Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most widespread and fatal pulmonary complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Existing knowledge on the prevalence and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is inconclusive. Therefore, we designed this review to address this gap. To find relevant observational studies discussing the prevalence and/or risk factors of RA-ILD, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were explored. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) / hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with a fixed/ random effects model. While subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out to determine the sources of heterogeneity, the I² statistic was utilized to assess between-studies heterogeneity. Funnel plots and Egger's test were employed to assess publication bias. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, our review was conducted. A total of 56 studies with 11,851 RA-ILD patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of RA-ILD was 18.7% (95% CI 15.8-21.6) with significant heterogeneity (I² = 96.4%). The prevalence of RA-ILD was found to be more likely as a result of several identified factors, including male sex (ORs = 1.92 95% CI 1.70-2.16), older age (WMDs = 6.89, 95% CI 3.10-10.67), having a smoking history (ORs =1.91, 95% CI 1.48-2.47), pulmonary comorbidities predicted (HRs = 2.08, 95% CI 1.89-2.30), longer RA duration (ORs = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05), older age of RA onset (WMDs =4.46, 95% CI 0.63-8.29), positive RF (HRs = 1.15, 95%CI 0.75-1.77; ORs = 2.11, 95%CI 1.65-2.68), positive ACPA (ORs = 2.11, 95%CI 1.65-2.68), higher ESR (ORs = 1.008, 95%CI 1.002-1.014), moderate and high DAS28 (≥3.2) (ORs = 1.87, 95%CI 1.36-2.58), rheumatoid nodules (ORs = 1.87, 95% CI 1.18-2.98), LEF use (ORs = 1.42, 95%CI 1.08-1.87) and steroid use (HRs= 1.70, 1.13-2.55). The use of biological agents was a protective factor (HRs = 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.87). The pooled prevalence of RA-ILD in our study was approximately 18.7%. Furthermore, we identified 13 risk factors for RA-ILD, including male sex, older age, having a smoking history, pulmonary comorbidities, older age of RA onset, longer RA duration, positive RF, positive ACPA, higher ESR, moderate and high DAS28 (≥3.2), rheumatoid nodules, LEF use and steroid use. Additionally, biological agents use was a protective factor.

Influenza is caused by a respiratory virus and has a major global impact on human health. Influenza A viruses in particular are highly pathogenic to humans and have caused multiple pandemics. An important consequence of infection is viral pneumonia, and with serious complications of excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, simultaneously reducing direct damage caused by virus infection and relieving indirect damage caused by excessive inflammation would be an effective treatment strategy. Lycium barbarum glycopeptide (LbGp) is a mixture of five highly branched polysaccharide-protein conjuncts (LbGp1-5) isolated from Lycium barbarum fruit. LbGp has pro-immune activity that is 1-2 orders of magnitude stronger than that of other plant polysaccharides. However, there are few reports on the immunomodulatory and antiviral activities of LbGp. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of LbGp in vivo and in vitro and investigated its therapeutic effect on H1N1-induced viral pneumonia and mechanisms of action. In vitro, cytokine secretion, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and CD86 mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were constrained by LbGp treatment. In A549 cells, LbGp can inhibit H1N1 infection by blocking virus attachment and entry action. In vivo experiments confirmed that administration of LbGp can effectively increase the survival rate, body weight and decrease the lung index of mice infected with H1N1. Compared to the model group, pulmonary histopathologic symptoms in lung sections of mice treated with LbGp were obviously alleviated. Further investigation revealed that the mechanism of LbGp in the treatment of H1N1-induced viral pneumonia includes reducing the viral load in lung, regulating the phenotype of pulmonary macrophages, and inhibiting excessive inflammation. In conclusion, LbGp exhibits potential curative effects against H1N1-induced viral pneumonia in mice, and these effects are associated with its good immuno-regulatory and antiviral activities.

Published studies have reported conflicting and heterogeneous results regarding the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 polymorphisms and alopecia areata (AA). This study aimed to review and quantitatively analyze the association between HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms and AA. In this study, all relevant publications were searched through December 2016. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for comparisons between case and control groups were calculated. Stata 14.0 software was used to perform statistical analysis. This research does not require formal ethical approval because the data used in this analysis do not involve personal information and thus do not affect privacy. Twelve articles were identified. For HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA-DRB1*16 polymorphisms, the OR (95% CIs) was 1.49 (1.24–1.78) and 1.61 (1.08–2.41), and P was <.01 and <.01, respectively. For HLA-DRB1*0301, HLA-DRB1*09, and HLA-DRB1*13 polymorphisms, the OR (95% CIs) was 0.42 (0.28–0.63), 0.74 (0.55–0.99), and 0.62 (0.40–0.98), and P was <.01, <.01, and <.01, respectively. Statistical evidence revealed no publication bias (P > .05). The present meta-analysis suggested that HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA-DRB1*16 polymorphisms might be associated with increased AA risk, while HLA-DRB1*0301, HLA-DRB1*09, and HLA-DRB1*13 polymorphisms might decrease the AA risk. Studies with adequate methodological quality on gene–gene and gene–environment interactions are needed to validate the results in the future.

Background: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are particularly vulnerable to infections, with herpes zoster (HZ) being the most common opportunistic infection. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the available literature on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of HZ in SLE patients.Methods: A comprehensive search through Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted for studies published up to November 1, 2024. Both observational studies (including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, with study types selected according to the specific objectives. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were employed to assess publication bias. Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were converted to relative risks (RRs), and pooled estimates were calculated using a fixed-effect or random-effects model.Results: A total of 51 studies with 246, 822 SLE patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence and incidence of SLE-HZ were 12.3% (95%CI 10.5-14.1) and 22.0 cases per 1000 person-years (95%CI 17.4-27.9). Glucocorticoids use (RRs=2.83, 95%CI 2.10-3.81), cyclophosphamide use (RRs=2.52, 95%CI 1.60-3.98), mycophenolate mofetil use (RRs=3.00, 95%CI 1.07-8.40), azathioprine use (RRs=1.40, 95%CI 1.18-1.67), anifrolumab use (RRs=2.59, 95%CI 1.52-4.41), having lymphopenia (RRs=2.31, 95%CI 1.54-3.46), and the presence of comorbid conditions such as renal involvement (RRs= 1.80, 95%CI 1.34-2.42) were identified to increase the risk of HZ in SLE patients.Conclusion: The existing evidence highlights the both high prevalence and incidence of HZ in SLE patients. By identifying risk factors associated with the development of HZ in SLE patients, optimization of management strategies and treatment choices can be achieved. Concurrently, physicians could be better equipped to choose patients who would most likely gain from the HZ vaccine.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024331310, identifier CRD42024331310.