT and shear thickening fluids (STFs) treated materials for developing the reinforced body armour panel will be discussed. The authors believe that this paper will enlighten useful guidelines and procedures about the different panel design techniques and current and promising future materials for researchers, designers, engineers and manufacturers working on the impact resistance body armour field.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux. Dynamic impact protective body armour: A comprehensive appraisal on panel engineering design and its prospective materials. Defence Technology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, François Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux. Dynamic impact protective body armour: A comprehensive appraisal on panel engineering design and its prospective materials. Defence Technology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux. 2021. "Dynamic impact protective body armour: A comprehensive appraisal on panel engineering design and its prospective materials." Defence Technology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Polymers
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The effects of the yarn composition system inside 3D woven high-performance textiles are not well investigated and understood against their final ballistic impact behaviour. The current study aims to examine the ballistic impact performances of armour panels made of different 3D woven fabric variants through postmortem observations. Four high-performance five-layer 3D woven fabric variants were engineered based on their different warp yarn compositions but similar area density. A 50 × 50 cm2 armour system of each variant, which comprises eight nonbonded but aligned panels, namely, 3D-40-8/0 (or 8/0), 3D-40-8/4 (or 8/4), 3D-40-8/8 (or 8/8) and 3D-40-4/8 (or 4/8), were prepared and moulded to resemble female frontal morphology. The armour systems were then tested with nonperforation ballistic impacts according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) 0101.06 standard Level-IIIA. Two high-speed cameras were used to capture the event throughout the test. Nondestructive investigation (NDI) using optical microscopic and stereoscopic 3D digital images were employed for the analysis. The armour panels made of the 8/0 and 4/8 fabric variants were perforated, whereas the armour made of the 8/8 and 8/4 fabric variants showed no perforation. Besides, the armour made of the 8/4 fabric variant revealed higher local and global surface displacements than the other armours. The current research findings are useful for further engineering of 3D woven fabric for seamless women’s impact protective clothing.

ACS Style

Mulat Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Yan Hong. Dynamic Impact Surface Damage Analysis of 3D Woven Para-Aramid Armour Panels Using NDI Technique. Polymers 2021, 13, 877 .

AMA Style

Mulat Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Yan Hong. Dynamic Impact Surface Damage Analysis of 3D Woven Para-Aramid Armour Panels Using NDI Technique. Polymers. 2021; 13 (6):877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Yan Hong. 2021. "Dynamic Impact Surface Damage Analysis of 3D Woven Para-Aramid Armour Panels Using NDI Technique." Polymers 13, no. 6: 877.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in Fibers
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This work aims to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sisal fiber and yarn of Moroccan origin. The cellulosic and non-cellulosic constituents of the Moroccan sisal fiber were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The hydrophilicity of the fiber was evaluated by the contact angle. The results show that the sisal fiber has a low thermal stability. The mechanical properties of the fiber analyzed by the Impregnated Fiber Bundle Test (IFBT) method show that the porosity of the impregnated yarns and the twist angle of the yarns influence the elastic modulus of the sisal fiber. The physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured sisal yarns were also characterized and analyzed. The obtained results reveal an interesting potential to use the Moroccan sisal fiber in development of bio-sourced composite materials.

ACS Style

Zineb Samouh; Omar Cherkaoui; Damien Soulat; Ahmad Labanieh; François Boussu; Reddad Moznine. Identification of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Moroccan Sisal Yarns Used as Reinforcements for Composite Materials. Fibers 2021, 9, 13 .

AMA Style

Zineb Samouh, Omar Cherkaoui, Damien Soulat, Ahmad Labanieh, François Boussu, Reddad Moznine. Identification of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Moroccan Sisal Yarns Used as Reinforcements for Composite Materials. Fibers. 2021; 9 (2):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zineb Samouh; Omar Cherkaoui; Damien Soulat; Ahmad Labanieh; François Boussu; Reddad Moznine. 2021. "Identification of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Moroccan Sisal Yarns Used as Reinforcements for Composite Materials." Fibers 9, no. 2: 13.

Research article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Journal of Industrial Textiles
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Composite materials which are reinforced with 3D warp interlock fabrics have outstanding mechanical properties such as higher delamination resistance, ballistic damage resistance and impact damage tolerance by means of their improved structural properties. Textile reinforcements are exposed to large deformations in the production stage of composite materials which have complex shape. Although good formability properties of 3D warp interlock fabrics in forming process were already proven by recent studies, further information is needed to elucidate forming behaviours of multi-layer fabrics which is produced with high stiffness yarns like carbon. In this study, 3D warp interlock carbon fabrics were produced on a prototype weaving loom and the same carbon yarn was used in two fabric directions with equal number of yarn densities. Fabrics were differentiated with regard to the presence of stuffer warp yarn, weave pattern and parameters of binding warp yarn which are angle and depth. Therefore, the effect of fabric architecture on the mechanical and formability properties of 3D warp interlock carbon fabrics could be clarified. Three different breaking behaviours of fabrics were detected and they were correlated with crimp percentages of yarn groups. In addition, the bending and shear deformations were analysed in view of parameters of fabric architectures. Two distinct forming behaviours of fabrics were determined according to the distribution of deformation areas on fabrics. Moreover, the optimal structure was identified for forming process considering the fabric architecture.

ACS Style

Mehmet Korkmaz; Ayşe Okur; Ahmad Rashed Labanieh; François Boussu. Investigation of the mechanical and forming behaviour of 3D warp interlock carbon woven fabrics for complex shape of composite material. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mehmet Korkmaz, Ayşe Okur, Ahmad Rashed Labanieh, François Boussu. Investigation of the mechanical and forming behaviour of 3D warp interlock carbon woven fabrics for complex shape of composite material. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehmet Korkmaz; Ayşe Okur; Ahmad Rashed Labanieh; François Boussu. 2021. "Investigation of the mechanical and forming behaviour of 3D warp interlock carbon woven fabrics for complex shape of composite material." Journal of Industrial Textiles , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Journal of Industrial Textiles
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Fabrics constructed from 3 D warp interlock fabrics (3DWIFs) structures provide varying flexibility and durability and are promising structures for protective applications. However, its performance toward stab resistance from knife attack should be investigated before applying. In this work, the influences of fabric architectures, ply orientation of stacking sequences, and the number of fabric plies on the dynamic stab resistance are comparatively studied on high-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE) 3DWIFs. It indicates that 3DWIF with orthogonal and through-the-thickness interlock structure reveals a helpful influence on stab resistance. Further investigation on the influence of different ply orientation of stacking sequences, based on the combination of fabrics placed at different angles, is analyzed showing a certain influence of stab resistance. Dynamic stab resistance reveals the linear correlation with a low number of fabric plies (less than 6 plies), but shows a parabolic relationship with the increase of fabric plies (more than 16 plies) until there is no penetration.

ACS Style

Mengru Li; Peng Wang; François Boussu; Damien Soulat. Dynamic stab resistance of multi-ply three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics with high-performance high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarns for protective applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Mengru Li, Peng Wang, François Boussu, Damien Soulat. Dynamic stab resistance of multi-ply three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics with high-performance high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarns for protective applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengru Li; Peng Wang; François Boussu; Damien Soulat. 2020. "Dynamic stab resistance of multi-ply three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics with high-performance high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarns for protective applications." Journal of Industrial Textiles , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Journal of Composites Science
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Materials used in the technical application including composite reinforcements and ballistic fabrics should show not only good mechanical performance but also better deformational behaviors. Meanwhile, three dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabrics have been widely employed in such applications to substitute the two dimensional (2D) fabrics because of their enhanced through-the-thickness performance and excellent formability. The deformational behaviors of such 3D warp interlock fabrics have been also influenced by various internal and external parameters. To understand and fill this gap, the current paper investigates the effects of the warp yarn interchange ratios inside the fabric structure on the formability behaviors of dry 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock architecture types made with different binding and stuffer warp yarn interchange ratios were designed and manufactured. An adapted hydraulic-driven stamping bench along with hemispherical punch was utilized for better forming behavior analysis such as in-plane shear angle and its recovery, material drawing-in and its recovery, deformational depth recovery, and required stamping forces. Based on the investigation of various formability behaviors, the formability of (3D) warp interlock fabrics were greatly influenced by the binding and stuffer warp yarns interchange ratio inside the 3D warp interlock structure. For example, preform 3D-8W-0S exhibited a maximum deformational height recovery percentage of 5.1%, whereas 3D-4W-8S recorded only 0.72%. Preform 3D-8W-4S and 3D-8W-8S revealed 1.45% and 4.35% recovery percentages toward the deformational height at maximum position. Besides, sample 3D-4S-8W revealed the maximum drawing-in recovery percentage of 43.13% and 46.98% in the machine and cross direction, respectively, around the preform peripheral edges. On the contrary, samples with higher binding warp yarns as 3D-8W-0S show the maximum drawing-in recovery percentages values of 31.21% and 34.99% in the machine and cross directions respectively.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. Effect of Structural Parameters on the Deformational Behaviors of Multiply 3D Layer-by-Layer Angle-Interlock Para-Aramid Fabric for Fiber-Reinforcement Composite. Journal of Composites Science 2020, 4, 145 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian. Effect of Structural Parameters on the Deformational Behaviors of Multiply 3D Layer-by-Layer Angle-Interlock Para-Aramid Fabric for Fiber-Reinforcement Composite. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4 (4):145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. 2020. "Effect of Structural Parameters on the Deformational Behaviors of Multiply 3D Layer-by-Layer Angle-Interlock Para-Aramid Fabric for Fiber-Reinforcement Composite." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 145.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Materials
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Recently, three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabric has been involved in composite reinforcement and soft ballistic material due to its great moldability, improved impact energy-absorbing capacity, and good intra-ply resistance to delamination behaviors. However, understanding the effects of different parameters of the fabric on its mechanical behavior is necessary before the final application. The fabric architecture and its internal yarn composition are among the common influencing parameters. The current research aims to explore the effects of the warp yarn interchange ratio in the 3D warp interlock para-aramid architecture on its mechanical behavior. Thus, four 3D warp interlock variants with different warp (binding and stuffer) yarn ratios but similar architecture and structural characteristics were engineered and manufactured. Tensile and flexural rigidity mechanical tests were carried out at macro- and meso-scale according to standard EN ISO 13 934-1 and nonwoven bending length (WSP 90.5(05)), respectively. Based on the results, the warp yarn interchange ratio in the structure revealed strong influences on the tensile properties of the fabric at both the yarn and final fabric stages. Moreover, the bending stiffness of the different structures showed significant variation in both the warp and weft directions. Thus, the interchange rations of stuffer and binding warp yarn inside the 3D warp interlock fabric were found to be very key in optimizing the mechanical performance of the fabric for final applications.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Han Liu. Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Dry Three-Dimensional Warp Interlock Para-Aramid Woven Fabrics: Experimental Methods toward Applications in Composite Reinforcement and Soft Body Armor. Materials 2020, 13, 4233 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Han Liu. Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Dry Three-Dimensional Warp Interlock Para-Aramid Woven Fabrics: Experimental Methods toward Applications in Composite Reinforcement and Soft Body Armor. Materials. 2020; 13 (19):4233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Han Liu. 2020. "Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Dry Three-Dimensional Warp Interlock Para-Aramid Woven Fabrics: Experimental Methods toward Applications in Composite Reinforcement and Soft Body Armor." Materials 13, no. 19: 4233.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This paper investigates the effects of warp yarns ratios on the ballistic performances of three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock variants with different binding and stuffer warp yarns ratios were designed and developed. Except for warp yarns ratios, similar fabric parameters and manufacturing conditions were considered. Two-dimensional (2D) woven fabric having similar material characteristics and recommended for female seamless soft body armor are also considered for comparisons. Five ballistic panels, one from 2D plain weave fabric and the rest four from the other 3D warp interlock variants were prepared in a non-angled layer alignment and non-stitched but bust-shaped molded form. The ballistic test is carried out according to NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard-level IIIA. Back Face Signature (BFS) was then modeled and measured to compute both trauma and panels’ energy-absorbing capability. The result showed significant ballistic improvement in the 3D warp interlock variant with optimum warp yarns ratios over traditional 2D plain weave fabrics. 3D warp interlock fabric panel made with 66.6% binding and 33.3% stuffer warp yarn ratio revealed both lower BFS depth and higher energy absorbing capacity (%) than other panels made of 2D plain weave and 3D warp interlock fabric variants.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4873 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian. Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (14):4873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. 2020. "Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14: 4873.

Research article
Published: 29 June 2020 in Journal of Industrial Textiles
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Three dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabric becomes a promising structure due to its good mechanical performances. However, its complex manufacturing process can cause severe yarn damage and affects its overall final performances. The current study addressed the effects weaving process and warp yarn ratios on the multi-filaments yarn degradations and its mechanical performances while 3D warp interlock fabric manufacturing. Four different 3D warp interlock variants having similar fabric architecture, and yarn densities but different warp yarns interchange ratios were manufactured using 930dTex high-performance multi-filament (Twaron® f1000). The multi-filaments yarns at different weaving processes were tested for their tensile properties. The results show that the average tensile strength of twisted yarns show a decrement of 5.68% as compared to the bobbin yarns. Meanwhile, warping process also showed a 16.11% maximum breaking load reduction as compared to the bobbin yarn. Besides, the tensile strength of binding yarn after weaving process for samples 3D-8/0, 3D-8/4, and 3D-8/8 was reduced by 12.79%, 5.22%, and 14.22% respectively as compared to the yarn after warping process. In conclusion, yarn degradation inside the 3D woven structure was affected not only by the various process parameters but also by the type of fabric architecture made with different warp yarn ratios. These phenomena ultimately bring a great influence both on the yarn and overall mechanical performance of the final products. For this, further studies are planned to investigate the multi-filaments yarn degradation effect on the ballistic performances fibrous material as it is directly linked to the yarn performance.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian; Yan Chen; Lichuan Wang. Yarn degradation during weaving process and its effect on the mechanical behaviours of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric for industrial applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, François Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian, Yan Chen, Lichuan Wang. Yarn degradation during weaving process and its effect on the mechanical behaviours of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric for industrial applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian; Yan Chen; Lichuan Wang. 2020. "Yarn degradation during weaving process and its effect on the mechanical behaviours of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric for industrial applications." Journal of Industrial Textiles , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 11 June 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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3D weaving process has been more and more used as reinforcement for composite materials. However, 3D weaving applications are recent and the mechanical properties of the 3D warp interlock fabrics are not well known. Tensile tests have been performed both in the warp and weft directions of the fabrics, indeed they lead to different behaviour regarding the architecture. Results from experiments have been statistically analysed using PLS regression. This study led to correlations between fabrics parameters and mechanical behaviour. Moreover, it revealed that fabrics parameters such as the binding type, the yarns crimp and the picks density have influence on the quasi-static mechanical behaviour.

ACS Style

A Kececi; F Boussu; D Soulat. Influent product and process parameters on the mechanical behaviour of 3D warp interlock fabrics made with E-glass yarns. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 827, 012005 .

AMA Style

A Kececi, F Boussu, D Soulat. Influent product and process parameters on the mechanical behaviour of 3D warp interlock fabrics made with E-glass yarns. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 827 (1):012005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A Kececi; F Boussu; D Soulat. 2020. "Influent product and process parameters on the mechanical behaviour of 3D warp interlock fabrics made with E-glass yarns." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 827, no. 1: 012005.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Polymers
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As promising fibrous reinforcements in the thick composites manufacturing, 3-dimensional warp interlock fabrics (3DWIFs) are recognised more and more in the industry for their outstanding mechanical properties compared to the 2D laminates. The present work shows the influence of the fabric’s architecture on the tensile behaviour of 3DWIFs. Five kinds of 3D fabrics with different interlock structures have been designed according to the main category of binding warp yarn evolution. These five 3DWIFs, containing both binding and stuffer warp yarns and produced with the same warp and weft densities, are experimentally tested via uniaxial tensile tests. The experimental results of the different 3DWIFs have been compared to find the optimal solution based on several mechanical performances. Fabric structures have an impact on tensile properties both in the warp and weft directions. Furthermore, other influential factors, for example, the yarn crimps during the weaving process and the crimp angles of binding warp yarns in 3DWIFs, are investigated and discussed in the paper. The influence of the total crimp angles related to the binding path on the tensile properties of 3DWIFs via the inter yarns friction is summarised.

ACS Style

Mengru Li; Peng Wang; François Boussu; Damien Soulat. Effect of Fabric Architecture on Tensile Behaviour of the High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene 3-Dimensional Interlock Composite Reinforcements. Polymers 2020, 12, 1045 .

AMA Style

Mengru Li, Peng Wang, François Boussu, Damien Soulat. Effect of Fabric Architecture on Tensile Behaviour of the High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene 3-Dimensional Interlock Composite Reinforcements. Polymers. 2020; 12 (5):1045.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengru Li; Peng Wang; François Boussu; Damien Soulat. 2020. "Effect of Fabric Architecture on Tensile Behaviour of the High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene 3-Dimensional Interlock Composite Reinforcements." Polymers 12, no. 5: 1045.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in Fibers
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Multiscale characterization of the textile preform made of natural fibers is an indispensable way to understand and assess the mechanical properties and behavior of composite. In this study, a multiscale experimental characterization is performed on three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock woven fabrics made of flax fiber on the fiber (micro), roving (meso), and fabric (macro) scales. The mechanical tensile properties of the flax fiber were determined by using the impregnated fiber bundle test. The effect of the twist was considered in the back-calculation of the fiber stiffness to reveal the calculation limits of the rule of mixture. Tensile tests on dry rovings were carried out while considering different twist levels to determine the optimal amount of twist required to weave the flax roving into a 3D warp interlock. Finally, at fabric-scale, six different 3D warp interlock architectures were woven to understand the role of the architecture of binding rovings on the mechanical properties of the dry 3D fabric. The results reveal the importance of considering the properties of the fiber and roving at these scales to determine the more adequate raw material for weaving. Further, the characterization of the 3D woven structures shows the preponderant role of the binding roving on their structural and mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Henri Lansiaux; Damien Soulat; François Boussu; Ahmad Rashed Labanieh. Development and Multiscale Characterization of 3D Warp Interlock Flax Fabrics with Different Woven Architectures for Composite Applications. Fibers 2020, 8, 15 .

AMA Style

Henri Lansiaux, Damien Soulat, François Boussu, Ahmad Rashed Labanieh. Development and Multiscale Characterization of 3D Warp Interlock Flax Fabrics with Different Woven Architectures for Composite Applications. Fibers. 2020; 8 (2):15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henri Lansiaux; Damien Soulat; François Boussu; Ahmad Rashed Labanieh. 2020. "Development and Multiscale Characterization of 3D Warp Interlock Flax Fabrics with Different Woven Architectures for Composite Applications." Fibers 8, no. 2: 15.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2019 in Journal of Industrial Textiles
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This paper investigates the influences of woven fabric type, impact locations and number of layers on ballistic impact performances of target panels through trauma dimension and panel surface damage mechanisms for lightweight women ballistic vest design. Three panels with 30, 35 and 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave and another two panels with 30 and 40 layers of three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics were prepared. The three-dimensional woven fabric was manufactured using automatic Dornier weaving machine, whereas the two-dimensional fabric (with similar p-aramid fibre type (Twaron®)) was received from the Teijin Company. The ballistic tests were carried out according to NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA. Based on the result, woven fabric construction type, number of layers and target locations were directed an upshot on the trauma measurement values of the tested target panels. For example, 40 layers of two-dimensional plain weave fabric panels show lower trauma measurement values as compared to its counterpart three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels with similar layer number. Moreover, 40 layers of two-dimensional fabric panels revealed 47% and 39% trauma depth reduction as compared to panels with 30 layers of two-dimensional fabric panel in moulded (target point 1) and non-moulded (target point 6), respectively. Due to higher amount of primary yarn involvement, two-dimensional plain weave fabric panel face higher level of local surface damages but less severe and fibrillated yarns than three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics panels. Moreover, three-dimensional warp interlock fabric panels required higher number of layers compared to two-dimensional plain weave aramid fabrics to halt the projectiles. Similarly, based on the post-mortem analysis of projectile, higher projectile debris deformation was recorded for panels having higher number of layers for both types of fabrics at similar target locations.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian; Yan Chen; Lichaun Wang. Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, François Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian, Yan Chen, Lichaun Wang. Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; François Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian; Yan Chen; Lichaun Wang. 2019. "Ballistic impact performance and surface failure mechanisms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional woven p-aramid multi-layer fabrics for lightweight women ballistic vest applications." Journal of Industrial Textiles , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2019 in Composite Structures
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3D warp interlock fabric became a promising structure to develop women body armour due to its good mouldability. However, its ballistic performance for different threats should be investigated This paper aims to investigate the ballistic performances of 3D interlock p-aramid (Twaron®) fabric panels’ against NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard–0101.06 Level-IIIA. The fabric was manufactured on a semi-automatic loom in GEMTEX Laboratory. 2D plain weave fabric with similar fibre type was also tested for comparison. Various target panels from each structure were arranged and moulded at pre-defined points using an adapted bust-shape forming bench to resemble frontal female body contour. Based on the result, the energy absorption capabilities of 3D interlock and 2D fabric panels with a higher number of layers did not reveal a significant difference. However, the 2D fabric panel absorbed more energy than 3D warp interlock fabrics for a reduced and similar number of layers due to its rigid and stiffness property. Besides, both fabric types had shown less energy transmission to the backing material at the non-moulded target areas as compared to the moulded target area. While shaping the intended panel, 3D interlock fabric revealed better mouldability and less recovery behaviour with less wrinkle formations.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. Engineering of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric structure and its energy absorption capabilities against ballistic impact for body armour applications. Composite Structures 2019, 225, 111179 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian. Engineering of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric structure and its energy absorption capabilities against ballistic impact for body armour applications. Composite Structures. 2019; 225 ():111179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. 2019. "Engineering of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric structure and its energy absorption capabilities against ballistic impact for body armour applications." Composite Structures 225, no. : 111179.

Review
Published: 11 May 2019 in Composite Structures
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Ballistic impact mechanism is a very complex mechanical process mainly depends on the thickness, strength, ductility, toughness and density of the target material and projectile parameters. Nowadays, the developments of tough, high-strength, high-modules fibres have led to the use of fabrics and their composite laminates for various impact-related applications. In this review paper, the various ballistic textiles and composites involved in the ballistic application including body armour will be outlined. Besides, various technical approaches used for better understanding of the very complex process of the ballistic impact mechanisms and their responses of the materials will be discussed. The different influential mechanisms which prominently affect the ballistic impact performances of the target will be discussed. While discussing the different factors, beside experimental research work different analytical, numerical modelling and empirical techniques based research approaches have been also considered.

ACS Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. Ballistic impact mechanisms – A review on textiles and fibre-reinforced composites impact responses. Composite Structures 2019, 223, 110966 .

AMA Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, Irina Cristian. Ballistic impact mechanisms – A review on textiles and fibre-reinforced composites impact responses. Composite Structures. 2019; 223 ():110966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mulat Alubel Abtew; Francois Boussu; Pascal Bruniaux; Carmen Loghin; Irina Cristian. 2019. "Ballistic impact mechanisms – A review on textiles and fibre-reinforced composites impact responses." Composite Structures 223, no. : 110966.

Review article
Published: 25 March 2019 in Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
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In today’s scenario, numerous studies have shown a great interest on 3D woven structures like 3D warp interlock fabric as a fibre reinforcement for composite material to provide a better impact than 2D laminated fabrics with unlinked structures in the thickness. The impact energy absorption capacity depends on different and independent parameters, including the shape and speed of the projectile, the type of fibrous structure (geometry), the type and nature of the threads (raw material, linear density, and twisting value), and the type of impregnation of the composite material. As part of our research work on hard impact protection solutions, the interest of textile composite structures, in particular those integrating 3D warp interlock fabrics, has been revealed. Based on the result, protection solutions with such fabric structure revealed larger dynamic deformation capacity for absorbing the impact energy as compared with not only a ceramic material facing a 12.7 mm ammunition (mass 43 g) at 610 m/s but also those solutions made with metallic materials facing a FSP (diameter 20 mm, mass 54 g) at 630 m/s and 1600 m/s. For each of these different threats, a specific type of composite material has to be used. These composite material solutions are mainly defined to respond to the appropriate mode of impact behaviour.

ACS Style

F. Boussu; B. Provost; M. Lefebvre; D. Coutellier. New Textile Composite Solutions for Armouring of Vehicles. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 2019, 1 -14.

AMA Style

F. Boussu, B. Provost, M. Lefebvre, D. Coutellier. New Textile Composite Solutions for Armouring of Vehicles. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 2019 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Boussu; B. Provost; M. Lefebvre; D. Coutellier. 2019. "New Textile Composite Solutions for Armouring of Vehicles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019, no. : 1-14.

Research article
Published: 20 November 2018 in Polymers for Advanced Technologies
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The advantages of green composites are including, but not limited to their environmental friendly nature, lightweight, reduction of production energy and costs, and recyclability. This work focuses on the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of biocomposites. For that purpose, biosourced polymers were used, namely polylactic acid (PLA) and sisal fiber, and biocomposites were extruded and then injection molded with different contents of sisal fibers (5%, 10%, 15%). The results show that the increase of the rate of reinforcement improves the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the biocomposites made. By the increase of the sisal fiber content, the degree of crystallinity of the matrix was increased from 47% to 61%, as sisal fibers were acted as a nucleating agent for the PLA.

ACS Style

Zineb Samouh; Kolos Molnar; François Boussu; Omar Cherkaoui; Reddad El Moznine. Mechanical and thermal characterization of sisal fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2018, 30, 529 -537.

AMA Style

Zineb Samouh, Kolos Molnar, François Boussu, Omar Cherkaoui, Reddad El Moznine. Mechanical and thermal characterization of sisal fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2018; 30 (3):529-537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zineb Samouh; Kolos Molnar; François Boussu; Omar Cherkaoui; Reddad El Moznine. 2018. "Mechanical and thermal characterization of sisal fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 30, no. 3: 529-537.

Conference paper
Published: 07 November 2018 in American Society for Composites 2018
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3D fabrics tend to be more used as fibrous reinforcement into composite material due to their near-net-shape ability as well as their specific mechanical properties. Among these 3D structures, 3D warp interlock fabrics have been investigated in order to highlight their physical and mechanical properties. Several product parameters are needed to clearly define such a woven structure. In order to highlight the some product parameters influence, two different 3D warp interlock architectures with two different yarn’s raw material have been produced on the same weaving loom and tested. Significant mechanical behaviors have been observed in the weft direction compared to the warp direction, which tend to be stiffer due to less crimped yarns inside the woven structure. Additionally, it has been found that the shrinkage values of binding and stuffer warp yarns play an important mechanical behavior of 3D warp interlock fabrics during quasi-static tensile tests.

ACS Style

Axel Kececi; Francois Boussu; Damien Soulat. Interesting Properties of 3D Warp Interlock Fabrics as Fibrous Reinforcement for Composite Material. American Society for Composites 2018 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Axel Kececi, Francois Boussu, Damien Soulat. Interesting Properties of 3D Warp Interlock Fabrics as Fibrous Reinforcement for Composite Material. American Society for Composites 2018. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Axel Kececi; Francois Boussu; Damien Soulat. 2018. "Interesting Properties of 3D Warp Interlock Fabrics as Fibrous Reinforcement for Composite Material." American Society for Composites 2018 , no. : 1.