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L. Bross
Institute of Hydro Science, Chair of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Bundeswehr University Munich, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Water Policy
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The drinking water supply is a core element of national regulations for normal and emergency supply as well as coping with crisis events. Particularly with regard to the interdependence of critical infrastructures means that water supply failures can have far-reaching consequences and endanger the safety of a society, e.g., by impairing hospital operations. In case of an emergency in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards, e.g., for patients in hospitals, become important for emergency management during crisis situations. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably minor water supply disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water supply standards for hospitals in case of a disaster. Acknowledging these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance or civil protection, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high water and healthcare supply standards. Based on a literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper indicates potential improvements for emergency water supply planning in general as well as for supply of hospitals and identifies future fields of research.

ACS Style

L. Bross; J. Bäumer; I. Voggenreiter; I. Wienand; A. Fekete. Public health without water? Emergency water supply and minimum supply standards of hospitals in high-income countries using the example of Germany and Austria. Water Policy 2021, 23, 205 -221.

AMA Style

L. Bross, J. Bäumer, I. Voggenreiter, I. Wienand, A. Fekete. Public health without water? Emergency water supply and minimum supply standards of hospitals in high-income countries using the example of Germany and Austria. Water Policy. 2021; 23 (2):205-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Bross; J. Bäumer; I. Voggenreiter; I. Wienand; A. Fekete. 2021. "Public health without water? Emergency water supply and minimum supply standards of hospitals in high-income countries using the example of Germany and Austria." Water Policy 23, no. 2: 205-221.

Communication
Published: 16 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Current agendas such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction or the Sustainable Development Goals are demanding more integration of disaster risk management into other thematic fields and relevant sectors. However, certain thematic fields such as shelter planning and critical infrastructure have not been integrated yet. This article provides an analysis of minimum humanitarian standards contained in the well-known Sphere handbook. Gaps are identified for several critical infrastructure services. Moreover, guidance on how to derive infrastructure or lifeline needs has been found missing. This article analyses the missing service supply and infrastructure identification items and procedures. The main innovation is a more integrative perspective on infrastructure that can improve existing minimum humanitarian standards. It can guide the provision of infrastructure services to various types for different hazard scenarios, hence make humanitarian aid and shelter planning more sustainable in terms of avoiding infrastructure or lifeline shortages.

ACS Style

Alexander Fekete; Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause; Florian Neisser; Katerina Tzavella. Bridging Gaps in Minimum Humanitarian Standards and Shelter Planning by Critical Infrastructures. Sustainability 2021, 13, 849 .

AMA Style

Alexander Fekete, Lisa Bross, Steffen Krause, Florian Neisser, Katerina Tzavella. Bridging Gaps in Minimum Humanitarian Standards and Shelter Planning by Critical Infrastructures. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Fekete; Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause; Florian Neisser; Katerina Tzavella. 2021. "Bridging Gaps in Minimum Humanitarian Standards and Shelter Planning by Critical Infrastructures." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 849.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in Systems
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The increased probability of occurrence of various hazards to water supply systems due to climate change requires the strengthening of their resilience through effective emergency preparedness planning. This paper introduces a method for the assessment of the resilience of water supply systems, including emergency supply measures. With 20 uniquely defined emergency situations, the technical constellations for possible impairments of the water supply are documented. The system analysis developed for each emergency situation is then used to determine and prioritise all suitable supply measures to reduce the supply deficit. Based on the data of a water utility close to Frankfurt, Germany, the developed system dynamics model was used to examine the resource utilisation for the respective emergency situations and to estimate the amount of water provided. The model allows us to scrutinize and compare emergency water supply measures as well as to identify required resources. Furthermore, the method helps us to prioritize measures as well as to make decisions when planning and providing emergency water supply (EWS).

ACS Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause. Will There Be Enough Water? A System Dynamics Model to Investigate the Effective Use of Limited Resources for Emergency Water Supply. Systems 2021, 9, 2 .

AMA Style

Lisa Bross, Steffen Krause. Will There Be Enough Water? A System Dynamics Model to Investigate the Effective Use of Limited Resources for Emergency Water Supply. Systems. 2021; 9 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause. 2021. "Will There Be Enough Water? A System Dynamics Model to Investigate the Effective Use of Limited Resources for Emergency Water Supply." Systems 9, no. 1: 2.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Emergency preparedness planning in the water supply sector includes preventive measures to minimize risks as well as aspects of crisis management. Various scenarios such as floods, power failures or even a pandemic should be considered. This article presents a newly developed composite indicator system to assess the status of emergency preparedness planning in the German water supply. Two weighting methods of the indicators are compared: the indicator system was applied to a case study and a Germany-representative data set. The results show that there is a need for action in emergency preparedness planning in the German water supply. This is in particular due to a lack of risk analyses and insufficient crisis management. Numerous water supply companies and municipalities are already well-prepared, however, there is a need for action at several levels, especially in the area of risk analysis and evaluation of measures. In Germany, responsibility for this lies primarily with the municipalities.

ACS Style

Lisa Bross; Ina Wienand; Steffen Krause. Batten Down the Hatches—Assessing the Status of Emergency Preparedness Planning in the German Water Supply Sector with Statistical and Expert-Based Weighting. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7177 .

AMA Style

Lisa Bross, Ina Wienand, Steffen Krause. Batten Down the Hatches—Assessing the Status of Emergency Preparedness Planning in the German Water Supply Sector with Statistical and Expert-Based Weighting. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Bross; Ina Wienand; Steffen Krause. 2020. "Batten Down the Hatches—Assessing the Status of Emergency Preparedness Planning in the German Water Supply Sector with Statistical and Expert-Based Weighting." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7177.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2019 in Water
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Drinking water supply is at the core of both, humanitarian action in times of crisis, as well as national policies for regular and emergency supply. In countries with a continuous water supply, the population mostly relies ingenuously on the permanent availability of tap water due to high supply standards. In case of a disruption in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards become important for emergency management during disasters. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably fewer disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water provision standards in case of a disaster. Acknowledging that these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high supply standards. Based on a comprehensive literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper flags potential improvements for emergency water supply planning and identifies future fields of research.

ACS Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause; Mia Wannewitz; Eva Stock; Simone Sandholz; Ina Wienand. Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability. Water 2019, 11, 732 .

AMA Style

Lisa Bross, Steffen Krause, Mia Wannewitz, Eva Stock, Simone Sandholz, Ina Wienand. Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability. Water. 2019; 11 (4):732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause; Mia Wannewitz; Eva Stock; Simone Sandholz; Ina Wienand. 2019. "Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability." Water 11, no. 4: 732.

Book chapter
Published: 10 October 2017 in Frontiers of Science and Technology
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The reliable supply of drinking water in sufficient quality and quantity is decisive for the social and economic development of all municipalities. At the same time, water distribution networks represent one of the greatest assets of a municipality. Therefore, water supply is regarded as one element of the critical infrastructure of society. The protection of the water supply, including ensuring drinking water safety in all situations, is a primary objective for water supply companies. Extraordinary events, such as natural disasters like floods or extreme droughts, can affect water supplies in their functioning. There is a high vulnerability to such extreme events for both the individual components as well as for the overall water supply system. The challenges for small and larger water utilities vary due to different boundary conditions. This paper shows aspects of water safety plans for small scale water utilities as well as organizational aspects for emergency planning for larger water utilities.

ACS Style

Steffen Krause; Lisa Bross. Safe and reliable water supply. Frontiers of Science and Technology 2017, 3 -21.

AMA Style

Steffen Krause, Lisa Bross. Safe and reliable water supply. Frontiers of Science and Technology. 2017; ():3-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen Krause; Lisa Bross. 2017. "Safe and reliable water supply." Frontiers of Science and Technology , no. : 3-21.

Conference paper
Published: 18 May 2017 in World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017
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Critical infrastructures (e.g., water supply) are by definition essential for society and their damage, destruction or disruption may have significant negative impact on public health and the security of the citizens. Primary disasters such as natural hazards or man-made hazards can influence critical infrastructures and can lead to secondary disasters. Secondary disasters are caused by the consequences of primary disasters, which means for example the unavailability or pollution of drinking water resulting from disastrous events like a hurricane. To provide drinking water in any phase of a disaster, municipalities need to provide an emergency water-supply strategy. This study shows the needs of hospitals and health care facilities and the need of water for sewage systems to avoid a risk for public health. However, the main vulnerability is the distribution of emergency water supply.

ACS Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause. Preventing Secondary Disasters through Providing Emergency Water Supply. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Lisa Bross, Steffen Krause. Preventing Secondary Disasters through Providing Emergency Water Supply. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Bross; Steffen Krause. 2017. "Preventing Secondary Disasters through Providing Emergency Water Supply." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017 , no. : 1.