In the present study an electrochemical sensor has been produced for measuring riboflavin with high sensitivity and selectivity. Deferential pulse technique has been used to measure the current of riboflavin on the modified glassy carbon electrode. At first, the synthesis of the GO/Au/polyEAmVS nanocomposite was performed. Synthetic nanocomposite was characterized by TEM and XRD methods and it was used for modification of glassy carbon electrode. Effective conditions were optimized for the measurement of riboflavin including pH and buffer concentration and modifier concentration. Calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 1.0–100.0 μM under optimal conditions. A detection limit of 7.2 × 10^–2 μM and relative standard deviation of 3.79% have been obtained. The prepared sensor has a good performance for measuring the amount of riboflavin in drink real samples.

The advancements in nanoscience have brought attention to the potential of utilizing nanoparticles as carriers for oral insulin administration. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of synthesized polymeric mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as carriers for oral insulin and their interactions with insulin and IR through in-silico docking. Diabetic rats were treated with various MSN samples, including pure MSN, Amin-grafted MSN/PEG/Insulin (AMPI), Al-grafted MSN/PEG/Insulin (AlMPI), Zinc-grafted MSN/PEG/Insulin (ZNPI), and Co-grafted MSN/PEG/Insulin (CMPI). The nanocomposites were synthesized using a hybrid organic-inorganic method involving MSNs, graphene oxide, and insulin. Characterization of the nanocomposites was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vivo tests included the examination of blood glucose levels and histopathological parameters of the liver and pancreas in type 1 diabetic rats. The MSN family demonstrated a significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001). The synthesized nanocomposites exhibited safety, non-toxicity, fast operation, self-repairing pancreas, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in the oral insulin delivery system. In the in-silico study, Zn-grafted MSN, Co-grafted MSN, and Al-grafted MSN were selected. Docking results revealed strong interactions between MSN compounds and insulin and IR, characterized by the formation of hydrogen bonds and high binding energy. Notably, Co-grafted MSN showed the highest docking scores of −308.171 kcal/mol and −337.608 kcal/mol to insulin and IR, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of polymeric MSN as effective carriers for oral insulin, offering promising prospects for diabetes treatment.

Leishmaniasis is an important neglected disease among infectious diseases, which is highly affected by diverse adverse conditions. Due to the intricate nature of Leishmania , the impact of the disease remains significant. In this review, we aim to assess the role of these factors that influence disease trends and introduce preventive and control strategies, highlighting their importance in public health issues. Numerous influencing factors, such as trade and travel, civil unrest, migration, low socioeconomic status, peri‐urban settlements, ecological changes, climate variations, and many other confounding factors, play significant roles in the transmission and distribution of leishmaniasis. On the other hand, inadequate infrastructure and disruptions in the health system services are closely linked with the incidence of leishmaniasis in vulnerable populations. These circumstances contribute to the alteration of vector and reservoir compositions, land degradation, agricultural setbacks, water scarcity, and livestock depletion, resulting in increased infectious and noninfectious disease conditions. In conclusion, significant anthropic and natural environmental changes have the potential to trigger leishmaniasis outbreaks in established endemic areas and lead to the emergence/reemergence of new foci in previously unaffected regions. Consequently, enhancing public health awareness, particularly in high‐risk regions, along with implementing active and passive surveillance, ensuring early diagnosis, and providing timely and effective treatment for patients, are vital measures for controlling the disease.

Various drugs have been used for the treatment of leishmaniasis, but they often have adverse effects on the body's organs. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of one type of drug, Miltefosine (MIL), and its analogue or modifier, liposomal Miltefosine (NMIL), on several fetal organs using both in silico analysis and practical tests on chicken embryos. Our in silico approach involved predicting the affinities of MIL and NMIL to critical proteins involved in leishmaniasis, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A), the Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR1), and apoptotic-regulator proteins (Bcl-2-associate). We then validated and supported these predictions through in vivo investigations, analyzing gene expression and pathological changes in angiogenesis and apoptotic mediators in MIL- and NMIL-treated chicken embryos. The results showed that NMIL had a more effective action towards VEGF-A and KDR1 in leishmaniasis, making it a better candidate for potential operative treatment during pregnancy than MIL alone. In vivo, studies also showed that chicken embryos under MIL treatment displayed less vascular mass and more degenerative and apoptotic changes than those treated with NMIL. These results suggest that NMIL could be a better treatment option for leishmaniasis during pregnancy.

The present study uses molecular docking and dynamic simulations to evaluate the inhibitory effect of flavonoid glycosides-based compounds on coronavirus Main protease (M^pro) and RNA polymerase. The Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) software is utilized to simulate and calculate the binding parameters of compounds with coronavirus. The docking results show that the selected herbal compounds are more effective than those of chemical compounds. It is also revealed that five herbal ligands and two chemical ligands have the best docking scores. Furthermore, a Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted for Hesperidin, confirming docking results. Analysis based on different parameters such as Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), Root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of gyration (Rg), Solvent accessibility surface area (SASA), and the total number of hydrogen bonds suggests that Hesperidin formed a stable complex with M^pro. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, And Toxicity (ADMET) analysis was performed to compare Hesperidin and Grazoprevir as potential antiviral medicines, evaluating both herbal and chemical ligand results. According to the study, herbal compounds could be effective on coronavirus and are admissible candidates for developing potential operative anti-viral medicines. Hesperidin was found to be the most acceptable interaction. Grazoprevir is an encouraging candidate for drug development and clinical trials, with the potential to become a highly effective M^pro inhibitor. Compared to RNA polymerase, M^pro showed a greater affinity for bonding with Hesperidin. van der Waals and electrostatic energies dominated, creating a stable Hesperidin-M^pro and Hesperidin-RNA polymerase complex.