The unidirection composites of jute spun yarn/Polylactic acid were fabricated using compression molding. The reinforcement fibers were paralleled with matrix resin fiber and were used as intermediate materials to prepare the unidrection preforms. The parallel yarn was winded onto the metallic frame. The wound paralleled yarns were dried in convection oven before molding. The metallic frame containing the paralleled yarns was placed in heated mold for consolidation to produce the unidirection composite specimens with various molding temperature. The heated mold was cooled by the cooling system of the compression machine. Consolidation process involved three stages. At first, under certain temperature, the solid fibrous matrix materials became softened and then the matrix in the liquid form soaked and infiltrated the reinforcing fibers and finally during cooling stage, the matrix turned into solid form to hold the fibers in a definite position. The molding temperature was affected to the mechanical properties of the unidirection composite. The jute spun yarn/PLA composite were characterized in the term of mechanical properties and the fabrication quality was examined by cross-section observation. The impregnation quality and dispersion of fiber bundle were increased with increasing the molding temperature and achievement ratio of elastic modulus increase. While increasing the molding temperature, the achievement ratio of tensile strength was decreased because of deterioration of jute fiber. The optimum compression molding temperature was 185 - 195C for fabricated the jute spun yarn/PLA unidirection composite

Pultrusion is a continuous process with application in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite. The thermoplastic pultrusion molding is a manufacturing process in which generated by the resin fiber and reinforcement fibers are pulled through the heat die. The pressure was generated, also the resin fiber start melt and impregnate into the reinforcement fiber. In this investigation study the mechanical properties of jute spun yarn/PLA tubular braided composite by pultrusion molding. The systems for jute spun yarn/PLA braided composite were described in the term of materials design, structure design and processing design. The intermediate materials were prepared by comingle technique. The braiding technique manufactured preform which had jute fiber diagonally oriented at certain angles with the glass fiber inserted into the braiding yarns along the longitudinal direction of braiding structure. The braided preforms were pulled through the heated die where consolidation flow took place due to reduced matrix viscosity. The pultrusion experiments were fabricated the tubular braided composite with varying the structure of braided preform and pultrusion molding condition. The configuration of intermediate material and the molding temperature are influenced to the mechanical properties of jute spun yarn/PLA tubular braided composite. The quality of pultruded composite was evaluated by cross-section observation and mechanical properties evaluated by 4-point bending test

Polylactic acid (PLA) is widely used in 3D printing for its biodegradability and ease of processing, but its brittleness and low impact strength often restrict its suitability for more demanding applications. The novelty of this work lies in its direct comparative approach: we systematically reinforce PLA with two distinct agricultural residues—rice husk and rice straw—under identical conditions to clarify how particle size (100 vs. 200 mesh) and NaOH surface treatment affect mechanical performance. Composite filaments containing 5–20 wt% of each fiber were produced and 3D-printed into standard tensile and flexural specimens. The results show that, although tensile strength declines at higher fiber loadings, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and impact resistance can improve significantly—particularly with 200-mesh and NaOH-treated fibers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirms partial lignin removal and enhanced cellulose exposure, improving fiber–matrix adhesion, which is corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of reduced voids. This comparative study demonstrates that surface-treated, finely milled rice husk and rice straw significantly enhance PLA’s stiffness and toughness, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional polymeric additives. The insights gained here on fiber content, chemical treatment, and 3D printing parameters can guide the broader industrial adoption of these natural fiber-reinforced PLA composites, particularly in automotive and construction applications that require lightweight, durable materials.

Thermoplastic pultrusion is a suitable process for fabricating continuous unidirectional thermoplastics with a uniform cross-section, high mechanical properties due to continuous fiber reinforcement, low cost, and suitability for mass production. In this paper, jute and glass fibers were reinforced with a polypropylene matrix and fabricated using the thermoplastic pultrusion process. The volumetric fraction of the composite was designed by controlling the filling ratio of the reinforcing fiber and matrix. The effects of molding parameters were investigated, such as pulling speed and molding temperature, on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the final rectangular profile composite. The pulling speed and molding temperature varied from 40 to 140 mm/min and 190 to 220 °C, respectively. The results showed that an increase in molding temperature initially led to an increase in mechanical properties, up to a certain point. Beyond that point, they started to decrease. The resin can be easily impregnated into the fiber due to the low viscosity of thermoplastic at high temperatures, resulting in increased mechanical properties. However, the increase in molding temperature also led to a rise in void content due to moisture in jute fiber, resulting in decreased mechanical properties at 210 °C. Meanwhile, un-impregnation decreased with the increase in molding temperature, and the jute fiber began to degrade at high temperatures. In the next step, with varying pulling speed, the mechanical properties decreased as the pulling speed increased, with a corresponding increase in void content and un-impregnation. This effect occurred because the resin had a shorter time to impregnate the fiber at a higher pulling speed. The decrease in mechanical properties was influenced by the increase in void content and un-impregnation, as the jute fiber degraded at higher temperatures.

Prevalently, the light has been shed on the green composite from the viewpoint of environmental protection. Jute fibers are natural fibers superior due to light weight, low cost, and being environmentally friendly corresponding to the green composite materials. Meticulously, fibers of polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic biopolymer were used as the resin fibers. In this study, the fabrication of tubular jute spun yarn/PLA braided composite by pultrusion molding was presented. The intermediate materials were prepared by commingled technique. The braiding technique manufactured preform which had jute fiber diagonally oriented at certain angles with the glass fiber inserted into the braiding yarns along the longitudinal direction. The braided preforms were pulled through a heated die where the consolidation flow took place due to reduced matrix viscosity and pressure. The pultrusion experiments were done with jute/PLA commingled yarns and combined with glass fiber yarns to fabricate the tubular composite. Impregnation quality was evaluated by microscope observation of the pultruded cross-sections. The flexural mechanical properties of the pultruded were measured by four-point bending test.

Currently, the light has shed on the ecological-friendly products. The mulberry products, especially hand-made paper, are wildly facilitated as general wares or decoration. The research on the lamination of the mulberry paper with biodegradable films can ameliorate the usability, corresponding to the modernisation and green products. Meticulously, the laminating machine is designed and created in this research, with the size 98 x 118 x 126 centimetres. The machine is consisted of the roller driver and the infrared heater. The laminate film will be pulled by the roller driver and be passed the latex glue and infrared heater. Subsequently, the film will be coated on the mulberry paper by the rubber roller. The experimental results show that the best lamination is at speed 3.72 m/min. In addition, the biodegradable film has thickness 40μm and tensile strength is 40.22MPa. Tensile strength of normal mulberry paper is 37.07MPa, but 79.14MPa after the lamination. The laminated mulberry-paper is more attractive, strengthening, and lotus effect. The surface becomes smooth, easily to print and to clean out the dirt