The Fourth Industrial Revolution has built upon the lessons learned from Covid-19 and has emphasized the urgent need for digital transformation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Latin America. This study aims to identify the factors that can explain the varying degrees of adoption of digital technologies 4.0 (DT 4.0). The research analyzes the results of surveys conducted among 35 companies located in the Central Region of Argentina and the Biobio Region of Chile. By utilizing the Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) model of adoption and employing data science tools, such as cluster analysis (K-means) and decision trees (J48), the study parameterizes the different responses and generates valuable insights. Our work provides a complementary view to existing studies, analyzing the key factors in the adoption of DT 4.0 in a group of SMEs located in regions, not national capitals, of two Latin American countries with different growth models. The results highlight the significance of business leaders possessing knowledge of DT 4.0, the importance of having specialized human capital, and the need for an organizational culture that embraces innovation. Public policy should focus on transforming business leadership and organizational dynamics to stimulate digital transformation. JEL Classification: O330, O140, O570

Este artículo analiza las políticas públicas y las redes para el desarrollo de las tecnologías 4.0 en Chile, a partir del estudio de la cartera de proyectos FONDEF-IDEA, desde 2012 a 2017. Mediante un análisis sintáctico de los títulos, objetivos y resúmenes se seleccionaron las iniciativas específicas que tienen directa o indirecta aplicación de las tecnologías 4.0, sobre una base inicial de 530 iniciativas públicas. Se analizaron las diferentes especializaciones sectoriales y la red social. Nuestra conclusión es que todavía no observamos al nivel de políticas públicas en Chile una estrategia que estimule el desarrollo descentralizado de estas nuevas tecnologías. Se comprueba una alta centralidad en la red de las aplicaciones de sensores en la minería del cobre, del monitoreo y la conversión del dato a la información, existiendo todavía una importante brecha a ser cubierta por las políticas públicas. A nuestro juicio es urgente contar con una estrategia de desarrollo tecnológico que acorte la brecha con los países que se encuentran en una etapa más avanzada.

Latin America is the most criminogenic region of the world from the perspective of murder according to studies by international agencies. This problem affects phenomena such as drug trafficking and organized crime among others. Since the year 2000, interventions in Latin America to reduce crime and fear of crime, based on Situational prevention strategies and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) modifications to the urban environment as well as the social network of certain areas have been implemented. However there is no impact assessment model of such interventions. This research advances the development of a model to measure the impact of Situational and CPTED prevention strategies in highly vulnerable neighborhoods in Latin America and evidence it with early case studies.

This paper focuses on adopting cybersecurity procedures in Chilean manufacturing companies in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution’s data-driven demands, which have exposed vulnerabilities in cybersecurity. This analysis is based on data from the Fifth Longitudinal Survey of Companies - ELE 5 - conducted by the National Institute of Statistics. Using the TOE adoption model, we employ binary and ordered Logit and Probit models with data from 574 companies and 17 explanatory variables. The objective is to gain insight into the factors influencing the adoption of cybersecurity processes, complementing the existing literature, which often focuses on developing specific technologies or conducting comprehensive analyses of digital transformation. The study highlights the significance of company size in explaining the adoption of cybersecurity procedures and reveals the relevance of explanatory variables as the depth of adoption increases. The findings underscore the need for public policies that facilitate the implementation of existing regulations, such as ISO 27.001, particularly for small companies. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of fostering a "culture of cybersecurity" across different sectors of society.

Latin America, the world's most criminogenic region from the perspective of intentional homicide, is also the region with the highest perception of criminal insecurity. This situation negatively affects the quality of life of its inhabitants, influencing their decisions on the use of certain public spaces or the possibility of avoiding them due to the fear of being victims of a crime. This comparative analysis of three cases of intervention through situational prevention strategies and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design at the residential level, both in Chile and Honduras, seeks to establish the existence of a relationship between the socio-spatial modification of the environment and the impact generated from the implementation of these strategies in the levels of victimization, on the perception of insecurity and on the degree of social cohesion of the communities with which we work directly. To achieve this objective, a section was first developed with the main theoretical backgrounds related to Urban Security and the methodological proposal to measure the impact generated by situational prevention strategies and CPTED on intervened areas of the countries already mentioned. Then, the methodology used in this research is presented, which consists of three case studies with similar characteristics to each other, where each of these areas will also have their respective control group. It also includes the information collection techniques used, the design of the samples and the type of research to which this study corresponds. The analysis of the data allowed progress towards preliminary results, which are obtained mainly through the use of descriptive statistics, that is, by crossing variables relevant to the objectives of the research. While for the elaboration of conclusive results, inferential statistics were used through "chi-square", which led to the generation of statistically significant associations between variables, thus allowing evidence to be available impact generated by situational prevention methods and CPTED on the urban safety of the localities involved in both Chile and Honduras.

In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution this paper analyzes the factors that explain the degree of diffusion of some Information Technologies (ICTs) enabling Industries 4.0 in Chilean companies. In this group we find technologies such as: Big data, RIFD (Radio frequency identification), Cloud computing, ERP (Enterprise requirements planning), CRM (Customer relationship management), SCM (Supply chain management) and Computer security. Through the analysis of clusters, orderly logistic regression and decision tree, based on 2,081 companies reported in the Survey of Access and Use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Companies 2018 (MINECON, 2020). It is concluded that there is an important difference in technological adoption based on size from the volume of sales and the amount of direct labor. It is also noted that companies that subcontract and at the same time have ICT professionals are more likely to invest in this type of technology. We detected a “technological staggering” where companies begin by incorporating Cloud Computing and ERP and then increase in the number and complexity of the technologies used, achieving greater synergies and benefits in digital transformation. It is necessary to implement mechanisms for monitoring technical change to generate public policies aimed at leveling technological adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises. This work provides a global and intersectoral view of the process of diffusion of enabling technologies for Industry 4.0 through multivariate analysis techniques and data science, being a contribution to what is currently worked on focused on the study of business cases, on the monitoring of a specific technology or on an analysis of a specific productive sector.