The strategic goal of city management is to ensure its sustainable development which requires a balance of rare resources. From the operational perspective, namely projects implementing sustainable development, the balance refers to human resources. They can be classified into the public or private sector and their cooperation is known as Public–Private Partnership (PPP). Building on the concept of sustainable development and stakeholder theory, the research develops a conceptual framework of stakeholder analysis in PPP projects. More generally, the research aims to contribute to a theoretical understanding of the determinants of sustainable city development and PPP success factors. The research claims that the PPP procurement is consistent with sustainable urban development and the PPP model, accompanied by the stakeholder theory, requires evaluation which balances diverse stakeholders’ interests along the triple bottom of sustainable development. The conceptual framework combines stakeholder attributes of preferred benefits and power and urgency. It includes a time and scope perspective. The research has a descriptive but also a normative character as the framework could be helpful to understand and engage stakeholders in sustainable urban development. The developed framework can be considered for the future construction of a model that can be implemented and tested. This theoretical research is based on a literature survey, applying methods of critical analysis and construction. The innovative approach of the research is based on integrated application of already known concepts of sustainable development, stakeholder theory, and Public–Private Partnership, which are all necessary to create a new approach to management of city development consistent with the known facts.

The development of a wide range of infrastructure projects based on the idea of cooperation between the public and private sector, known as PPPs, contributes to fulfilling social and economic needs, rises the quality of life, and supports sustainable development. The expected results of these undertakings cannot be comparable; however, some PPPs are perceived as a success and some are not. The research is based on the stakeholder concept and the idea that different stakeholder groups present different attitudes to the success of PPPs and are motivated by different issues including economic, social, and environmental factors. Based on this assumption, a conceptual model of PPP stakeholders’ identification and classification according to the attributes of preferred benefits, related to dimensions of sustainable development and engagement, including time and scope perspective, has been derived and tested. This exploratory analysis improves and tests the benefit–engagement conceptual model of PPP stakeholders’ identification. This contributes to the theory and concepts of sustainable infrastructure investment and public–private partnership practice.

The Perception of Critical Success Factors for PPP Projects in Different Stakeholder Groups

Research background: Researchers traditionally assume that learning is a product of experience. In general, it means that learning can only take place through the attempt to solve a problem and therefore only takes place during activity (Arrow, 1962). On the ground of organizational theory, it has two implications. First, we can agree that repeated activity requires less effort. Second, we can argue that firms undertake activities, with which they have been the most successful in the past and that they expect to be the most successful in the future. Purpose of the article: The aim of the research is twofold. Firstly, this article aims to investigate if we can identify a relationship between the experience in PPP projects and the performance of initiatives of this kind. Secondly, the article aims to provide an interpretation of the relationship between experience and PPP performance. Methods: This research investigates factors influencing the survival of PPP projects in Poland over the period 2009–2015. Cox proportional hazard model is utilized to distinguish between PPPs that succeeded to the operation phase and those that were canceled on the procurement stage. Findings & Value added: The research confirms the existence of a positive relationship between experience in PPP and the outcome of a PPP development.

This paper investigates the anchoring bias in the real estate market, focusing on the impact of uninformative random values on price estimations. Through a randomized controlled trial, the study examines whether selective accessibility contributes to the anchoring effect and to what extent the bias is transmitted from estimated asking prices to transaction prices on the primary housing market. The study was conducted in 2023 among Krakow University of Economics students on the example of the Krakow housing market in Poland. A multiple regression model indicates that randomly assigned numbers serve as cues affecting price estimations, with potential differences of up to 10.5% of the asking price offered by a developer. Additionally, gender and decision-making competencies influence estimation patterns, suggesting varying attitudes towards price-setting strategies that can be implemented by developers. These findings contribute to understanding the complexities of decision-making in real estate markets and highlight avenues for further research.