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Europe is committed to a new growth strategy with no net greenhouse gases emissions by 2050, where hydrogen has a clear role to play. Portugal's strategy for H2 sets public policies promoting an industry focused on the hydrogen value chain. Considering the production of green hydrogen from renewable sources is key, water electrolysis becomes a priority, and with it, the need to assess the suitability of water sources, which is determined by both quantitative and qualitative factors. This work presents a new approach to assess the suitability of water sources for hydrogen production via water electrolysis by applying a Sustainable Value Methodology for decision-making support, combining economic, environmental and social criteria. The approach is applied to two different sites in Portugal: a semi-urban location on the Atlantic coast (site A) and a rural area far from the coast (site B). For both sites, water sources are evaluated regarding water availability, quality, transport options, abstraction costs, treatment needs and regulation (including environmental constraints) and social acceptance. The resulting sustainable value indicator, aggregator of different levels of information, enables a relative quantitative comparison of the performance of different water sources for electrolysis and the involved costs. It is found that the public grid water is the most suited source of water for electrolysis due to lower risk of supply, lower costs and avoids complex permitting processes. Likewise, seawater and wastewater treatment plant effluent (only in site A) showed to be possible water sources where the factors most affecting suitability are transport costs for water and waste disposal from water treatment.
Sofia G. Simoes; Justina Catarino; Ana Picado; Tiago F. Lopes; Santino di Berardino; Filipa Amorim; Francisco Gírio; C.M. Rangel; Teresa Ponce de Leão. Water availability and water usage solutions for electrolysis in hydrogen production. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 315, 128124 .
AMA StyleSofia G. Simoes, Justina Catarino, Ana Picado, Tiago F. Lopes, Santino di Berardino, Filipa Amorim, Francisco Gírio, C.M. Rangel, Teresa Ponce de Leão. Water availability and water usage solutions for electrolysis in hydrogen production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 315 ():128124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofia G. Simoes; Justina Catarino; Ana Picado; Tiago F. Lopes; Santino di Berardino; Filipa Amorim; Francisco Gírio; C.M. Rangel; Teresa Ponce de Leão. 2021. "Water availability and water usage solutions for electrolysis in hydrogen production." Journal of Cleaner Production 315, no. : 128124.
The main objective of the Portuguese project “CONVERTE-Biomass Potential for Energy” is to support the transition to a low-carbon economy, identifying biomass typologies in mainland Portugal, namely agri-forest waste, energy crops and microalgae. Therefore, the aim was to design and construct a georeferenced (mapping) database for mainland Portugal, to identify land availability for the implementation of energy crops and microalgae cultures, and to locate agricultural and forestry production areas (including their residues) with potential for sustainable exploitation for energy. The ArcGIS software was used as a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, introducing the data corresponding to the type of soil, water needs and edaphoclimatic conditions in shapefile and raster data type, to assess the areas for the implantation of the biomass of interest. After analysing the data of interest in each map in ArcGIS, the intersection of all maps is presented, suggesting adequate areas and predicting biomass productions for the implementation of each culture in mainland Portugal. Under the conditions of the study, cardoon (72 kha, 1085 kt), paulownia (81 kha, 26 kt) and microalgae (29 kha, 1616 kt) presented the greater viability to be exploited as biomass to energy in degraded and marginal soils.
Mariana Abreu; Alberto Reis; Patrícia Moura; Ana Luisa Fernando; António Luís; Lídia Quental; Pedro Patinha; Francisco Gírio. Evaluation of the Potential of Biomass to Energy in Portugal—Conclusions from the CONVERTE Project. Energies 2020, 13, 937 .
AMA StyleMariana Abreu, Alberto Reis, Patrícia Moura, Ana Luisa Fernando, António Luís, Lídia Quental, Pedro Patinha, Francisco Gírio. Evaluation of the Potential of Biomass to Energy in Portugal—Conclusions from the CONVERTE Project. Energies. 2020; 13 (4):937.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Abreu; Alberto Reis; Patrícia Moura; Ana Luisa Fernando; António Luís; Lídia Quental; Pedro Patinha; Francisco Gírio. 2020. "Evaluation of the Potential of Biomass to Energy in Portugal—Conclusions from the CONVERTE Project." Energies 13, no. 4: 937.
This study evaluated the production of endoxylanases by Streptomyces malaysiensis AMT-3 in submerged fermentation using by-products of the food industry at 28ºC. In shake-flasks experiments, the highest endoxylanase activity of 45.8 U.mL-1 was observed within 6 days in a medium containing (w/v) 2.5% wheat bran and 1.2% corn steep liquor. The same culture conditions were used to evaluate the enzyme production in a 2 L stirred tank reactor under different agitation (300, 450 and 600 rev.min-1) and aeration (30 and 60 L.h-1) conditions. The use of 450 rev.min-1 coupled to an aeration of 90 L.h-1 resulted on 81.3 U.mL-1 endoxylanase activity within 5 days. The effect of temperature and pH on endoxylanase activity and stability showed the highest activity at 60 ºC and pH 6.0. Zymography showed the presence of three xylanolytic bands with molecular masses of 690, 180 and 142 kDa. The results showed that the thermotolerant actinobacterial endoxylanase can be produced in high titers using by-product of the food industry.
Rodrigo Pires Do Nascimento; Alberto Delgado Reis; Francisco Gírio; Nei Pereira Jr; Elba Pinto Da Silva Bon; Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho. A Thermotolerant Xylan-Degrading Enzyme Is Produced by Streptomyces malaysiensis AMT-3 Using by-Products From the Food Industry. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2020, 63, 1 .
AMA StyleRodrigo Pires Do Nascimento, Alberto Delgado Reis, Francisco Gírio, Nei Pereira Jr, Elba Pinto Da Silva Bon, Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho. A Thermotolerant Xylan-Degrading Enzyme Is Produced by Streptomyces malaysiensis AMT-3 Using by-Products From the Food Industry. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2020; 63 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigo Pires Do Nascimento; Alberto Delgado Reis; Francisco Gírio; Nei Pereira Jr; Elba Pinto Da Silva Bon; Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho. 2020. "A Thermotolerant Xylan-Degrading Enzyme Is Produced by Streptomyces malaysiensis AMT-3 Using by-Products From the Food Industry." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 63, no. : 1.
This work presents a comparative simulation study involving the techno‐economic and environmental assessment of lignocellulosic‐based small‐scale biorefineries, integrated with a piggery waste‐based anaerobic digestion platform (ADB), located in Portugal and Chile. Two main products are obtained: isobutene and xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS). The bioproduction of isobutene using a genetically engineered organism (Escherichia coli), coupled with the removal and purification of high added‐value XOS, obtained after a feedstock hydrothermal pre‐treatment, was evaluated. Two lignocellulosic agricultural wastes were used: corn stover in the Portuguese case study and wheat straw in Chilean case study. Both processes were simulated using the Aspen Plus modeling software tool, while the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer was used to carry out the economic evaluation. The simulation results were validated with experimental data from the laboratory and the literature. An economic assessment was performed considering the different locations of both biorefineries. A life‐cycle analysis (LCA) was also applied to evaluate the differences in environmental impacts on both locations. The results showed that the isobutene / XOS biorefinery concept was economically viable in both Portugal and Chile, mainly due to the high market value of XOS. The biorefinery has lower production costs for isobutene and XOS (1 US$/kg of isobutene and 1.18 US$/kg of XOS) when located in Portugal, as compared with Chile (1.14 US$/kg of isobutene and 1.56 US$/kg of XOS). Conversely, it leads to less environmental impact when located in Chile: 48.8 kgCO2eq./GJisobutene, in comparison to 60.7 kgCO2eq./GJisobutene in Portugal. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Tiago F. Lopes; Florbela Carvalheiro; Luís C. Duarte; Francisco Gírio; Julián A. Quintero; Germán Aroca. Techno‐economic and life‐cycle assessments of small‐scale biorefineries for isobutene and xylo‐oligosaccharides production: a comparative study in Portugal and Chile. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2019, 13, 1321 -1332.
AMA StyleTiago F. Lopes, Florbela Carvalheiro, Luís C. Duarte, Francisco Gírio, Julián A. Quintero, Germán Aroca. Techno‐economic and life‐cycle assessments of small‐scale biorefineries for isobutene and xylo‐oligosaccharides production: a comparative study in Portugal and Chile. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2019; 13 (5):1321-1332.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiago F. Lopes; Florbela Carvalheiro; Luís C. Duarte; Francisco Gírio; Julián A. Quintero; Germán Aroca. 2019. "Techno‐economic and life‐cycle assessments of small‐scale biorefineries for isobutene and xylo‐oligosaccharides production: a comparative study in Portugal and Chile." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 13, no. 5: 1321-1332.
Ionic liquids have been recognised as interesting solvents applicable in efficient lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, especially in biomass fractionation into individual polymeric components or direct hydrolysis of some biomass fractions. Considering the chemical character of ionic liquids, two different approaches paved the way for the fractionation of biomass. The first strategy integrated a pre-treatment, hydrolysis and conversion of biomass through the employment of hydrogen-bond acidic 1-ethyl-3-methyimidazolim hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid. The second strategy relied on the use of a three-step fractionation process with hydrogen-bond basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate to produce high purity cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions. The proposed approaches were scrutinised for wheat straw and eucalyptus residues. These different biomasses enabled an understanding that enzymatic hydrolysis yields are dependent on the crystallinity of the pre-treated biomass. The use of acetate based ionic liquid allowed crystalline cellulose I to change to cellulose II and consequently enhanced the glucan to glucose yield to 93.1 ± 4.1 mol% and 82.9 ± 1.2 mol% for wheat straw and eucalyptus, respectively. However, for hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid, the same enzymatic hydrolysis yields were 61.6 ± 0.2 mol% for wheat straw and only 7.9 ± 0.3 mol% for eucalyptus residues. These results demonstrate the importance of both ionic liquid character and biomass type for efficient biomass processing.
Joana R. Bernardo; Francisco M. Gírio; Rafał M. Łukasik. The Effect of the Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Molecules 2019, 24, 808 .
AMA StyleJoana R. Bernardo, Francisco M. Gírio, Rafał M. Łukasik. The Effect of the Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Molecules. 2019; 24 (4):808.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana R. Bernardo; Francisco M. Gírio; Rafał M. Łukasik. 2019. "The Effect of the Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Molecules 24, no. 4: 808.
A techno-economic assessment for the direct production of ethanol using a genetically-modified microalgae has been studied. It was considered two main scenarios for process modelling: i) bioenergy-driven microalgae plant, i.e., focused on the production of fuel-grade ethanol and biogas for CHP and, ii) biorefinery-driven microalgae plant, focused on the recovery of added-value bioproducts (zeaxanthin and phycocyanin) along with ethanol and CHP production. These main scenarios and several variants were modelled and optimized for a small-scale demo plant of 1000 Lethanol/day and extrapolated for larger production capacities. Results showed that despite the innovative approach of direct production of ethanol by microalgae, the bioenergy-driven scenario is non-feasible under the studied conditions. Conversely, ethanol production becomes economically feasible as co-product in the biorefinery-driven scenario although having payback periods >10 years. Furthermore, if only bio-based products are produced the NPV and the payback are even more positive, 104.8 M€ and ca. 5 years, respectively.
Tiago Lopes; Catarina Cabanas; André Silva; Diana Fonseca; Edgar Santos; L. Tiago Guerra; Con Sheahan; Alberto Reis; Francisco Gírio. Process simulation and techno-economic assessment for direct production of advanced bioethanol using a genetically modified Synechocystis sp. Bioresource Technology Reports 2019, 6, 113 -122.
AMA StyleTiago Lopes, Catarina Cabanas, André Silva, Diana Fonseca, Edgar Santos, L. Tiago Guerra, Con Sheahan, Alberto Reis, Francisco Gírio. Process simulation and techno-economic assessment for direct production of advanced bioethanol using a genetically modified Synechocystis sp. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2019; 6 ():113-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiago Lopes; Catarina Cabanas; André Silva; Diana Fonseca; Edgar Santos; L. Tiago Guerra; Con Sheahan; Alberto Reis; Francisco Gírio. 2019. "Process simulation and techno-economic assessment for direct production of advanced bioethanol using a genetically modified Synechocystis sp." Bioresource Technology Reports 6, no. : 113-122.
Ionic liquids have been recognised as interesting solvents applicable in the efficient lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, especially in the biomass fractionation into individual polymeric components or direct hydrolysis some of biomass fractions. Considering the chemical character of ionic liquids, two different approaches, paved the way for a fractionation of biomass. The first strategy integrated a pre-treatment, hydrolysis and conversion of biomass through the employment of hydrogen-bond acidic 1-ethyl-3-methyimidazolim hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid. The second one relied on the use of a three-step fractionation process with hydrogen-bond basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate to produce high purity cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions. The proposed approaches were scrutinised for wheat straw and eucalyptus residues. Those different biomasses allowed understanding that enzymatic hydrolysis yields are dependent on the crystallinity of pre-treated biomass. The use of acetate based ionic liquid allowed to change crystalline cellulose I to cellulose II and consequently enhanced glucan to glucose yield to 93.14.1 mol% and 82.91.2 mol% for wheat straw and eucalyptus, respectively. Whereas for hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid, the same enzymatic hydrolysis yields were 61.6 0.2 mol% for wheat straw and only 7.90.3 mol% for eucalyptus residues. These results demonstrate the importance of either ionic liquid character or biomass type on the efficient biomass processing.
Joana R. Bernardo; Francisco M. Girio; Rafal Lukasik. The Effect of Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleJoana R. Bernardo, Francisco M. Girio, Rafal Lukasik. The Effect of Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana R. Bernardo; Francisco M. Girio; Rafal Lukasik. 2019. "The Effect of Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis." , no. : 1.
The success of modern biorefineries, including those using starch-based feedstocks, should be based on versatile biomass supply chains and on the production of a wide spectrum of competitive bio-based products. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of bio-based products obtained mainly from biochemical platforms from starch- and sugar-based feedstocks. After an initial review of starch production sources and starch properties as well as starch-based end applications, this chapter reviews the state of the art of starch hydrolytic enzymes, focusing on a bio-based platform for the main value-added (bio)chemicals, biofuels, and biomaterials that can be obtained from sugar-based feedstocks. At the present time, food and biofuels applications still dominate most of the uses of starch-based raw materials. Although bio-based chemicals and biomaterials still do not account for a significant share of current biomass use, new bioeconomy sectors are emerging such as biomaterials and green chemistry, and several markets (e.g., bioplastics, biolubricants, biosolvents, and biosurfactants) are expected to grow in the near future. Several examples of biological production routes are described in this chapter, namely, for ethanol, lactic acid, and polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol (BDO), farnesene, isobutene, acrylic acid, adipic acid, ethylene, and polyethylene. One example of using a chemical catalytic route to obtain furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is also reported.
Susana Marques; Antonio D. Moreno; Mercedes Ballesteros; Francisco Gírio. Starch Biomass for Biofuels, Biomaterials, and Chemicals. Biomass and Green Chemistry 2017, 69 -94.
AMA StyleSusana Marques, Antonio D. Moreno, Mercedes Ballesteros, Francisco Gírio. Starch Biomass for Biofuels, Biomaterials, and Chemicals. Biomass and Green Chemistry. 2017; ():69-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Marques; Antonio D. Moreno; Mercedes Ballesteros; Francisco Gírio. 2017. "Starch Biomass for Biofuels, Biomaterials, and Chemicals." Biomass and Green Chemistry , no. : 69-94.
This chapter intends to give a brief overview of current conventional and advanced biomass-based biorefineries in the World. While the conventional biorefineries use mature and commercialtechnology, the advanced biorefineries (e.g., lignocellulosic-based biofuel biorefineries, microalgae-based biorefineries) have different degrees of technology-readiness level and regardless the process technology, only a few of them have reached the commercial scale although the profitability remains a quest. The most representative’s examples of biorefineries in the World are reviewed in this chapter with special emphasis on thermochemical- and biochemical-based biomass processing technologies for advanced biofuel biorefineriesat pilot, demo or commercial stage. Few examples of product (non-energetic)-driven biorefineries are also discussed, such as pulp and paper biorefineries and lactic acid-producing biorefineries, mainly because only a limited number are in operation because their key technologies are still in the R&D, pilot or demo stage.
Francisco Gírio; Susana Marques; Filomena Pinto; Ana Cristina Oliveira; Paula Costa; Alberto Reis; Patrícia Moura. Biorefineries in the World. The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets 2017, 227 -281.
AMA StyleFrancisco Gírio, Susana Marques, Filomena Pinto, Ana Cristina Oliveira, Paula Costa, Alberto Reis, Patrícia Moura. Biorefineries in the World. The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets. 2017; ():227-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Gírio; Susana Marques; Filomena Pinto; Ana Cristina Oliveira; Paula Costa; Alberto Reis; Patrícia Moura. 2017. "Biorefineries in the World." The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets , no. : 227-281.
The production of ethanol and other fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic materials is dependent of efficient xylose conversion. Xylose fermentation capacity in yeasts is usually linked to xylose reductase (XR) accepting NADH as cofactor. The XR from Scheffersomyces stipitis, which is able to use NADH as cofactor but still prefers NADPH, has been used to generate recombinant xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Novel xylose-fermenting yeasts species, as those from the Spathaspora clade, have been described and are potential sources of novel genes to improve xylose fermentation in S. cerevisiae. Xylose fermentation by six strains from different Spathaspora species isolated in Brazil, plus the Sp. passalidarum type strain (CBS 10155T), was characterized under two oxygen-limited conditions. The best xylose-fermenting strains belong to the Sp. passalidarum species, and their highest ethanol titers, yields, and productivities were correlated to higher XR activity with NADH than with NADPH. Among the different Spathaspora species, Sp. passalidarum appears to be the sole harboring two XYL1 genes: XYL1.1, similar to the XYL1 found in other Spathaspora and yeast species and XYL1.2, with relatively higher expression level. XYL1.1p and XYL1.2p from Sp. passalidarum were expressed in S. cerevisiae TMB 3044 and XYL1.1p was confirmed to be strictly NADPH-dependent, while XYL1.2p to use both NADPH and NADH, with higher activity with the later. Recombinant S. cerevisiae strains expressing XYL1.1p did not show anaerobic growth in xylose medium. Under anaerobic xylose fermentation, S. cerevisiae TMB 3504, which expresses XYL1.2p from Sp. passalidarum, revealed significant higher ethanol yield and productivity than S. cerevisiae TMB 3422, which harbors XYL1p N272D from Sc. stipitis in the same isogenic background (0.40 vs 0.34 g g CDW −1 and 0.33 vs 0.18 g g CDW −1 h−1, respectively). This work explored a new clade of xylose-fermenting yeasts (Spathaspora species) towards the engineering of S. cerevisiae for improved xylose fermentation. The new S. cerevisiae TMB 3504 displays higher XR activity with NADH than with NADPH, with consequent improved ethanol yield and productivity and low xylitol production. This meaningful advance in anaerobic xylose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae (using the XR/XDH pathway) paves the way for the development of novel industrial pentose-fermenting strains.
Raquel M. Cadete; Alejandro M. De Las Heras; Anders G. Sandström; Carla Ferreira; Francisco Gírio; Marie-Françoise Gorwa-Grauslund; Carlos A. Rosa; César Fonseca. Exploring xylose metabolism in Spathaspora species: XYL1.2 from Spathaspora passalidarum as the key for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation in metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2016, 9, 1 -14.
AMA StyleRaquel M. Cadete, Alejandro M. De Las Heras, Anders G. Sandström, Carla Ferreira, Francisco Gírio, Marie-Françoise Gorwa-Grauslund, Carlos A. Rosa, César Fonseca. Exploring xylose metabolism in Spathaspora species: XYL1.2 from Spathaspora passalidarum as the key for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation in metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2016; 9 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel M. Cadete; Alejandro M. De Las Heras; Anders G. Sandström; Carla Ferreira; Francisco Gírio; Marie-Françoise Gorwa-Grauslund; Carlos A. Rosa; César Fonseca. 2016. "Exploring xylose metabolism in Spathaspora species: XYL1.2 from Spathaspora passalidarum as the key for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation in metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Biotechnology for Biofuels 9, no. 1: 1-14.
Hemicelluloses hold a great promise for the production of added-value compounds in the biorefinery framework. Specifically, the xylan-rich hemicelluloses from hardwoods and agro-industrial residues present themselves as effective feedstock choices for the biotechnological production of xylitol. This paper reviews the various hemicellulose structures present in such materials and critically evaluates the available processing options to produce xylose-rich fermentable hydrolysates. Currently, acid-based processes still present the best trade-off between operation easiness and xylose yield and recovery. Nevertheless, concerns regarding the impact of the fractionation processes on the overall upgradability of all biomass fractions (namely, cellulose and specially lignin) may turn the route to other strategies. Specifically, the combined/sequential use of processes targeting hemicellulose dissolution and hydrolysis might hold great promise for the economical production of pentoses.
Francisco M. Gírio; Florbela Carvalheiro; Luís C. Duarte; Rafał Bogel-Łukasik. Deconstruction of the Hemicellulose Fraction from Lignocellulosic Materials into Simple Sugars. D-Xylitol 2012, 3 -37.
AMA StyleFrancisco M. Gírio, Florbela Carvalheiro, Luís C. Duarte, Rafał Bogel-Łukasik. Deconstruction of the Hemicellulose Fraction from Lignocellulosic Materials into Simple Sugars. D-Xylitol. 2012; ():3-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco M. Gírio; Florbela Carvalheiro; Luís C. Duarte; Rafał Bogel-Łukasik. 2012. "Deconstruction of the Hemicellulose Fraction from Lignocellulosic Materials into Simple Sugars." D-Xylitol , no. : 3-37.
Hemicelluloses currently represent the largest polysaccharide fraction wasted in most cellulosic ethanol pilot and demonstration plants around the world. The reasons are based on the hemicelluloses heterogeneous polymeric nature and their low fermentability by the most common industrial microbial strains. This paper will review, in a “from field to fuel” approach the various hemicelluloses structures present in lignocellulose, the range of pre-treatment and hydrolysis options including the enzymatic ones, and the role of different microbial strains on process integration aiming to reach a meaningful consolidated bioprocessing. The recent trends, technical barriers and perspectives of future development are highlighted.
F.M. Gírio; César Fonseca; Florbela Carvalheiro; L.C. Duarte; Susana Marques; Rafal Lukasik. Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review. Bioresource Technology 2010, 101, 4775 -4800.
AMA StyleF.M. Gírio, César Fonseca, Florbela Carvalheiro, L.C. Duarte, Susana Marques, Rafal Lukasik. Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2010; 101 (13):4775-4800.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.M. Gírio; César Fonseca; Florbela Carvalheiro; L.C. Duarte; Susana Marques; Rafal Lukasik. 2010. "Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 13: 4775-4800.