The primary aim of this study was to identify factors influencing natural honey production and marketing constraints in Kafa, Sheka, Bench- Sheko, and West Omo zones which covered 23 woredas and 69 kebeles. Primary and secondary sources of data were utilized for this study. Both qualitative and quantitative data types were employed. Data were collected from 94, 134, 118, and 39 respondents that were selected randomly from Bench- Sheko, Kaffa, Sheka, and West-Omo Zones respectively, based on probability proportional to the sample size. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression model. The dominant honey production practice in the study area was the use of traditional beehives. The productivity of traditional, transitional, and modern beehives was 9, 16, and 22 kg per hive. Major constraints that affect honey production include lack of modern technology (92.5%), absconding (69.5%), pests and predators (46.8%), lack of credit access (28.3%), poor extension service (57.4%), lack of beekeeping equipment's (45.2%) and death of colony (38.05). Similarly, poor market linkage (84.1%), lack of market information (66.2%), poor infrastructure (61.5%), low price of product (60.7%), weak bargaining power of farmers (37.5%), long-distance to market (88.4%), shortage of packing and storage materials (57.6%), presence of illegal traders (53.5%) and absence of branding (60.3%) are factors that influence honey marketing in the study area. The econometric result showed that variable cost, age of the respondent, marital status, experience, and hive number owned influence the level of honey production. The policy should focus on creating access to modern honey bee technologies, providing capacity building for producers, organizing cooperatives, providing credit services, promoting the involvement of private sectors, establishing linkages among honey producers, researchers, and private sectors.

Climate change has adversely affected the livelihoods of people in Ethiopia since a large proportion of the population is heavily dependent on agriculture as their adaptive capacities are perceived to be below. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of farmer adaptation strategies with their costs and benefits of each adaptation strategy. The data were collected from 155 farm households using a random sampling method through semistructured questionnaires. The result of the multivariate probit model revealed that the likelihood of farmers to adopt adjustment of planting date, changing crop varieties, intercropping, crop rotation, irrigation, and minimum tillage were 51.6%, 61.9%, 56.1%, 38.1%, 10.3%, and 27.1%, respectively. The joint likelihood of using all adaptation strategies was 4.2%, while their failure to adopt all the adaptation strategies was 9.8%. Among the given adaptation options, intercropping, adjusting planting dates, crop rotation, and changing crop varieties are economically viable climate adaptation strategies. Regarding the intensity of adaptation, 78% of sampled respondents were used more than one adaptation option, and their NPV and BCR were higher when they used at least one adaptation option. Farmers who did not adopt any adaptation options were able to receive the lowest income per unit production. The study recommends that households should use multiple combinations of adaptation practices rather than the use of a single adaptation option. Thus, the government and stakeholders must provide educational and extension service, training, and updated climate information to smallholder crop producers to use and select the best and combination of adaptation strategies.

Kaffa, Sheka, and Bench sheko Zone in the Southwest region of Ethiopia are known for enset farming. The objective of this study was to identify factors constraining market participation of enset producers and marketed surplus. Data were obtained from a sample of 657 enset producers. Heckman's two-stage model was used to identify the determinants of enset products market participation and marketed surplus. Heckman's two-stage selection model results showed that family size, level of education, farming experience, land allocation, livestock ownership, and access to training had significantly influenced market participation decision while family size, level of education, farming experience, livestock ownership, access to transport, quantity enset produced, off-farm income and inverse Mill's ratio (LAMBDA) influenced significantly the extent of marketed surplus. Based on the findings of the study, we suggest that the government and concerned stakeholders should focus on promoting improved enset variety, encouraging the use of labor-saving technology, strengthening the existing social services, promoting farmers' cooperatives, empowering women, improving market linkage, and competitive market should be created.

The willingness of farmers to pay for improved teff seed has positive effects on utilization of improved teff which increases agricultural production, productivity rural household income. However, the extent to which the willingness of teff producers to pay for improved teff seed was not studied in the study area. Hence, the primary goal of the study was to examine the willingness to pay for improved teff seed in Yilmana-Dinsa woreda, West Gojjam Zone. To collect quantitative and qualitative data, both primary and secondary sources were employed from 121 sampled respondents. The data were examined using expressive and inferential (t-test and chi-square test) statistics and econometric model (bivariate probit). The result showed that 79.3% of sampled farmers were willing to pay the seed and the value of mean willingness to pay from both double bounded dichotomous choice and open-ended questions was 26.89 and 32.67 birr per kilogram, respectively. The results of the bivariate probit model showed that sex, education level, extension contact, on-farm income, and credit have taken have a positive and significant effect, while off-farm income and initial starting bed have a negative and significant effect on the willingness of farmers to pay improved teff seed. Based on the findings government and other stakeholders need to focus on strengthening improved seed access through organized seed systems that comprehend all actors and promising cultivars through a well-established national extension and credit system to fill the current seed system gaps.

| Tea has a significant contribution to households’ cash income in the study area. However, decreasing productivity in the sector with price volatility led to a decline in output. Due to this fact, the studies were assessing the production trend with their bottlenecks, and identify the determinant of tea productivity and inefficiency through Cobb Douglas and stochastic frontier model. Data from a primary and secondary source of information were used from 135 tea out-growers. Based on the results, year 2017-018 has been used as production/base year. However, the productivity of tea in the 2020 production year is increased by 41.8% as the coverage of land for tea becomes increased by 53.6%. Lack of skill and knowledge (79.2%), lack of training and extension service 90.3%), low productivity (88.1%), the occurrence of pest and disease (80.7%), climate change (80.7%), weak market linkage (88.1%), monopoly market (69.2%, output price fluctuation (88.9%), and lack of centralized processing facilities (80.7%) were the key restraints on tea out-growers production and selling activity in the research area. The Cobb Douglas model indicated that labor force, fertilizer, land size, and improved seed all had an impact on tea productivity. While, technical inefficiency of tea production was determined by to level of education, the interaction of extension contact, distance to district market, harvesting time, training, and participation to off/non-farm income. So, improving the skill and knowledge of farmers through increasing extension service and training, on-time delivery of farm inputs, create market linkage, and improved tea nursery management were some of the suggestions made to alleviate the study areas’ tea production and marketing difficulties.