A cheap, scalable and efficient nickel catalyst on nitrogen-doped carbon for the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of biomass-derived compounds in flow system.

The continuous flow synthesis of p-xylene (pXL) via Diels–Alder cycloaddition of lignocellulosic biomass-derivable 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and acrylic acid (AA) was performed over different types of zeolites.

The production of pentanoic acid from γ-valerolactone and the one-pot route from levulinic acid both over bifunctional catalyst with formic acid as H₂ source is an example for an integrated biorefinery in the direction to an industrial application.