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Joaquin Montañana-Romeu
Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 València, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 05 March 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Similarly to how Steinmetz developed his theory of alternating current in single-phase sinusoidal systems, a few formal relationships between expressions of the instantaneous and Buchholz’s apparent power in three-phase systems were identified in this paper. Based on these relationships, a methodology to express Buchholz’s apparent power and its components in any three-phase, wye-configured system—sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal, balanced or unbalanced—through instantaneous power expressions was established. The application of the proposed method to the entire system allowed the determination of a novel quantity referred to as neutral-displacement power, which measured the impacts of the phenomena caused by the neutral path operation on the values of the source and load apparent power. These impacts were analyzed using a real-world urban installation with a neutral conductor deterioration simulation via an Excel platform as an application example.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Elisa Peñalvo-López; Iván Valencia-Salazar. Relationship between Buchholz’s Apparent Power and Instantaneous Power in Three-Phase Systems. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1798 .

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquín Montañana-Romeu, Elisa Peñalvo-López, Iván Valencia-Salazar. Relationship between Buchholz’s Apparent Power and Instantaneous Power in Three-Phase Systems. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (5):1798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Elisa Peñalvo-López; Iván Valencia-Salazar. 2020. "Relationship between Buchholz’s Apparent Power and Instantaneous Power in Three-Phase Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5: 1798.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The phenomenon responsible for the different apparent powers measured in a subsystem of a three-phase star-configured system, based on the voltage reference point, was identified in this paper using specific components of the instantaneous powers, as a result of applying the conservation of energy principle to the entire system. The effects of the phenomenon were determined using a proposed apparent power component referred to as the neutral-displacement power, whose square is the quadratic difference between the apparent powers of a subsystem, measured using two voltage reference points. The neutral-displacement power is a component of the apparent power, which is determined using the values of the zero-sequence voltages and the line currents in that subsystem. Expressions of the proposed power were derived using the Buchholz apparent power formulations. The validation of the derived expressions was checked in the laboratory and in a real-world electrical network, using a well-known commercial analyzer and a prototype developed by the authors.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Elisa Peñalvo-López; Carlos M. Álvarez-Bel. Effects of the Selected Point of Voltage Reference on the Apparent Power Measurement in Three-Phase Star Systems. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1036 .

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquín Montañana-Romeu, Elisa Peñalvo-López, Carlos M. Álvarez-Bel. Effects of the Selected Point of Voltage Reference on the Apparent Power Measurement in Three-Phase Star Systems. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (3):1036.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Elisa Peñalvo-López; Carlos M. Álvarez-Bel. 2020. "Effects of the Selected Point of Voltage Reference on the Apparent Power Measurement in Three-Phase Star Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 1036.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Electric Power Systems Research
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Buchholz's apparent power and its derived unbalanced power, determined from the quadratic difference between the apparent power and the positive-sequence apparent power, are formulated in this paper in vector notation for three-phase sinusoidal systems. The proposed unbalanced power vector holds three components that measure the imbalance effects caused by the active and reactive currents, and the voltage imbalance effects, respectively. The total apparent and unbalanced powers of several subsystems (sources or loads) can be respectively obtained as the norm of the vector sums of their apparent and unbalanced power vectors, according to these new formulations. The correctness of the apparent and unbalanced power vector formulations are verified in a three-phase sinusoidal installation formed by two linear loads supplied from a 400 kVA delta/wye distribution transformer, as an application example.

ACS Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Formulations for the apparent and unbalanced power vectors in three-phase sinusoidal systems. Electric Power Systems Research 2018, 160, 37 -43.

AMA Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez, Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Formulations for the apparent and unbalanced power vectors in three-phase sinusoidal systems. Electric Power Systems Research. 2018; 160 ():37-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. 2018. "Formulations for the apparent and unbalanced power vectors in three-phase sinusoidal systems." Electric Power Systems Research 160, no. : 37-43.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2015 in Energies
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An off-line simulator based on Excel used to evaluate the operation of four-wire delta (4WD) services as well as the effects of reactive and imbalance compensators in sinusoidal steady-state conditions is described in this paper. Voltages, currents and powers in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer as well as in the high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) lines and in the loads are calculated through that simulator. The apparent powers in the mains, transformer and loads are determined applying Buchholz’s and unified power measurement (UPM) formulations in both scalar and vector notations. The effects of the neutral current are especially examined, in order to minimize them, and the optimal wye load distribution is determined by the simulator. The simulator provides the necessary elements of passive reactive and unbalanced compensators that optimize the 4WD transformer operation too. Those compensators are determined for each load, and they can be separately selected and included in the simulation process or not. An application example is finally used to step by step explain how the simulator runs.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Peter Radda; Antonio Cazorla-Navarro. Four-Wire Delta Service Sinusoidal Operation and Compensation Simulator. Energies 2015, 8, 11276 -11294.

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquín Montañana-Romeu, Peter Radda, Antonio Cazorla-Navarro. Four-Wire Delta Service Sinusoidal Operation and Compensation Simulator. Energies. 2015; 8 (10):11276-11294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; Peter Radda; Antonio Cazorla-Navarro. 2015. "Four-Wire Delta Service Sinusoidal Operation and Compensation Simulator." Energies 8, no. 10: 11276-11294.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2014 in 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP)
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The Unified Power Measurement is used in this paper to obtain three-phase connections of coils and capacitors which produce the same imbalance impacts than the three-phase loads. These equivalent imbalance circuits absorb the same unbalance currents and powers than the three-phase loads in balanced voltage conditions, but they do not absorb or supply active and reactive powers. The elements of the equivalent imbalance circuit of a load have values which are related to the unbalanced power of that load; thus, the equivalent imbalance circuits can be used to build standards of the unbalanced power as well as passive imbalance compensators for electrical installations. The constitution of the above mentioned equivalent imbalance circuits formed by reactive elements and formulation of their elements is described in this paper for three-phase three- and four-wire loads. Finally, an 1000VA unbalanced power working standard was tested as a practical application of those equivalent imbalance circuits.

ACS Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Representation of load imbalances through reactances. Application to working standards. 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP) 2014, 307 -311.

AMA Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez, Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Representation of load imbalances through reactances. Application to working standards. 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP). 2014; ():307-311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. 2014. "Representation of load imbalances through reactances. Application to working standards." 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP) , no. : 307-311.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2011 in 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation
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Three instantaneous reactive power formulations - Delayed Voltage (DV) approach, Currents' Physical Components (CPC) approach and fundamental positive reactive power (FPRP) - are used in this paper for obtaining useful quantities in order to improve the operation analysis of the wind turbines. By comparing those reactive powers, useful and useless magnetic field components in the doubly fed wind turbines are identified. Non-fundamental reactive power and, thus, wind turbine harmonic magnetic field is obtained by the comparison of DV and CPC's approaches. Negative reactive power, responsible of reverse magnetic fields, is defined by the comparison of CPC's fundamental reactive power and FPRP. Moreover, decomposition of the FPRP into two reactive power components, due to the reactors and caused by the imbalances, provides additional information about unbalance effects on the main magnetic field of the generator. These above established quantities are finally used to evaluate an actual wind-turbine subjected to a two-phase voltage dip.

ACS Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Comparison of three reactive powers to analyze operation of wind turbines during voltage dips. 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation 2011, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez, Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Comparison of three reactive powers to analyze operation of wind turbines during voltage dips. 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. 2011; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. 2011. "Comparison of three reactive powers to analyze operation of wind turbines during voltage dips." 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2011 in IEEE Latin America Transactions
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This paper describes constitution, design and operation of a passive unbalance compensator for variable loads in three-phase industrial installations. Compensator is integrated by three-phase connections of variable coils and capacitors. Values of those elements, and thus unbalance power delivered by the compensator, can be changed by switches commanded by an electronic control circuit. An important compensator design parameter introduced in this paper is the “power of the unbalance step” since it defines composition and values of the elements of the “unbalance step”, which is the basic three-phase connection of inductances and capacitances in the compensator. Because unbalances in power systems are caused by active and reactive loads, two unbalance steps have been defined: active and reactive; however, power of the unbalance compensator does not depend on the total active and reactive powers, but the differences between their values in each phase of the load.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquin Montañana-Romeu; Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. Unbalance Compensator for Three-Phase Industrial Installations. IEEE Latin America Transactions 2011, 9, 808 -814.

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquin Montañana-Romeu, Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. Unbalance Compensator for Three-Phase Industrial Installations. IEEE Latin America Transactions. 2011; 9 (5):808-814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquin Montañana-Romeu; Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. 2011. "Unbalance Compensator for Three-Phase Industrial Installations." IEEE Latin America Transactions 9, no. 5: 808-814.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2011 in Energies
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Operation of doubly fed induction generators subjected to transient unbalanced voltage dips is analyzed in this article to verify the fulfillment of the Spanish grid code. Akagi’s p-q theory is not used for this study, because control of the electronic converter is not the main goal of the paper, but rather to know the physical phenomena involved in the wind turbine when voltage dips occur. Hence, the magnetizing reactive power of the induction generators and their components, which are related with the magnetic fields and determine operation of these machines, are expressed through the reactive power formulations established in the technical literature by three well-known approaches: the delayed voltage (DV) method, Czarnecki’s Current’s Physical Components (CPC) theory and Emanuel’s approach. Non-fundamental and negative-sequence components of the magnetizing reactive power are respectively established to define the effects of the distortion and voltage imbalances on the magnetic fields and electromagnetic torques. Also, fundamental-frequency positive-sequence and negative-sequence reactive powers are decomposed into two components: due to the reactive loads and caused by the imbalances. This decomposition provides additional information about the effects of the imbalances on the main magnetic field and electromagnetic torque of the induction generator. All the above mentioned reactive powers are finally applied to one actual wind turbine subjected to a two-phase voltage dip in order to explain its operation under such transient conditions.

ACS Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Analysis of Wind Generator Operations under Unbalanced Voltage Dips in the Light of the Spanish Grid Code. Energies 2011, 4, 1148 -1162.

AMA Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez, Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. Analysis of Wind Generator Operations under Unbalanced Voltage Dips in the Light of the Spanish Grid Code. Energies. 2011; 4 (8):1148-1162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu. 2011. "Analysis of Wind Generator Operations under Unbalanced Voltage Dips in the Light of the Spanish Grid Code." Energies 4, no. 8: 1148-1162.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2011 in 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering
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This paper describes constitution and design characteristics of a passive unbalance compensator for variable loads in three-phase four-wire industrial installations. Unbalance compensator is integrated by three-phase connections of variable coils and capacitors. Inductance and capacitance values of those elements and unbalance power supplied by the compensator can be changed by switches commanded by an electronic control circuit. The minimum unbalance power supplied by the compensator is the “power of the unbalance step”. This quantity defines composition and values of the elements of the “unbalance step”, which is the basic three-phase connection of coils and capacitors in the compensator. Since unbalances in power systems are caused by active and reactive loads, two unbalance steps have been defined: active and reactive. Finally, unbalance compensator operation has been tested for an industrial installation.

ACS Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu; Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. Passive unbalance compensation device for three-phase variable loads. 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering 2011, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez, Joaquin Montanana-Romeu, Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. Passive unbalance compensation device for three-phase variable loads. 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering. 2011; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente Leon-Martinez; Joaquin Montanana-Romeu; Jose Maria Palazon-Garcia. 2011. "Passive unbalance compensation device for three-phase variable loads." 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering , no. : 1-4.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 June 2009 in 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech
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Reactive power must be measured and watched to verify accomplishment of Spanish grid code requirements in wind farms. However, no definition of reactive power is established in that code. Thus, two reactive power formulations are compared in this paper applied to wind farm generators in presence of transient disturbances such as voltage dips. First reactive power formulation is based on Emanuel's approach, included in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. Second reactive power formulation has recently been established by Czarnecki. Both formulations express reactive power decomposed into the reactive power due to the reactances and the reactive power caused by the unbalances. This decomposition allows for a better knowledge of wind farms working and to verify the accomplishment of code grids established in several countries.

ACS Style

V. Leon; J. Montañana; J. Roger; E. Gomez; M. Cañas; J.A. Fuentes; A Molina. Verification of the reactive power requirements in wind farms. 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech 2009, 1 -4.

AMA Style

V. Leon, J. Montañana, J. Roger, E. Gomez, M. Cañas, J.A. Fuentes, A Molina. Verification of the reactive power requirements in wind farms. 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech. 2009; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Leon; J. Montañana; J. Roger; E. Gomez; M. Cañas; J.A. Fuentes; A Molina. 2009. "Verification of the reactive power requirements in wind farms." 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech , no. : 1-4.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2009 in 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market
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Reactive powers and currents supplied by wind generators are studied in this paper to verify new Spanish grid code requirements. Two approaches are used for that study. One approach is based on the well known Emanuel's theory included in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. Reactive powers and currents are expressed by Emanuel for the fundamental-frequency, positive-sequence voltages and currents. Second approach was recently formulated by Czarnecki in his CPC theory. With both theories is possible to decompose reactive powers and currents into a component obtained with balanced voltages (or due to the load reactances) and another component due to the unbalances. This last component is zero when voltage supply and/or loads are balanced. This decomposition of reactive powers and currents gives up more information than other theories about the reactive phenomena and thus can be an excellent tool to verify reactive grid code requirements at wind farms.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquin Montañana-Romeu; J M Roger; Eva Gomez; M. Canas; J.A. Fuentes; A. Molina. Reactive power and current formulations for wind farms Spanish grid code. 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market 2009, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquin Montañana-Romeu, J M Roger, Eva Gomez, M. Canas, J.A. Fuentes, A. Molina. Reactive power and current formulations for wind farms Spanish grid code. 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market. 2009; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquin Montañana-Romeu; J M Roger; Eva Gomez; M. Canas; J.A. Fuentes; A. Molina. 2009. "Reactive power and current formulations for wind farms Spanish grid code." 2009 6th International Conference on the European Energy Market , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 March 2009 in 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition
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Connection of wind farms to the electric network is submitted to some grid codes, which establish wind farm working conditions in presence of some transient phenomena, such as voltage dips. In this paper, Spanish grid code is used to evaluate effects of voltage dips on wind farms working. Reactive powers and currents must be watched at wind generators submitted to voltage dips, thus reactive phenomena are analyzed. For the study, Budeanu's and Emanuel3s approaches, both included in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000, are applied. Results, experimentally tested at actual wind farms, show that Emanuel's explain reactive phenomena rather than Budeanu's in unbalanced voltage dips, since first approach leads to decompose reactive power into the reactive powers due to the reactive loads and due to the unbalances. This last reactive power can reach comparable effects to those caused by the reactive loads. Also, these two reactive powers can be added or compensated.

ACS Style

J. Montañana; V. Leon; J. Roger; E. Gomez; M. Cañas; J.A. Fuentes; A. Molina. Estimation of Wind Farms Working in Presence of Voltage Dips Using the IEEE Std. 1459-2000. 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition 2009, 1 -6.

AMA Style

J. Montañana, V. Leon, J. Roger, E. Gomez, M. Cañas, J.A. Fuentes, A. Molina. Estimation of Wind Farms Working in Presence of Voltage Dips Using the IEEE Std. 1459-2000. 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition. 2009; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Montañana; V. Leon; J. Roger; E. Gomez; M. Cañas; J.A. Fuentes; A. Molina. 2009. "Estimation of Wind Farms Working in Presence of Voltage Dips Using the IEEE Std. 1459-2000." 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2007 in 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation
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Reactive power is a very important quantity in electric power systems since it affects the efficiency of these systems. Also, capacitive loads can produce over-voltages in electric transformers by Ferranti effect, which produces bad power quality, so it is necessary to measure the reactive power correctly. In this paper reactive phenomena in three-phase power systems with unbalanced voltages are expressed and measured in the light of the IEEE Std 1459-2000. For analyzing the reactive phenomena the positive-sequence fundamental frequency instantaneous reactive power is used. By comparing the expressions of this instantaneous power in three-phase systems with unbalanced voltages with those corresponding to balanced voltages, the reactive phenomenon due to the unbalances is obtained by separating of the traditional reactive power yield by the reactive loads in electric power systems. These reactive phenomena in three-phase power systems are formulated in the same way as Steinmetz defined reactive power in single-phase systems, by adding the amplitudes of each phase of its respective instantaneous reactive power. In the paper, this new formulation of the reactive phenomena has been applied on actual industrial and urban electric installations to obtain values of these reactive powers. Data registered express the following conclusions: a) reactive power is divided into two components: due to the reactive loads and caused by the unbalances, b) both reactive components can be inductive or capacitive quantities and, therefore, can be added or compensated, c) reactive power caused by the unbalances can exist even though in resistive systems, when there are unbalances at sources and at loads in the same time and, generally, when there is not any symmetry in the system.

ACS Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; José Giner-García; Antonio Cazorla-Navarro; Jose Roger-Folch; Manuel A. Graña-López. Power quality effects on the measurement of reactive power in three-phase power systems in the light of the IEEE Standard 14592000. 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation 2007, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Vicente León-Martínez, Joaquín Montañana-Romeu, José Giner-García, Antonio Cazorla-Navarro, Jose Roger-Folch, Manuel A. Graña-López. Power quality effects on the measurement of reactive power in three-phase power systems in the light of the IEEE Standard 14592000. 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. 2007; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vicente León-Martínez; Joaquín Montañana-Romeu; José Giner-García; Antonio Cazorla-Navarro; Jose Roger-Folch; Manuel A. Graña-López. 2007. "Power quality effects on the measurement of reactive power in three-phase power systems in the light of the IEEE Standard 14592000." 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2007 in 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings
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Unbalance power has been used to quantify unbalance phenomenon effects in the electric power systems for a long time. Expressions of this power developed by some different theories only give the value of its module. Therefore, total unbalance power values in electric power systems cannot be obtained by the unbalance power values of each of their loads. For that, it is necessary to express the unbalance power as a complex number. In this paper the unbalance power is expressed in phasor notation and some of their properties are described, applied to electric systems with balanced voltages. Results are verified by simulation and also practical comparative experiences are realized in actual installations. Also, some passive unbalance power circuits formed by coils and capacitors, which relate the physical meaning of the unbalance power, are described and applied to obtain measuring standards of the unbalance power and to build calibrators for measuring instruments.

ACS Style

V. Leon-Martinez; J. Montanana-Romeu; A. Cazorla-Navarro; J. Giner-Garcia; J. Roger-Folch. Phasor Total Unbalance Power: Formulation and some properties. 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings 2007, 1 -6.

AMA Style

V. Leon-Martinez, J. Montanana-Romeu, A. Cazorla-Navarro, J. Giner-Garcia, J. Roger-Folch. Phasor Total Unbalance Power: Formulation and some properties. 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings. 2007; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Leon-Martinez; J. Montanana-Romeu; A. Cazorla-Navarro; J. Giner-Garcia; J. Roger-Folch. 2007. "Phasor Total Unbalance Power: Formulation and some properties." 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings , no. : 1-6.