The intrinsic bonding nature of ${\lambda }^3$ -iodanes was investigated to determine where its hypervalent bonds fit along the spectrum between halogen bonding and covalent bonding. Density functional theory with an augmented Dunning valence triple zeta basis set ( $\omega$ B97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ) coupled with vibrational spectroscopy was utilized to study a diverse set of 34 hypervalent iodine compounds. This level of theory was rationalized by comparing computational and experimental data for a small set of closely-related and well-studied iodine molecules and by a comparison with CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ results for a subset of the investigated iodine compounds. Axial bonds in ${\lambda }^3$ -iodanes fit between the three-center four-electron bond, as observed for the trihalide species IF ${}_2^{-}$ and the covalent FI molecule. The equatorial bonds in ${\lambda }^3$ -iodanes are of a covalent nature. We explored how the equatorial ligand and axial substituents affect the chemical properties of ${\lambda }^3$ -iodanes by analyzing natural bond orbital charges, local vibrational modes, the covalent/electrostatic character, and the three-center four-electron bonding character. In summary, our results show for the first time that there is a smooth transition between halogen bonding → 3c–4e bonding in trihalides → 3c–4e bonding in hypervalent iodine compounds → covalent bonding, opening a manifold of new avenues for the design of hypervalent iodine compounds with specific properties.

Periodic local vibrational modes were calculated with the rev-vdW-DF2 density functional to quantify the intrinsic strength of the X-I⋯OA-type halogen bonding (X = I or Cl; OA: carbonyl, ether and N-oxide groups) in 32 model systems originating from 20 molecular crystals. We found that the halogen bonding between the donor dihalogen X-I and the wide collection of acceptor molecules OA features considerable variations of the local stretching force constants (0.1–0.8 mdyn/Å) for I⋯O halogen bonds, demonstrating its powerful tunability in bond strength. Strong correlations between bond length and local stretching force constant were observed in crystals for both the donor X-I bonds and I⋯O halogen bonds, extending for the first time the generalized Badger’s rule to crystals. It is demonstrated that the halogen atom X controlling the electrostatic attraction between the $\sigma$ -hole on atom I and the acceptor atom O dominates the intrinsic strength of I⋯O halogen bonds. Different oxygen-containing acceptor molecules OA and even subtle changes induced by substituents can tweak the $n\to {\sigma }^{\ast }$ (X-I) charge transfer character, which is the second important factor determining the I⋯O bond strength. In addition, the presence of the second halogen bond with atom X of the donor X-I bond in crystals can substantially weaken the target I⋯O halogen bond. In summary, this study performing the in situ measurement of halogen bonding strength in crystalline structures demonstrates the vast potential of the periodic local vibrational mode theory for characterizing and understanding non-covalent interactions in materials.

Understanding mechanisms of immune regulation is key to developing immunotherapies for autoimmunity and cancer. We examined the role of mononuclear phagocytes during peripheral T cell regulation in type 1 diabetes and melanoma. MERTK expression and activity in mononuclear phagocytes in the pancreatic islets promoted islet T cell regulation, resulting in reduced sensitivity of T cell scanning for cognate antigen in prediabetic islets. MERTK-dependent regulation led to reduced T cell activation and effector function at the disease site in islets and prevented rapid progression of type 1 diabetes. In human islets, MERTK-expressing cells were increased in remaining insulin-containing islets of type 1 diabetic patients, suggesting that MERTK protects islets from autoimmune destruction. MERTK also regulated T cell arrest in melanoma tumors. These data indicate that MERTK signaling in mononuclear phagocytes drives T cell regulation at inflammatory disease sites in peripheral tissues through a mechanism that reduces the sensitivity of scanning for antigen leading to reduced responsiveness to antigen.

We systematically investigated iodine–metal and iodine–iodine bonding in van Koten’s pincer complex and 19 modifications changing substituents and/or the transition metal with a PBE0–D3(BJ)/aug–cc–pVTZ/PP(M,I) model chemistry. As a novel tool for the quantitative assessment of the iodine–metal and iodine–iodine bond strength in these complexes we used the local mode analysis, originally introduced by Konkoli and Cremer, complemented with NBO and Bader’s QTAIM analyses. Our study reveals the major electronic effects in the catalytic activity of the M–I–I non-classical three-center bond of the pincer complex, which is involved in the oxidative addition of molecular iodine I₂ to the metal center. According to our investigations the charge transfer from the metal to the ${\sigma }^{*}$ antibonding orbital of the I–I bond changes the 3c–4e character of the M–I–I three-center bond, which leads to weakening of the iodine I–I bond and strengthening of the metal–iodine M–I bond, facilitating in this way the oxidative addition of I₂ to the metal. The charge transfer can be systematically modified by substitution at different places of the pincer complex and by different transition metals, changing the strength of both the M–I and the I₂ bonds. We also modeled for the original pincer complex how solvents with different polarity influence the 3c–4e character of the M–I–I bond. Our results provide new guidelines for the design of pincer complexes with specific iodine–metal bond strengths and introduce the local vibrational mode analysis as an efficient tool to assess the bond strength in complexes.

11 aryl–lone pair and three aryl–anion $\pi$ –hole interactions are investigated, along with the argon–benzene dimer and water dimer as reference compounds, utilizing the local vibrational mode theory, originally introduced by Konkoli and Cremer, to quantify the strength of the $\pi$ –hole interaction in terms of a new local vibrational mode stretching force constant between the two engaged monomers, which can be conveniently used to compare different $\pi$ –hole systems. Several factors have emerged which influence strength of the $\pi$ –hole interactions, including aryl substituent effects, the chemical nature of atoms composing the aryl rings/ $\pi$ –hole acceptors, and secondary bonding interactions between donors/acceptors. Substituent effects indirectly affect the $\pi$ –hole interaction strength, where electronegative aryl-substituents moderately increase $\pi$ –hole interaction strength. N-aryl members significantly increase $\pi$ –hole interaction strength, and anion acceptors bind more strongly with the $\pi$ –hole compared to charge neutral acceptors (lone–pair donors). Secondary bonding interactions between the acceptor and the atoms in the aryl ring can increase $\pi$ –hole interaction strength, while hydrogen bonding between the $\pi$ –hole acceptor/donor can significantly increase or decrease strength of the $\pi$ –hole interaction depending on the directionality of hydrogen bond donation. Work is in progress expanding this research on aryl $\pi$ –hole interactions to a large number of systems, including halides, CO, and OCH₃⁻ as acceptors, in order to derive a general design protocol for new members of this interesting class of compounds.