Mahmoud M. Azzam received his Ph.D. in animal nutrition and feed science from Zhejiang University, China, and completed his post-doctorate training in poultry health and nutrition at the college of Animal Science of Zhejiang University, China. He was awarded an international project from NSFC (31350110511) to study the mechanism of threonine to improve the immunity of laying hens. He is recognized as an authority on amino acids (threonine, valine, and isoleucine) in laying hen nutrition. His research interests are amino acid nutrition and nutritional immunology. His current research projects focus on nutrition strategies to improve immunity and optimize the economic efficiency of poultry under hot and arid environments.