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Prof. Dr. Tim McAllister
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada

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0 Management Strategies
0 Strategies for mitigation of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle
0 Including bacteriophage therapy
0 Passive immunotherapy
0 Electrolyzed oxidizing anode water

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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A broad, cross-sectional study of beef cattle at entry into Canadian feedlots investigated the prevalence and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, bacterial members of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Upon feedlot arrival and before antimicrobials were administered at the feedlot, deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 2,824 feedlot cattle in southern and central Alberta, Canada. Data on the date of feedlot arrival, cattle type (beef, dairy), sex (heifer, bull, steer), weight (kg), age class (calf, yearling), source (ranch direct, auction barn, backgrounding operations), risk of developing BRD (high, low), and weather conditions at arrival (temperature, precipitation, and estimated wind speed) were obtained. Mannheimia haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni isolates with multidrug-resistant (MDR) profiles associated with the presence of integrative and conjugative elements were isolated more often from dairy-type than from beef-type cattle. Our results showed that beef-type cattle from backgrounding operations presented higher odds of AMR bacteria as compared to auction-derived calves. Oxytetracycline resistance was the most frequently observed resistance across all Pasteurellaceae species and cattle types. Mycoplasma bovis exhibited high macrolide minimum inhibitory concentrations in both cattle types. Whether these MDR isolates establish and persist within the feedlot environment, requires further evaluation.

ACS Style

Sara Andrés-Lasheras; Reuben Ha; Rahat Zaheer; Catrione Lee; Calvin W. Booker; Craig Dorin; Joyce Van Donkersgoed; Rob Deardon; Sheryl Gow; Sherry J. Hannon; Steve Hendrick; Michele Anholt; Tim A. McAllister. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease—A Broad Cross-Sectional Study of Beef Cattle at Entry Into Canadian Feedlots. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Sara Andrés-Lasheras, Reuben Ha, Rahat Zaheer, Catrione Lee, Calvin W. Booker, Craig Dorin, Joyce Van Donkersgoed, Rob Deardon, Sheryl Gow, Sherry J. Hannon, Steve Hendrick, Michele Anholt, Tim A. McAllister. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease—A Broad Cross-Sectional Study of Beef Cattle at Entry Into Canadian Feedlots. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Andrés-Lasheras; Reuben Ha; Rahat Zaheer; Catrione Lee; Calvin W. Booker; Craig Dorin; Joyce Van Donkersgoed; Rob Deardon; Sheryl Gow; Sherry J. Hannon; Steve Hendrick; Michele Anholt; Tim A. McAllister. 2021. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease—A Broad Cross-Sectional Study of Beef Cattle at Entry Into Canadian Feedlots." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, no. : 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 01 July 2021 in Translational Animal Science
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oils (OEO; XEO) and an emulsifier on rumen fermentation, anti-oxidative status, and the growth performance of lambs. A finishing study was conducted using 35 females and 35 males Suffolk × Canadian Arcott crossbreed lambs, fed a 16:84 forage:concentrate pelleted barley-based with either Control; Bovatec (0.018% Bovatec); Emulsifier (0.25% of Emulsifier); OEO (0.11% of blend 1); XEO (0.0125% of blend 2); OEO + Emulsifier; or XEO + Emulsifier. The rumen fluid of all lambs was sampled via stomach tubing to measure ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and NH3 concentrations and enumerate protozoa. Ruminal pH, molar proportions of individual VFA (except for acetate), and ammonia concentration were similar among treatments. The acetate and total VFA concentrations were lower (P = 0.03) for lambs receiving OEO, while protozoa numbers were increased (P = 0.01). No changes were observed in blood glutathione peroxidize or total superoxide dismutase, but there was a tendency for a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in lambs fed diets containing OEO or XEO. No differences among diets were observed in coccidia oocyst counts (OPG) in feces, however, the prevalence of coccidia in lambs was reduced (Cramer’s V = 0.081) with OEO. Lambs fed OEO had the highest (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) (1.48 kg/d), whereas those fed XEO had the lowest (1.30 kg/d). Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (DMI/ADG), and carcass measurements (hot carcass weight, carcass dressing percentages) were not affected by EO or EM. Results from this study suggest that EO may alter rumen fermentation and protozoa counts and increase DMI. However, these responses did not appear to be enhanced by Emulsifier as its inclusion with essential oils did not enhance fermentation or growth responses.

ACS Style

Ludmila C G Passetti; Rodrigo A C Passetti; Tim A McAllister. Effect of essential oil blends and a nonionic surfactant on rumen fermentation, anti-oxidative status, and growth performance of lambs. Translational Animal Science 2021, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Ludmila C G Passetti, Rodrigo A C Passetti, Tim A McAllister. Effect of essential oil blends and a nonionic surfactant on rumen fermentation, anti-oxidative status, and growth performance of lambs. Translational Animal Science. 2021; 5 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ludmila C G Passetti; Rodrigo A C Passetti; Tim A McAllister. 2021. "Effect of essential oil blends and a nonionic surfactant on rumen fermentation, anti-oxidative status, and growth performance of lambs." Translational Animal Science 5, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2021 in Canadian Journal of Animal Science
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The effect of trenbolone acetate+estradiol implants (TBA), melengestrol acetate (MGA), and ractopamine hydrochloride+TBA (RAC+TBA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef cattle (n=680; 279±10.1 kg) fed barley grain/corn silage was examined in a 4-yr study (4 pens/treatment/yr; 262 ±8 d feeding period). In the first 2 yrs, treatments were: 1) control heifers (H-CON; no growth promoters (GP), 2) TBA implanted heifers (H-TBA), 3) MGA heifers (H-MGA), 4) control steers (S-CON; no GP), and 5) TBA implanted steers (S-TBA). A sixth treatment 6) RAC+TBA steers (RAC+TBA) was included in yrs 3 and 4. Overall DMI of heifers was increased (P<0.001) by TBA, but not MGA. Compared to H-CONs, H-TBA had greater ADG (P <0.001), G:F (P < 0.001), and carcass weight (P < 0.001), whereas S-TBA had increased ADG (P < 0.001), G:F (P< 0.001), and carcass weight (P< 0.001) compared to S-CON. Compared to H-CON, H-MGA had increased (P< 0.01) ADG, G:F and carcass weight. The RAC+TBA had increased (P< 0.01) ADG and carcass weight (3.2%), but not G:F or DMI compared to S-TBA. This 4 yr study showed a consistent positive impact of growth-enhancing technologies on the performance of Canadian feedlot cattle.

ACS Style

Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro; Stephanie A. Terry; Martin Hünerberg; Kim Ominski; Francis J Larney; Tim A. McAllister. Effect of trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance of beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro, Stephanie A. Terry, Martin Hünerberg, Kim Ominski, Francis J Larney, Tim A. McAllister. Effect of trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance of beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro; Stephanie A. Terry; Martin Hünerberg; Kim Ominski; Francis J Larney; Tim A. McAllister. 2021. "Effect of trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance of beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Nature Communications
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Changes in the sequence of an organism’s genome, i.e., mutations, are the raw material of evolution. The frequency and location of mutations can be constrained by specific molecular mechanisms, such as diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs). DGRs have been characterized from cultivated bacteria and bacteriophages, and perform error-prone reverse transcription leading to mutations being introduced in specific target genes. DGR loci were also identified in several metagenomes, but the ecological roles and evolutionary drivers of these DGRs remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze a dataset of >30,000 DGRs from public metagenomes, establish six major lineages of DGRs including three primarily encoded by phages and seemingly used to diversify host attachment proteins, and demonstrate that DGRs are broadly active and responsible for >10% of all amino acid changes in some organisms. Overall, these results highlight the constraints under which DGRs evolve, and elucidate several distinct roles these elements play in natural communities.

ACS Style

Simon Roux; Blair G. Paul; Sarah C. Bagby; Stephen Nayfach; Michelle A. Allen; Graeme Attwood; Ricardo Cavicchioli; Ludmila Chistoserdova; Robert J. Gruninger; Steven J. Hallam; Maria E. Hernandez; Matthias Hess; Wen-Tso Liu; Tim A. McAllister; Michelle A. O’Malley; Xuefeng Peng; Virginia I. Rich; Scott R. Saleska; Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh. Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Simon Roux, Blair G. Paul, Sarah C. Bagby, Stephen Nayfach, Michelle A. Allen, Graeme Attwood, Ricardo Cavicchioli, Ludmila Chistoserdova, Robert J. Gruninger, Steven J. Hallam, Maria E. Hernandez, Matthias Hess, Wen-Tso Liu, Tim A. McAllister, Michelle A. O’Malley, Xuefeng Peng, Virginia I. Rich, Scott R. Saleska, Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh. Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Roux; Blair G. Paul; Sarah C. Bagby; Stephen Nayfach; Michelle A. Allen; Graeme Attwood; Ricardo Cavicchioli; Ludmila Chistoserdova; Robert J. Gruninger; Steven J. Hallam; Maria E. Hernandez; Matthias Hess; Wen-Tso Liu; Tim A. McAllister; Michelle A. O’Malley; Xuefeng Peng; Virginia I. Rich; Scott R. Saleska; Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh. 2021. "Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-12.

Review
Published: 12 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Use of productivity-enhancing technologies (PET: growth hormones, ionophores, and beta-adrenergic agonists) to improve productivity has recently garnered public attention regarding environmentally sustainability, animal welfare, and human health. These consumer perceptions and increased demand for PET-free beef offer opportunities for the beef industry to target niche premium markets, domestically and internationally. However, there is a need to critically examine the trade-offs and benefits of beef raised with and without the use of PETs. This review contains a summary of the current literature regarding PET products available. The implications of their use on resource utilization, food safety and security, as well as animal health and welfare are discussed. Furthermore, we identified gaps in knowledge and future research questions related to the sustainability of these technologies in beef production systems. This work highlights the tradeoffs between environmental sustainability of beef and supplying the dietary needs of a growing population.

ACS Style

Isaac Aboagye; Marcos Cordeiro; Tim McAllister; Kim Ominski. Productivity-Enhancing Technologies. Can Consumer Choices Affect the Environmental Footprint of Beef? Sustainability 2021, 13, 4283 .

AMA Style

Isaac Aboagye, Marcos Cordeiro, Tim McAllister, Kim Ominski. Productivity-Enhancing Technologies. Can Consumer Choices Affect the Environmental Footprint of Beef? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4283.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Aboagye; Marcos Cordeiro; Tim McAllister; Kim Ominski. 2021. "Productivity-Enhancing Technologies. Can Consumer Choices Affect the Environmental Footprint of Beef?" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4283.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Animal Bioscience
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Objective: The objective of this study was to compare fenugreek (FG) with alfalfa (Alf) in ruminal fermentation and methane (CH4) production in vitro.Methods: Whole-plant FG harvested at 11- and 15-wk and Alf harvested at early and mid-bloom maturities, alone or as 50:50 mixture of FG and Alf at the respective maturity, were assessed in a series of 48-h in vitro batch culture incubations. Total fermentation gas and methane gas production, dry matter (DM) disappearance, volatile fatty acids, microbial protein and 16S RNA gene copy numbers of total bacteria and methanogens were determined.Results: Compared to early bloom Alf, FG harvested at 11-wk exhibited higher (pin vitro DM and neutral detergent fibre disappearance, but this difference was not observed between the mid-bloom Alf and 15-wk FG. Regardless plant maturity, in vitro ruminal fermentation of FG produced less (p4 either on DM incubated or on DM disappeared basis than that of Alf during 48-h incubation. In vitro ruminal fermentation of FG yielded similar amount of total volatile fatty acids with higher (pin vitro, but can also remarkably mitigate CH4 emissions likely due to being rich in saponins.

ACS Style

Huaxin Niu; Zhongjun Xu; Hee Eun Yang; Tim A McAllister; Surya Acharya; Yuxi Wang. In vitro ruminal fermentation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) produced less methane than that of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Animal Bioscience 2021, 34, 584 -593.

AMA Style

Huaxin Niu, Zhongjun Xu, Hee Eun Yang, Tim A McAllister, Surya Acharya, Yuxi Wang. In vitro ruminal fermentation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) produced less methane than that of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Animal Bioscience. 2021; 34 (4):584-593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huaxin Niu; Zhongjun Xu; Hee Eun Yang; Tim A McAllister; Surya Acharya; Yuxi Wang. 2021. "In vitro ruminal fermentation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) produced less methane than that of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 4: 584-593.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2021 in Microbial Pathogenesis
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Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a prominent foodborne pathogen that causes infectious intestinal diarrhoea. Lactobacillus is a recognized probiotic that inhibits intestinal pathogens and maintains the balance of the intestinal flora. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of three Lactobacillus strains, L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus, on the intestinal flora of EHEC-infected mice. The initial weight and diarrhoea index of the mice were recorded. After 21 days, the faeces of the mice were subjected to 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The diarrhoea index of mice treated with Lactobacillus improved, their body weight continued to rise, and their liver index gradually decreased. The α diversity analysis showed that the intestinal flora diversity and abundance were lower in mice infected with EHEC than in healthy mice. L. plantarum, L. johnsonii, and L. rhamnosus significantly improved the diversity of the flora species. In terms of flora composition, the three main phyla present were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The abundance of these three phyla was reduced to 93.81% after infection and restored to over 96.30% after treatment. At the genus level, Lactobacillus reduced the abundance of Bacteroides, Helicobacter pylori, and Shigella, while increasing the abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria and Lactobacillus. Finally, a heat map and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the intestinal flora structures in the L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus treatment groups were closest to those of healthy mice. In conclusion, L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus regulated and improved the structure of intestinal flora and relieved diarrhoea caused by EHEC infection.

ACS Style

Yafan Hu; Mengna Zhao; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lv; Haizhen Zhao; Xiaomei Bie. L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus alleviated Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhoea in mice by regulating gut microbiota. Microbial Pathogenesis 2021, 154, 104856 .

AMA Style

Yafan Hu, Mengna Zhao, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lv, Haizhen Zhao, Xiaomei Bie. L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus alleviated Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhoea in mice by regulating gut microbiota. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021; 154 ():104856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yafan Hu; Mengna Zhao; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lv; Haizhen Zhao; Xiaomei Bie. 2021. "L. johnsonii, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus alleviated Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhoea in mice by regulating gut microbiota." Microbial Pathogenesis 154, no. : 104856.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Foods
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Inhibition of Salmonella by Lactobacillus has been a popular research topic for decades; however, the inhibition potential of chicken-derived Salmonella by chicken-derived Lactobacillus has not yet been studied. In this study, 89 strains of Lactobacillus from chicken intestines were isolated by national standard method, Gram staining, physiological, and biochemical experiments and molecular sequencing; The inhibition characteristics of 89 strains of chicken derived Lactobacillus against 10 strains Salmonella (S. Enteritidis SE05, SC31, SC21, SC72 SC74, SC79, SC83, SC87; S. bongori SE47; S. Typhimurium, SC85) were detected by agar inhibition zone, The results showed that the inhibition zone of 24 strains of chicken derived Lactobacillus was more than 10 mm, which indicated that the isolated chicken derived Lactobacillus could effectively inhibit the growth of Salmonella; The drug resistance and bile salt tolerance of these 24 strains were analyzed, The results showed that the standard strains LG and L76 were not resistant, and the other 22 Lactobacillus strains showed different degrees of resistance. The strains LAB24, LAB26, LAB53, LAB69, and L76 showed good tolerance at the concentration of 3 g/L bile salt; Caco-2 cell experiment and flow cytometry were used to analyze the inhibitory effect of chicken derived Lactobacillus on the adhesion of Salmonella to Caco-2 cells, The results showed that 16 probiotics could effectively inhibit the adhesion of Salmonella to Caco-2 cells. Twelve probiotics were identified by molecular biology. The results showed that L76 was Enterococcus faecalis, and the other 11 strains were Lactobacillus.

ACS Style

Dan Hai; Zhaoxin Lu; Xianqing Huang; Fengxia Lv; Xiaomei Bie. In Vitro Screening of Chicken-Derived Lactobacillus Strains that Effectively Inhibit Salmonella Colonization and Adhesion. Foods 2021, 10, 569 .

AMA Style

Dan Hai, Zhaoxin Lu, Xianqing Huang, Fengxia Lv, Xiaomei Bie. In Vitro Screening of Chicken-Derived Lactobacillus Strains that Effectively Inhibit Salmonella Colonization and Adhesion. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Hai; Zhaoxin Lu; Xianqing Huang; Fengxia Lv; Xiaomei Bie. 2021. "In Vitro Screening of Chicken-Derived Lactobacillus Strains that Effectively Inhibit Salmonella Colonization and Adhesion." Foods 10, no. 3: 569.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Canadian Journal of Animal Science
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Effect of calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of barley straw and salt on rumen fermentation, microbiota, digestibility, growth and carcass quality of cattle was assessed. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square metabolism experiment was conducted using 8 heifers fed a wheat finishing diet with barley silage (B-SIL), barley straw (B-S), or 5.0% CaO-treated barley straw (CaOS) with or without NaCl (CaOS-NS). Growth over 115-d was assessed using 75 individually housed steers fed the above diets and an additional diet (I-CaOS), where CaO was added to straw just before feeding. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.08) of diet on rumen fermentation, digestibility or carcass quality, although CaO decreased (P < 0.001) maximum pH and retained Na was decreased (P < 0.05) by CaOS-NS. Rumen bacterial abundance was altered (P ≤ 0.05) by diet. The average daily gain (ADG) of B-SIL and CaOS-NS steers was 14.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than BS and CaOS steers, while the gain:feed of CaOS-NS steers was 14.2% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than B-S and CaOS steers. Steers fed I-CaO had similar ADG and gain:feed to other treatments. CaO-treated straw without NaCl could replace barley silage in wheat diets, without compromising digestibility or growth in steers.

ACS Style

Katelyn R Stehr; Stephanie A. Terry; Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro; Robert Gruninger; Gregory B. Penner; John McKinnon; Darryl Gibb; Tim A. McAllister. Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finishing beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Katelyn R Stehr, Stephanie A. Terry, Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro, Robert Gruninger, Gregory B. Penner, John McKinnon, Darryl Gibb, Tim A. McAllister. Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finishing beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katelyn R Stehr; Stephanie A. Terry; Gabriel De Oliveira Ribeiro; Robert Gruninger; Gregory B. Penner; John McKinnon; Darryl Gibb; Tim A. McAllister. 2021. "Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finishing beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science , no. : 1.

Microbiology
Published: 02 February 2021 in Frontiers in Microbiology
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A Corrigendum on Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2016 by Klima, C. L., Holman, D. B., Cook, S. R., Conrad, C. C., Ralston, B. J., Allan, N., et al. (2020). Front. Microbiol. 11:606438. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606438 In the original article, an incorrect Copyright statement was published. The corrected Copyright statement should read: Copyright ©2020 Klima, Holman, Cook, Conrad, Ralston, Allan, Anholt, Niu, Stanford, Hannon, Booker, McAllister and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, bovine respiratory disease, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, integrative and conjugative elements, Pasteurellaceae Citation: Klima CL, Holman DB, Cook SR, Conrad CC, Ralston BJ, Allan N, Anholt RM, Niu YD, Stanford K, Hannon SJ, Booker CW and McAllister TA (2021) Corrigendum: Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2016. Front. Microbiol. 11:638008. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.638008 Received: 04 December 2020; Accepted: 17 December 2020; Published: 02 February 2021. Approved by: Copyright © 2021 Klima, Holman, Cook, Conrad, Ralston, Allan, Anholt, Niu, Stanford, Hannon, Booker and McAllister. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Tim A. McAllister, [email protected]

ACS Style

Cassidy L. Klima; Devin B. Holman; Shaun R. Cook; Cheyenne C. Conrad; Brenda J. Ralston; Nick Allan; R. Michele Anholt; Yan D. Niu; Kim Stanford; Sherry J. Hannon; Calvin W. Booker; Tim A. McAllister. Corrigendum: Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2016. Frontiers in Microbiology 2021, 11, 638008 .

AMA Style

Cassidy L. Klima, Devin B. Holman, Shaun R. Cook, Cheyenne C. Conrad, Brenda J. Ralston, Nick Allan, R. Michele Anholt, Yan D. Niu, Kim Stanford, Sherry J. Hannon, Calvin W. Booker, Tim A. McAllister. Corrigendum: Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2016. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021; 11 ():638008.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cassidy L. Klima; Devin B. Holman; Shaun R. Cook; Cheyenne C. Conrad; Brenda J. Ralston; Nick Allan; R. Michele Anholt; Yan D. Niu; Kim Stanford; Sherry J. Hannon; Calvin W. Booker; Tim A. McAllister. 2021. "Corrigendum: Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2016." Frontiers in Microbiology 11, no. : 638008.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2021 in Ecological Indicators
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The FAO Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership organised a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to develop reference guidelines on water footprinting for livestock production systems and supply chains. The mandate of the TAG was to i) provide recommendations to monitor the environmental performance of feed and livestock supply chains over time so that progress towards improvement targets can be measured, ii) be applicable for feed and water demand of small ruminants, poultry, large ruminants and pig supply chains, iii) build on, and go beyond, the existing FAO LEAP guidelines and iv) pursue alignment with relevant international standards, specifically ISO 14040 (2006)/ISO 14044 (2006), and ISO 14046 (2014). The recommended guidelines on livestock water use address both impact assessment (water scarcity footprint as defined by ISO 14046, 2014) and water productivity (water use efficiency). While most aspects of livestock water use assessment have been proposed or discussed independently elsewhere, the TAG reviewed and connected these concepts and information in relation with each other and made recommendations towards comprehensive assessment of water use in livestock production systems and supply chains. The approaches to assess the quantity of water used for livestock systems are addressed and the specific assessment methods for water productivity and water scarcity are recommended. Water productivity assessment is further advanced by its quantification and reporting with fractions of green and blue water consumed. This allows the assessment of the environmental performance related to water use of a livestock-related system by assessing potential environmental impacts of anthropogenic water consumption (only “blue water”); as well as the assessment of overall water productivity of the system (including “green” and “blue water” consumption). A consistent combination of water productivity and water scarcity footprint metrics provides a complete picture both in terms of potential productivity improvements of the water consumption as well as minimizing potential environmental impacts related to water scarcity. This process resulted for the first time in an international consensus on water use assessment, including both the life-cycle assessment community with the water scarcity footprint and the water management community with water productivity metrics. Despite the main focus on feed and livestock production systems, the outcomes of this LEAP TAG are also applicable to many other agriculture sectors.

ACS Style

Anne-Marie Boulay; Katrin Drastig; Amanullah; Ashok Chapagain; Veronica Charlon; Bárbara Civit; Camillo DeCamillis; Marlos De Souza; Tim Hess; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Ridha Ibidhi; Michael J. Lathuillière; Alessandro Manzardo; Tim McAllister; Ricardo A. Morales; Masaharu Motoshita; Julio Cesar Pascale Palhares; Giacomo Pirlo; Brad Ridoutt; Valentina Russo; Gloria Salmoral; Ranvir Singh; Davy Vanham; Stephen Wiedemann; Weichao Zheng; Stephan Pfister. Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership. Ecological Indicators 2021, 124, 107391 .

AMA Style

Anne-Marie Boulay, Katrin Drastig, Amanullah, Ashok Chapagain, Veronica Charlon, Bárbara Civit, Camillo DeCamillis, Marlos De Souza, Tim Hess, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ridha Ibidhi, Michael J. Lathuillière, Alessandro Manzardo, Tim McAllister, Ricardo A. Morales, Masaharu Motoshita, Julio Cesar Pascale Palhares, Giacomo Pirlo, Brad Ridoutt, Valentina Russo, Gloria Salmoral, Ranvir Singh, Davy Vanham, Stephen Wiedemann, Weichao Zheng, Stephan Pfister. Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 124 ():107391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne-Marie Boulay; Katrin Drastig; Amanullah; Ashok Chapagain; Veronica Charlon; Bárbara Civit; Camillo DeCamillis; Marlos De Souza; Tim Hess; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Ridha Ibidhi; Michael J. Lathuillière; Alessandro Manzardo; Tim McAllister; Ricardo A. Morales; Masaharu Motoshita; Julio Cesar Pascale Palhares; Giacomo Pirlo; Brad Ridoutt; Valentina Russo; Gloria Salmoral; Ranvir Singh; Davy Vanham; Stephen Wiedemann; Weichao Zheng; Stephan Pfister. 2021. "Building consensus on water use assessment of livestock production systems and supply chains: Outcome and recommendations from the FAO LEAP Partnership." Ecological Indicators 124, no. : 107391.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Food Bioscience
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Staphylococcus aureus can survive at low temperature which existed a potential risk of food safety. In this paper, the properties of cold-induced small colony variants (SCVs) were investigated including the antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence. The results confirmed that the SCVs were menadione auxotrophic types with slow growth, reduced membrane potential, increased resistance to aminoglycosides, ampicillin, cefotetan, doxycycline and chloromycetin. Additionally, the biofilm formation of SCVs was enhanced following the up-regulated of icaADBC genes. The biofilms of S. aureus cells can be effectively eliminated by 1% concentration of ‘84′ disinfection and 3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, SCVs could revert to a normal phenotype through subculture. And the reversion mutation (R) cells increased expression of virulence factors. The findings in this paper enriched the cataloguing of SCV formation.

ACS Style

Jiaju Qiao; Mengjiao Zhu; Yun Fan; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lv; Haizhen Zhao; Xiaomei Bie. Properties and control of cold-induced small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. Food Bioscience 2020, 40, 100874 .

AMA Style

Jiaju Qiao, Mengjiao Zhu, Yun Fan, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lv, Haizhen Zhao, Xiaomei Bie. Properties and control of cold-induced small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. Food Bioscience. 2020; 40 ():100874.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiaju Qiao; Mengjiao Zhu; Yun Fan; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lv; Haizhen Zhao; Xiaomei Bie. 2020. "Properties and control of cold-induced small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus." Food Bioscience 40, no. : 100874.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Canadian Journal of Animal Science
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Two simulated rumens (Rusitecs) were used to assess the effects of flaxseed (FS) and (or) vitamin E (VE) on rumen fermentation, fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, and microbial protein synthesis. Ground FS replaced 0% or 15% of barley grain, along with VE at 0 or 1000 IU d−1 in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Flaxseed lowered neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.001) and acid detergent fiber (P = 0.01) and increased (P = 0.001) nitrogen (N) disappearance. Flaxseed also increased (P = 0.01) total volatile FA and decreased (P = 0.001) acetate production. When both FS and VE were included, the acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P = 0.04). Biohydrogenation of FA was not influenced by VE, but total FA and C18:0 in effluent were increased (P = 0.001) and C16:0 decreased (P = 0.001) by FS. With VE, total microbial N (MN) was increased (P = 0.001). In the concentrate, production of MN in feed-particle-bound bacteria was increased (P = 0.001) by VE. Vitamin E did not alter FA biohydrogenation but did promote MN production. The stable and relatively high pH in the Rusitec may have prevented the typical shift from C18:1 trans-11 to C18:1 trans-10 with concentrate diets. Future studies simulating subclinical acidosis in the Rusitec may illuminate ruminal mode(s) of action of VE on FA biohydrogenation.

ACS Style

K. Stanford; H. Sultana; M.L. He; M. Dugan; T.A. McAllister. Effects of dietary flaxseed and vitamin E on fermentation, nutrient disappearance, fatty acid biohydrogenation, and microbial protein synthesis using a simulated rumen (Rusitec). Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2020, 100, 691 -702.

AMA Style

K. Stanford, H. Sultana, M.L. He, M. Dugan, T.A. McAllister. Effects of dietary flaxseed and vitamin E on fermentation, nutrient disappearance, fatty acid biohydrogenation, and microbial protein synthesis using a simulated rumen (Rusitec). Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2020; 100 (4):691-702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Stanford; H. Sultana; M.L. He; M. Dugan; T.A. McAllister. 2020. "Effects of dietary flaxseed and vitamin E on fermentation, nutrient disappearance, fatty acid biohydrogenation, and microbial protein synthesis using a simulated rumen (Rusitec)." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 4: 691-702.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Canadian Journal of Animal Science
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Previously, we investigated the impact of a mixed Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei inoculant on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage over two years in 2009 and 2010. In 2009, a classical response to inoculation was obtained with an increase in acetic acid concentration of silage ensiled in both mini- and bag silos. In 2010, this classical response was not observed in mini-silos but was observed in bag silos. The objective of this study was to determine if molecular microbial ecology could explain the differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage between the two years. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing results showed that inoculation increased Lactobacillus and lowered Pediococcus, Weissella, and Leuconostoc in both types of silos in 2009. However, a similar trend was not observed in mini-silos, but was instead observed in bag silos in 2010. Inoculation did not alter the core fungal community in either silo type in either year. Cladosporium, Leptosphaeria, and Cryptococcus were abundant in fresh forage, but were superseded by Pichia and Kazachstania after ensiling. Our results suggest that changes in silage chemistry corresponded to differences observed in microbial ecology. Inoculation may have less impact when using more mature crops with shorter ensiling times.

ACS Style

Shanwei Xu; Lysiane Dunière; Brenda Smiley; William Rutherford; Samuel Qi; Jayakrishnan Nair; Yuxi Wang; Tim A. McAllister. Using molecular microbial ecology to define differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2020, 100, 703 -715.

AMA Style

Shanwei Xu, Lysiane Dunière, Brenda Smiley, William Rutherford, Samuel Qi, Jayakrishnan Nair, Yuxi Wang, Tim A. McAllister. Using molecular microbial ecology to define differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2020; 100 (4):703-715.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanwei Xu; Lysiane Dunière; Brenda Smiley; William Rutherford; Samuel Qi; Jayakrishnan Nair; Yuxi Wang; Tim A. McAllister. 2020. "Using molecular microbial ecology to define differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 4: 703-715.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Journal of Microbiological Methods
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To identify the main spoilage bacterium on fresh-cut leafy vegetables and establish a multiplex PCR assay. Based on physiological-biochemical, molecular identification, and artificial contamination tests, the main bacterium to spoil fresh-cut leafy vegetables was identified as Exiguobacterium spp. and Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Comparative genomics showed that P401_RS0117025 and oxi_50,582,462 genes are specific to Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum. Based on this, three pairs of primer sets to EaG-291, EaS-2B, and Ea16S-12 genes were designed and used to develop a multiplex PCR assay, which exhibited 100% specificity among 16 Exiguobacterium and 10 non-Exiguobacterium strains. Finally, 84 fresh-cut leafy vegetable samples were analyzed by multiplex PCR assay and standard physiological-biochemical experiments, the results showed multiplex PCR assay reached a detection rate of 96%. The main spoilage bacterium was identified as Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum on fresh-cut leafy vegetables based on the novel specific genes explored in this study. A rapid, specific, and sensitive PCR assay was developed for the detection of Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum.

ACS Style

Antuo Hu; Cancan Gao; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lu; Liangyu Kong; Xiaomei Bie. Detection of Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum on fresh-cut leafy vegetables by a multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2020, 180, 106100 .

AMA Style

Antuo Hu, Cancan Gao, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lu, Liangyu Kong, Xiaomei Bie. Detection of Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum on fresh-cut leafy vegetables by a multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2020; 180 ():106100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antuo Hu; Cancan Gao; Zhaoxin Lu; Fengxia Lu; Liangyu Kong; Xiaomei Bie. 2020. "Detection of Exiguobacterium spp. and E. acetylicum on fresh-cut leafy vegetables by a multiplex PCR assay." Journal of Microbiological Methods 180, no. : 106100.

Preprint content
Published: 13 November 2020
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Background The rumen microbial community is considered the most efficient anaerobic digestive ecosystem known, yet less than half of the energy in low quality forages is actually metabolized. There is a knowledge gap regarding the specific factors that impede the ruminal digestion of plant cell walls or if rumen microbiota have the functional potential and activities to overcome these constraints. To address these issues, innovative experimental methods may provide a high-resolution understanding of the cell wall chemistries and higher-order structures that are resistant to microbial digestion and how they interact with the functional activities of the rumen microbial community. Results With this goal, we characterized the total tract indigestible residue (TTIR) from cattle fed a high-forage diet containing low-quality straw using two comparative glycomic approaches: ELISA-based glycome profiling and glycosidic linkage analysis. Using these techniques, we successfully detected numerous and diverse cell wall glycan epitopes in barley straw and TTIR and determined their relative abundance pre- and post-intestinal digestion. Of these, xyloglucans and heteroxylans were the most recalcitrant to digestion. Linkage analysis identified indigestible linkages consistent with the polysaccharide epitopes identified by ELISA-based glycome analysis. To determine if residual plant polysaccharides within TTIR could be metabolised, rumen microbiota from cannulated cattle fed barley straw were incubated with barley straw and TTIR in in vitro batch cultures. Transcript coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified and characterized for their contribution to cell wall digestion based on glycomic analyses, comparative gene expression profiles, and associated CAZyme families. High-resolution phylogenetic fingerprinting of these sequences revealed encoded enzymes with activities predicted to cleave the primary linkages within heteroxylan and arabinan. Conclusion This experimental platform provides unprecedented precision in the understanding of forage structure and digestibility, which can inform next-generation solutions to improve the growth of ruminants fed low quality forages and enhance the use of crop residues as a feedstock.

ACS Style

Ajay Badhan; Kristin Low; Darryl Jones; Xiaohui Xing; Mohammad Raza Marami Milani; Rodrigo OrtegoPolo; D. Wade Abbott; Sivasankari Venketachalam; Michael Hahn; Tim McAllister. New mechanistic insight into the digestion of complex dietary fibre by rumen microbiota using combinatorial high-resolution glycomic and transcriptomic analyses. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ajay Badhan, Kristin Low, Darryl Jones, Xiaohui Xing, Mohammad Raza Marami Milani, Rodrigo OrtegoPolo, D. Wade Abbott, Sivasankari Venketachalam, Michael Hahn, Tim McAllister. New mechanistic insight into the digestion of complex dietary fibre by rumen microbiota using combinatorial high-resolution glycomic and transcriptomic analyses. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ajay Badhan; Kristin Low; Darryl Jones; Xiaohui Xing; Mohammad Raza Marami Milani; Rodrigo OrtegoPolo; D. Wade Abbott; Sivasankari Venketachalam; Michael Hahn; Tim McAllister. 2020. "New mechanistic insight into the digestion of complex dietary fibre by rumen microbiota using combinatorial high-resolution glycomic and transcriptomic analyses." , no. : 1.

Microbiology
Published: 05 November 2020 in Frontiers in Microbiology
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Multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) members of the Pasteurellaceae family may compromise the efficacy of therapies used to prevent and treat bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot cattle. This study examined the prevalence of multidrug resistance in strains of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida collected from BRD cattle mortalities in North America. Isolates of M. haemolytica (n = 147) and P. multocida (n = 70) spanning 69 Alberta feedlots from 2011 to 2016 and two United States feedlots from 2011 to 2012 were examined for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in association with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Overall, resistance was high in both bacterial species with an increase in the prevalence of MDR isolates between 2011 and 2016. Resistance to >7 antimicrobial drugs occurred in 31% of M. haemolytica and 83% of P. multocida isolates. Resistance to sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, neomycin, clindamycin oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was most common. Although >80% of strains harbored three or more ICE-associated genes, only 12% of M. haemolytica and 77% of P. multocida contained all six, reflecting the diversity of ICEs. There was evidence of clonal spread as P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates with the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile from the United States in 2011 were isolated in Alberta in 2015–2016. This work highlights that MDR strains of Pasteurellaceae containing ICEs are widespread and may be contributing to BRD therapy failure in feedlot cattle. Given the antimicrobial resistance gene profiles identified, these MDR isolates may be selected for by the use of macrolides, tetracyclines, and/or in-feed supplements containing heavy metals.

ACS Style

Cassidy L. Klima; Devin B. Holman; Shaun R. Cook; Cheyenne C. Conrad; Brenda J. Ralston; Nick Allan; R. Michele Anholt; Yan D. Niu; Kim Stanford; Sherry J. Hannon; Calvin W. Booker; Tim A. McAllister. Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2017. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Cassidy L. Klima, Devin B. Holman, Shaun R. Cook, Cheyenne C. Conrad, Brenda J. Ralston, Nick Allan, R. Michele Anholt, Yan D. Niu, Kim Stanford, Sherry J. Hannon, Calvin W. Booker, Tim A. McAllister. Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2017. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cassidy L. Klima; Devin B. Holman; Shaun R. Cook; Cheyenne C. Conrad; Brenda J. Ralston; Nick Allan; R. Michele Anholt; Yan D. Niu; Kim Stanford; Sherry J. Hannon; Calvin W. Booker; Tim A. McAllister. 2020. "Multidrug Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Associated With Bovine Respiratory Disease Mortalities in North America From 2011 to 2017." Frontiers in Microbiology 11, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2020 in Microorganisms
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Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1)region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat.

ACS Style

Elnaz Azad; Kelsey B. Fehr; Hooman Derakhshani; Robert Forster; Surya Acharya; Ehsan Khafipour; Emma McGeough; Tim A. McAllister. Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1543 .

AMA Style

Elnaz Azad, Kelsey B. Fehr, Hooman Derakhshani, Robert Forster, Surya Acharya, Ehsan Khafipour, Emma McGeough, Tim A. McAllister. Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (10):1543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elnaz Azad; Kelsey B. Fehr; Hooman Derakhshani; Robert Forster; Surya Acharya; Ehsan Khafipour; Emma McGeough; Tim A. McAllister. 2020. "Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa." Microorganisms 8, no. 10: 1543.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of barley type (two-row versus six-row) and processing method (grinding, dry-rolling and temper-rolling) on processing quality, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), and fermentation characteristics in batch culture. The study was a completely randomized design with 2 barley types × 3 processing methods in a factorial arrangement. Thirty barley cultivars/lines were selected from a set of 85 cultivars/lines that were previously screened for in vitro DMD. The mean DMD values (g/kg) were 328 (low), 520 (medium), and 688 (high) after 48 of incubation. Ten representative samples of each DMD group (low, medium and high) of two- and six-row barley were selected. Barley samples were ground (1-mm screen), and dry- or temper-rolled to a processing index (PI) of 0.80. Particle size distribution (PSD) of rolled barley across 4.00-, 3.35-, 2.36-, 1.18-, 0.85-mm sieves, gas production (GP) kinetics, DMD and fermentation traits at 6, 24 and 48 h of incubation were measured. Two-row had higher kernel weight, test weight, plumpness, starch and ether extract content, and lower fibre content than six-row barley (P < 0.01).The PSD of rolled barley was affected by barley type, processing and their interaction (P < 0.01). More (P < 0.01) coarse particles were retained on the 3.35-mm sieve for two-row versus six-row barley (dry-rolled, 0.44 versus 0.34; and temper-rolled, 0.91 versus 0.85). Compared to six-row, two-row barley had greater (P < 0.01) DMD after 6 and 48 h and greater (P = 0.02) crude protein disappearance (CPD) after 48 h. Ground barley had higher DMD, CPD, microbial N production and molar proportion of propionate and total VFA production than rolled barley (P < 0.01); whereas these variables did not differ between dry- and temper-rolled barley. A barley type × processing interaction for DMD, CPD and GP kinetics was identified (P < 0.01). Coarse particles were negatively, while fine particle were positively correlated with DMD (P < 0.01). These results indicate that although PSD of dry- and temper-rolled barley differed, impacts on GP and DMD were small, particularly for two-row barley. The differences in DMD at 6 or 48 h between two- and six-row barley suggest that barley type can impact both the rate and extent of barley digestion in the rumen. These differences suggest that there is considerable opportunity to select barley varieties based on responses to processing and ultimately their feed value for ruminants.

ACS Style

Atef M. Saleem; Joseph Nyachiro; Walaa M Sayed Gomaa; Wenzhu Yang; Lori Oatway; Tim A. McAllister. Effects of barley type and processing method on rumen fermentation, dry matter disappearance and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2020, 269, 114625 .

AMA Style

Atef M. Saleem, Joseph Nyachiro, Walaa M Sayed Gomaa, Wenzhu Yang, Lori Oatway, Tim A. McAllister. Effects of barley type and processing method on rumen fermentation, dry matter disappearance and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2020; 269 ():114625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Atef M. Saleem; Joseph Nyachiro; Walaa M Sayed Gomaa; Wenzhu Yang; Lori Oatway; Tim A. McAllister. 2020. "Effects of barley type and processing method on rumen fermentation, dry matter disappearance and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures." Animal Feed Science and Technology 269, no. : 114625.

Author correction
Published: 04 August 2020 in Scientific Reports
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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

ACS Style

Rahat Zaheer; Shaun R. Cook; Ruth Barbieri; Noriko Goji; Andrew Cameron; Aaron Petkau; Rodrigo Ortega Polo; Lisa Tymensen; Courtney Stamm; Jiming Song; Sherry Hannon; Tineke Jones; Deirdre Church; Calvin W. Booker; Kingsley Amoako; Gary Van Domselaar; Ron R. Read; Tim A. McAllister. Author Correction: Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Rahat Zaheer, Shaun R. Cook, Ruth Barbieri, Noriko Goji, Andrew Cameron, Aaron Petkau, Rodrigo Ortega Polo, Lisa Tymensen, Courtney Stamm, Jiming Song, Sherry Hannon, Tineke Jones, Deirdre Church, Calvin W. Booker, Kingsley Amoako, Gary Van Domselaar, Ron R. Read, Tim A. McAllister. Author Correction: Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rahat Zaheer; Shaun R. Cook; Ruth Barbieri; Noriko Goji; Andrew Cameron; Aaron Petkau; Rodrigo Ortega Polo; Lisa Tymensen; Courtney Stamm; Jiming Song; Sherry Hannon; Tineke Jones; Deirdre Church; Calvin W. Booker; Kingsley Amoako; Gary Van Domselaar; Ron R. Read; Tim A. McAllister. 2020. "Author Correction: Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-2.