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Excessive ingestion of fluoride through the consumption of F−-rich drinking water could cause adverse effects to human health. For this reason, the WHO has fixed 1.5 mg/L as the maximum F- concentration for drinking water. In this work, a detailed geochemical characterization was performed to define the source of natural pollution of two groundwaters (samples Pc and Bg) coming from deep crystalline aquifers located in the Calabria region (southern Italy) and to define and optimize the most appropriate water treatment strategy. The samples were classified as a F− enriched NaHCO3 type of water. In particular, the F− concentrations observed were 30 mg/L and 8.9 mg/L for the Pc and Bg samples, respectively. Based on the acquired geochemical characterization knowledge, the groundwaters were treated by two thin-film composite NF membranes, namely SPR 10113 and SPR 10114 which have so far not been used for water defluoridation. It was found that the SPR 10114 membrane was able to guarantee water permeates with F− contents lower than the threshold value of 1.5 mg/L for both treated waters, whereas the fluoride content remained above the threshold value when the Pc sample was treated using the SPR 10113 membrane. The obtained permeates were characterized by a low ionic load and were not suitable for long-term consumption as drinking water. However, all of the produced waters did not need any further re-mineralizing processes for agricultural irrigation or other purposes.
Ilaria Fuoco; Carmine Apollaro; Alessandra Criscuoli; Rosanna De Rosa; Svetlozar Velizarov; Alberto Figoli. Fluoride Polluted Groundwaters in Calabria Region (Southern Italy): Natural Source and Remediation. Water 2021, 13, 1626 .
AMA StyleIlaria Fuoco, Carmine Apollaro, Alessandra Criscuoli, Rosanna De Rosa, Svetlozar Velizarov, Alberto Figoli. Fluoride Polluted Groundwaters in Calabria Region (Southern Italy): Natural Source and Remediation. Water. 2021; 13 (12):1626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Fuoco; Carmine Apollaro; Alessandra Criscuoli; Rosanna De Rosa; Svetlozar Velizarov; Alberto Figoli. 2021. "Fluoride Polluted Groundwaters in Calabria Region (Southern Italy): Natural Source and Remediation." Water 13, no. 12: 1626.
Hydrogeochemical characterization and statistical methods were used to investigate the groundwater quality and the origin of constituents (anthropic or natural) in groundwater of the Coreca area (Calabria, South Italy). Coreca is characterized by an articulated geological setting where the three main geological complexes that distinguish the Northern Calabria Peloritan Orogen (CPO) outcrop. This complex asset affects the quality of groundwater mainly exploited for irrigation use. In particular, the presence of ultramafic rocks (e.g., serpentinite and metabasite) promotes the release of harmful elements such as Cr and Ni. In the studied area, two groups of waters were identified: Ca-HCO3 waters strongly controlled by the interaction with Ca-rich phases (e.g., limestone), and Mg-HCO3 waters related to the interaction of meteoric water with the metamorphic units. Statistical elaboration allowed to detect, in the Mg-HCO3 group, a good correlation between Cr and Ni (not observed in Ca waters) and a negative correlation between Cr, Ca and Al, in agreement with direct interaction with ultramafic rocks characterized by low concentrations of CaO and Al2O3. The concentration of major and trace elements has been compared with the Italian law limit values and the drinking water guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Only three samples showed Mn and Ni concentration higher than the Italian law threshold. Furthermore, the assessment of groundwater quality was carried out using salinity and metal indexes. The groundwater quality assessment for irrigation allowed to classify the resource as “excellent to good” and “good to permissible”; nevertheless, a salinity problem and a magnesium hazard were found. Lastly, a metal index (MI) calculation revealed values <1 for almost all samples, pointing to good overall quality. Only a few samples showed a value extremely higher than 1, attributable to prolonged interaction with ultramafic rocks and/or localized anthropogenic pollution. From a general point of view, groundwater showed a generally good quality except for limited areas (and limited to the set of constituents analyzed) and a mild exceedance of the maximum salinity thresholds that must be monitored over time. Through a multidisciplinary approach, it was possible to ascertain the main anomalies attributable to the interaction with the hosting rocks and not (with few exceptions) to anthropic processes.
Giovanni Vespasiano; Francesco Muto; Carmine Apollaro. Geochemical, Geological and Groundwater Quality Characterization of a Complex Geological Framework: The Case Study of the Coreca Area (Calabria, South Italy). Geosciences 2021, 11, 121 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Vespasiano, Francesco Muto, Carmine Apollaro. Geochemical, Geological and Groundwater Quality Characterization of a Complex Geological Framework: The Case Study of the Coreca Area (Calabria, South Italy). Geosciences. 2021; 11 (3):121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Vespasiano; Francesco Muto; Carmine Apollaro. 2021. "Geochemical, Geological and Groundwater Quality Characterization of a Complex Geological Framework: The Case Study of the Coreca Area (Calabria, South Italy)." Geosciences 11, no. 3: 121.
This work is aimed at reconstructing the water-rock interaction processes controlling the geochemical characteristics of the shallow or relatively shallow groundwaters of the Pollino National Park, based on the data acquired for 105 water samples from local springs. Reaction path modeling of rock dissolution was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode for the main lithotypes cropping out in the study area, that is, limestone, Mg-limestone, dolomite, serpentinite, Al-silicate fraction of calcschist, and carbonate fraction of calcschist. Reaction path modeling was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode, considering the rocks of interest as materials of known stoichiometry and unknown thermodynamic properties. Calculations were carried out assuming a closed system for secondary solid phases whereas an open system was assumed for gases, O2(g) and CO2(g). Comparison of the results of geochemical modeling and the analytical data acquired for the groundwaters of the Pollino National Park shows that concentrations of major solutes, SiO2, Li, Al, and Fe of the different chemical types of waters, are explained by the dissolution of pertinent lithotypes. Moreover, the detected concentrations of Al, Cl, F, NO3, and SO4 are within the threshold values recommended by WHO.
C. Apollaro; I. Fuoco; L. Bloise; E. Calabrese; L. Marini; G. Vespasiano; F. Muto. Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Pollino National Park. Geofluids 2021, 2021, 1 -17.
AMA StyleC. Apollaro, I. Fuoco, L. Bloise, E. Calabrese, L. Marini, G. Vespasiano, F. Muto. Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Pollino National Park. Geofluids. 2021; 2021 ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Apollaro; I. Fuoco; L. Bloise; E. Calabrese; L. Marini; G. Vespasiano; F. Muto. 2021. "Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Pollino National Park." Geofluids 2021, no. : 1-17.
In this work, a geochemical approach was used as strong-scientific tool for pre-selection of suitable remediation systems to treat Cr-contaminated groundwaters. The geochemical characterization allowed to select Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) as suitable remediation processes, whereas through a new geochemical modeling, the evolution of water chemistry during the water-rock interaction was also studied. The new reaction path modelling was performed re-evaluating the role of Fe as main oxidant in the system and the analytic concentrations of relevant solutes, including Cr(VI), were reproduced. The spring with the highest Cr(VI) content was treated to lower its concentration below the threshold values. A laboratory-scale set-up was used to carry out both NF and RO experiments. The experiments were conducted on different commercial membranes varying the operating pressures. The results showed high Cr(VI) rejections (around 95%) for all tested membranes, leading to Cr(VI) concentrations below the threshold limits. The high flux, obtained already at lower operating pressures, combined with high selectivity towards Cr(VI) makes NF a favorable remediation option.
I. Fuoco; A. Figoli; A. Criscuoli; G. Brozzo; R. De Rosa; B. Gabriele; C. Apollaro. Geochemical modeling of chromium release in natural waters and treatment by RO/NF membrane processes. Chemosphere 2020, 254, 126696 .
AMA StyleI. Fuoco, A. Figoli, A. Criscuoli, G. Brozzo, R. De Rosa, B. Gabriele, C. Apollaro. Geochemical modeling of chromium release in natural waters and treatment by RO/NF membrane processes. Chemosphere. 2020; 254 ():126696.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI. Fuoco; A. Figoli; A. Criscuoli; G. Brozzo; R. De Rosa; B. Gabriele; C. Apollaro. 2020. "Geochemical modeling of chromium release in natural waters and treatment by RO/NF membrane processes." Chemosphere 254, no. : 126696.
Manganese ores, especially the oxyhydroxides in their different forms, are the dominant Mn-bearing minerals that occur in marine and terrestrial environments, where they are typically found as poorly crystalline and intermixed phases. Mn oxyhydroxides have a huge range of industrial applications and are able to exert a strong control on the mobility of trace metals. This paper reports the results of a detailed study on the Mn oxyhydroxides occurring in the manganiferous deposit outcropping in the Messinian sediments from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy). Nine Mn samples were characterized in detail using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (TEM/EDS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results indicated that the Mn deposit included the oxyhydroxide mineral species birnessite, todorokite, and rancièite. The size, morphology, and chemical composition of Mn oxyhydroxide samples were investigated in order to define their impact on the environment and human health. Todorokite displayed asbestiform shapes and could disperse fibers of breathable size in the air. Furthermore, since in-depth characterization of minerals within Mn deposits may be the first step toward understanding the genetic processes of manganese deposits, hypotheses about the genesis of the Mn oxyhydroxide deposits were discussed.
Andrea Bloise; Domenico Miriello; Rosanna De Rosa; Giovanni Vespasiano; Ilaria Fuoco; Raffaella De Luca; Eugenio Barrese; Carmine Apollaro. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Asbestiform Todorokite, Birnessite, and Ranciéite, and Their host Mn-Rich Deposits from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy). Fibers 2020, 8, 9 .
AMA StyleAndrea Bloise, Domenico Miriello, Rosanna De Rosa, Giovanni Vespasiano, Ilaria Fuoco, Raffaella De Luca, Eugenio Barrese, Carmine Apollaro. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Asbestiform Todorokite, Birnessite, and Ranciéite, and Their host Mn-Rich Deposits from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy). Fibers. 2020; 8 (2):9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Bloise; Domenico Miriello; Rosanna De Rosa; Giovanni Vespasiano; Ilaria Fuoco; Raffaella De Luca; Eugenio Barrese; Carmine Apollaro. 2020. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Asbestiform Todorokite, Birnessite, and Ranciéite, and Their host Mn-Rich Deposits from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy)." Fibers 8, no. 2: 9.
The paper focuses on the weathering processes affecting gneissic rocks of the western Sila Grande Massif (Calabria, Italy) through the development of an interdisciplinary research based on field studies and investigations, minero-petrographical analyses and geochemical modeling. Both physical and chemical weathering affect gneissic rocks of the study area, where the combination of tectonic and past climatic conditions played an important key role in the development of complex and deep weathering profiles. Field surveys and cut slope analyses highlight articulated and complex geometric relationships between various classes of weathering (i.e., out-of-sequence weathering horizons giving rise to a partial, or even complete inversion of the “normal” weathering profile). The weathering profile has turned out particularly intense, as classes IV, V and VI are widespread. Among the class VI, the colluvial soils are prominent in comparison whit the residual soils. Borehole logs, that confirm the intensity and complexity of weathering profiles in deep, allow to estimate the presence of weathered rocks to be at least 70 m in thicknesses. The main mineralogical modifications linked to weathering processes concern the partial transformation of biotite and the partial destruction of feldspars (mainly plagioclases), associated with the neoformation of secondary mineralogical phases (clay minerals and Fe-oxides). Neoformed clay minerals (such as sericite, illite and mixed layer phases) and ferruginous products replaced feldspars and biotite during the most advanced weathering stage. Results of XRD analyses and geochemical modelling provide a good indication on the secondary mineral assemblage due to the increase of the weathering intensity (form class III to class VI) that reflects the different contributions of chemical elements provided by dissolution of silicate minerals into the surrounding groundwater system. The chemical composition of the studied rock samples and the oxides variations suggest a removal of some alkali (Na and K) and alkaline earth (Ca and Mg) into solution as a consequence of weathering reactions. The chemical analysis and the weathering indices (CIA, PIA, CIW and CIW’) show a marked alteration process, with ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars probably dissolved and leached into the surrounding groundwater system. The CO2-controlled dissolution of plagioclase appears to be the most important reaction during chemical weathering. The progressive dissolution results then dominated by biotite, followed by a minor amounts K-feldspar, chlorite and garnet; whereas the sillimanite shows a neglectable amounts. The secondary solid phases observed during the geochemical modeling (illite, followed by vermiculite, ferrihydrite and saponite) are similar to those found in this natural system. The proposed approach could be used to characterize weathered crystalline rocks and related weathering profiles in similar geological setting, and the obtained results represent a key point for the evaluation of the control exerted by weathering on landscape evolution under current environmental settings in terms of sediment generation, soil erosion rates, and mass movements, and for the mechanical characterization of weathering profiles for engineering geological purposes.
Deborah Biondino; Luigi Borrelli; Salvatore Critelli; Francesco Muto; Carmine Apollaro; Sabrina Coniglio; Vincenzo Tripodi; Francesco Perri. A multidisciplinary approach to investigate weathering processes affecting gneissic rocks (Calabria, southern Italy). CATENA 2019, 187, 104372 .
AMA StyleDeborah Biondino, Luigi Borrelli, Salvatore Critelli, Francesco Muto, Carmine Apollaro, Sabrina Coniglio, Vincenzo Tripodi, Francesco Perri. A multidisciplinary approach to investigate weathering processes affecting gneissic rocks (Calabria, southern Italy). CATENA. 2019; 187 ():104372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeborah Biondino; Luigi Borrelli; Salvatore Critelli; Francesco Muto; Carmine Apollaro; Sabrina Coniglio; Vincenzo Tripodi; Francesco Perri. 2019. "A multidisciplinary approach to investigate weathering processes affecting gneissic rocks (Calabria, southern Italy)." CATENA 187, no. : 104372.
Carmine Apollaro; Antonella Buccianti; Giovanni Vespasiano; Massimiliano Vardè; Ilaria Fuoco; Donatella Barca; Andrea Bloise; Domenico Miriello; Franco Cofone; Alessandro Servidio; Rosanna De Rosa. Comparative geochemical study between the tap waters and the bottled mineral waters in Calabria (Southern Italy) by compositional data analysis (CoDA) developments. Applied Geochemistry 2019, 107, 19 -33.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Antonella Buccianti, Giovanni Vespasiano, Massimiliano Vardè, Ilaria Fuoco, Donatella Barca, Andrea Bloise, Domenico Miriello, Franco Cofone, Alessandro Servidio, Rosanna De Rosa. Comparative geochemical study between the tap waters and the bottled mineral waters in Calabria (Southern Italy) by compositional data analysis (CoDA) developments. Applied Geochemistry. 2019; 107 ():19-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Antonella Buccianti; Giovanni Vespasiano; Massimiliano Vardè; Ilaria Fuoco; Donatella Barca; Andrea Bloise; Domenico Miriello; Franco Cofone; Alessandro Servidio; Rosanna De Rosa. 2019. "Comparative geochemical study between the tap waters and the bottled mineral waters in Calabria (Southern Italy) by compositional data analysis (CoDA) developments." Applied Geochemistry 107, no. : 19-33.
A multidisciplinary approach adopting new geological, hydro-geochemical and isotopic data has been used to assess the genesis of hot and cold waters of the Galatro and Antonimina thermal systems. In these systems, waters come from two different hydrogeological circuits, which are chiefly hosted in the Palaeozoic crystallino-methamorphic rocks of the Aspromonte Unit and the overlying Oligocene-Pleistocene sedimentary sequences. In particular, the Galatro thermal water shows Na–SO4 composition, pH value of 7.85 ± 0.13, outlet temperature of 36.4 ± 1.8 °C, variable Eh (−266 to −42 mV) and total dissolved solids of 1,067 ± 149 mg L−1. Conversely, the Antonimina thermal water shows Na-SO4(Cl) composition, total dissolved solid of 10,369 ± 1,613 mg L−1, pH value of 7.62 ± 0.17, outlet temperature of 35 ± 0.12 °C and Eh from 25.4 to 49.2 mV. Geological and hydrogeochemical data suggest that the meteoric waters infiltrating along the Aspromonte Chain at different elevations (650 and 230 m a.s.l. for Galatro and Antonimina respectively), recharge the aquifers acquiring heat from rocks through conductive transfer reaching reservoir temperatures between 69 ± 15 °C and 101 °C for Galatro and 60 ± 19 °C for Antonimina reservoirs, as indicated by the solubility of chalcedony and quartz and Na/K geothermometers. Subsequently, the waters leaving the deep reservoirs discharge at the surface at 36.4 ± 1.8 °C and 35 ± 0.12 °C after a relatively fast upflow and limited cooling. Assuming a normal geothermal gradient (33 °C km−1), results allowed to locate the warm deeper reservoirs of Galatro and Antonimina at depths between 1.5 and 2.5 km and 1.5 km respectively.
Carmine Apollaro; Vincenzo Tripodi; Giovanni Vespasiano; Rosanna De Rosa; Elissavet Dotsika; Ilaria Fuoco; Salvatore Critelli; Francesco Muto. Chemical, isotopic and geotectonic relations of the warm and cold waters of the Galatro and Antonimina thermal areas, southern Calabria, Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology 2019, 109, 469 -483.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Vincenzo Tripodi, Giovanni Vespasiano, Rosanna De Rosa, Elissavet Dotsika, Ilaria Fuoco, Salvatore Critelli, Francesco Muto. Chemical, isotopic and geotectonic relations of the warm and cold waters of the Galatro and Antonimina thermal areas, southern Calabria, Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2019; 109 ():469-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Vincenzo Tripodi; Giovanni Vespasiano; Rosanna De Rosa; Elissavet Dotsika; Ilaria Fuoco; Salvatore Critelli; Francesco Muto. 2019. "Chemical, isotopic and geotectonic relations of the warm and cold waters of the Galatro and Antonimina thermal areas, southern Calabria, Italy." Marine and Petroleum Geology 109, no. : 469-483.
Over the last few years, the risk to human health related to asbestos fiber exposure has been widely demonstrated by many studies. Serpentinites are the main rocks associated with naturally occurring asbestos (NOA). In order to investigate the presence of NOA, a mineralogical study was conducted on eleven serpentinite samples collected nearby the village of Episcopia (Lucania, Southern Italy). Various analytical techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) were used to determine the occurrence of asbestos minerals and to make morphological observations. Results pointed out that all of the samples contain asbestos minerals (e.g., tremolite, actinolite and chrysotile). Moreover, it was observed that both natural processes and human activity may disturb NOA-bearing outcrops and provoke the formation of potentially inhalable airborne dust causing the release of asbestos fibers into the environment, thereby increasing the risk to human health. For this reason, our study aims to highlight the requirement of a natural asbestos survey and periodic update in the area.
Andrea Bloise; Claudia Ricchiuti; Eugenia Giorno; Ilaria Fuoco; Patrizia Zumpano; Domenico Miriello; Carmine Apollaro; Alessandra Crispini; Rosanna De Rosa; Rosalda Punturo. Assessment of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in the Area of Episcopia (Lucania, Southern Italy). Fibers 2019, 7, 45 .
AMA StyleAndrea Bloise, Claudia Ricchiuti, Eugenia Giorno, Ilaria Fuoco, Patrizia Zumpano, Domenico Miriello, Carmine Apollaro, Alessandra Crispini, Rosanna De Rosa, Rosalda Punturo. Assessment of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in the Area of Episcopia (Lucania, Southern Italy). Fibers. 2019; 7 (5):45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Bloise; Claudia Ricchiuti; Eugenia Giorno; Ilaria Fuoco; Patrizia Zumpano; Domenico Miriello; Carmine Apollaro; Alessandra Crispini; Rosanna De Rosa; Rosalda Punturo. 2019. "Assessment of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in the Area of Episcopia (Lucania, Southern Italy)." Fibers 7, no. 5: 45.
Carmine Apollaro; Francesco Perri; Luigi Borrelli; Tommaso Caloiero. The Role of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in Soil Formation: Geochemical, Mineralogical, Geomorphological, and Engineering-Geological Aspects. Geofluids 2019, 2019, 1 -4.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Francesco Perri, Luigi Borrelli, Tommaso Caloiero. The Role of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in Soil Formation: Geochemical, Mineralogical, Geomorphological, and Engineering-Geological Aspects. Geofluids. 2019; 2019 ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Francesco Perri; Luigi Borrelli; Tommaso Caloiero. 2019. "The Role of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in Soil Formation: Geochemical, Mineralogical, Geomorphological, and Engineering-Geological Aspects." Geofluids 2019, no. : 1-4.
To simulate the evolution of groundwaters interacting with granulitic rocks of the lower crust exposed in the southern sector of the Calabrian region, reaction path modeling was performed by means of the EQ3/6 software package version 8.0a. Low-salinity waters issuing from granulite have Na–Cl to Na-HCO3 composition, about neutral pH (mean value of 6.7), outlet temperatures of 7.7 to 14.2°C, oxidant redox potentials from 100 to 182 mV, and electrical conductivity from 72.1 to 196.9 μS/cm. The mineral constituents of local granulite are plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, clinopyroxene, garnet, and orthopyroxene. Simulations were carried at constant temperature of 11.8°C (which reproduces the average temperature of local groundwaters) fixing the fugacity of CO2 at 10-2.4 bar (mean value), 10-2.0 bar (mean value +1 σ), and 10-2.8 bar (mean value -1 σ). The analytical contents of major elements in groundwaters were satisfactorily reproduced by modeling and are fully consistent with the secondary minerals produced by weathering processes affecting the same rocks.
Carmine Apollaro. Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction in the Granulite Rocks of Lower Crust in the Serre Massif (Southern Calabria, Italy). Geofluids 2019, 2019, 1 -11.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro. Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction in the Granulite Rocks of Lower Crust in the Serre Massif (Southern Calabria, Italy). Geofluids. 2019; 2019 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro. 2019. "Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction in the Granulite Rocks of Lower Crust in the Serre Massif (Southern Calabria, Italy)." Geofluids 2019, no. : 1-11.
The purpose of this work is to study the weathering processes of the granulite rocks of the Serre Massif (southern Calabria, Italy) using a multidisciplinary approach based on field studies, geochemical modeling, and minero-petrographical analyses. The granulite rocks are plagioclase-rich with minor amphibole, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, biotite, and garnet and their texture are coarse-grained. The reaction path modeling was performed to simulate the evolution of groundwaters upon interaction with local granulite by means of the software package EQ3/6, version 8.0a. Simulations were performed in kinetic (time) mode under a closed system at a constant temperature of 11.5°C, (which reproduces the average temperature of local area) and fixing the fugacity of CO2 at 10–2.34 bar (mean value). During the most advanced stage of weathering the main mineralogical changes are: partial destruction and transformation of biotite and plagioclase associated with neoformation of ferruginous products and secondary clay minerals producing a change in the origin rock fabric. The secondary solid phases observed during the geochemical modeling (kaolinite, vermiculite and ferrihydrite) are similar to those found in this natural system. Thus, the soil-like material mainly characterized by mostly sand to gravel grain-size fractions is the final result of the weathering processes.
Carmine Apollaro; Francesco Perri; Emilia LE Pera; Ilaria Fuoco; Teresa Critelli. Chemical and minero-petrographical changes on granulite rocks affected by weathering processes. Frontiers of Earth Science 2019, 13, 247 -261.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Francesco Perri, Emilia LE Pera, Ilaria Fuoco, Teresa Critelli. Chemical and minero-petrographical changes on granulite rocks affected by weathering processes. Frontiers of Earth Science. 2019; 13 (2):247-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Francesco Perri; Emilia LE Pera; Ilaria Fuoco; Teresa Critelli. 2019. "Chemical and minero-petrographical changes on granulite rocks affected by weathering processes." Frontiers of Earth Science 13, no. 2: 247-261.
Reaction path modelling of serpentinite dissolution in meteoric water was performed, varying Fe2O3/(FeO + Fe2O3) weight ratios of serpentine and reproducing the analytical concentrations of relevant solutes, including Cr(VI), in the Mg-HCO3 groundwaters hosted in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy. The occurrence of geogenic Cr(VI) in these groundwaters appears to be potentially controlled by the oxidation of trivalent Cr to the hexavalent redox state, driven by the reduction of trivalent Fe to the divalent redox state. In fact, trivalent Fe is the only oxidant present in suitable amounts in serpentinite rock, and even serpentine contains a high content of trivalent Fe as proven by recent studies. In contrast, the generally accepted hypothesis that geogenic Cr(VI) in waters interacting with serpentinites is driven by the reduction of trivalent and tetravalent Mn is questionable, since serpentinite rock has a low Mn content and it is necessary to invoke adsorption of trivalent Cr ions onto the surface of Mn oxides, which are oxidised as a surface complex to hexavalent Cr. Moreover, Mn oxides are present in the aqueous solution as suspended particles or in rocks as coatings or nodules.
Carmine Apollaro; Ilaria Fuoco; Gianpiero Brozzo; Rosanna De Rosa. Release and fate of Cr(VI) in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy: the role of Fe(III) as a potential oxidant of Cr(III) supported by reaction path modelling. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 660, 1459 -1471.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Ilaria Fuoco, Gianpiero Brozzo, Rosanna De Rosa. Release and fate of Cr(VI) in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy: the role of Fe(III) as a potential oxidant of Cr(III) supported by reaction path modelling. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 660 ():1459-1471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Ilaria Fuoco; Gianpiero Brozzo; Rosanna De Rosa. 2019. "Release and fate of Cr(VI) in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy: the role of Fe(III) as a potential oxidant of Cr(III) supported by reaction path modelling." Science of The Total Environment 660, no. : 1459-1471.
Luana Gallo; Anna Corapi; Carmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Lucio Lucadamo. Effect of the interaction between transplants of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea L. (Zopf) and rainfall on the variation of element concentrations associated with the water-soluble part of atmospheric depositions. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2017, 8, 912 -920.
AMA StyleLuana Gallo, Anna Corapi, Carmine Apollaro, Giovanni Vespasiano, Lucio Lucadamo. Effect of the interaction between transplants of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea L. (Zopf) and rainfall on the variation of element concentrations associated with the water-soluble part of atmospheric depositions. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2017; 8 (5):912-920.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuana Gallo; Anna Corapi; Carmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Lucio Lucadamo. 2017. "Effect of the interaction between transplants of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea L. (Zopf) and rainfall on the variation of element concentrations associated with the water-soluble part of atmospheric depositions." Atmospheric Pollution Research 8, no. 5: 912-920.
Carmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Francesco Muto; Rosanna De Rosa; Donatella Barca; Luigi Marini. Use of mean residence time of water, flowrate, and equilibrium temperature indicated by water geothermometers to rank geothermal resources. Application to the thermal water circuits of Northern Calabria. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2016, 328, 147 -158.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Giovanni Vespasiano, Francesco Muto, Rosanna De Rosa, Donatella Barca, Luigi Marini. Use of mean residence time of water, flowrate, and equilibrium temperature indicated by water geothermometers to rank geothermal resources. Application to the thermal water circuits of Northern Calabria. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2016; 328 ():147-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Francesco Muto; Rosanna De Rosa; Donatella Barca; Luigi Marini. 2016. "Use of mean residence time of water, flowrate, and equilibrium temperature indicated by water geothermometers to rank geothermal resources. Application to the thermal water circuits of Northern Calabria." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 328, no. : 147-158.
The study, which represents an innovative scientific strategy to approach the study of natural radioactivity in terms of spatial and temporal variability, was aimed to characterize the background levels of natural radionuclides in soil and rock in the urban and peri-urban soil of a southern Italy area; to quantify their variations due to radionuclide bearing minerals and soil properties, taking into account nature and extent of seasonality influence. Its main novelty is taking into account the effect of climate in controlling natural gamma radioactivity as well as analysing soil radioactivity in terms of soil properties and pedogenetic processes. In different bedrocks and soils, activities of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th 4 K) and total radioactivity were measured at 181 locations by means of scintillation γ-ray spectrometry. In addition, selected rocks samples were collected and analysed, using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and an X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), to assess the main sources of radionuclides. The natural-gamma background is intimately related to differing petrologic features of crystalline source rocks and to peculiar pedogenetic features and processes. The radioactivity survey was conducted during two different seasons with marked changes in the main climatic characteristics, namely dry summer and moist winter, to evaluate possible effects of seasonal climatic variations and soil properties on radioactivity measurements. Seasonal variations of radionuclides activities show their peak values in summer. The activities of 238U, 232Th and 4 K exhibit a positive correlation with the air temperature and are negatively correlated with precipitations.
Ilaria Guagliardi; Natalia Rovella; Carmine Apollaro; Andrea Bloise; Rosanna De Rosa; Fabio Scarciglia; Gabriele Buttafuoco. Effects of source rocks, soil features and climate on natural gamma radioactivity in the Crati valley (Calabria, Southern Italy). Chemosphere 2016, 150, 97 -108.
AMA StyleIlaria Guagliardi, Natalia Rovella, Carmine Apollaro, Andrea Bloise, Rosanna De Rosa, Fabio Scarciglia, Gabriele Buttafuoco. Effects of source rocks, soil features and climate on natural gamma radioactivity in the Crati valley (Calabria, Southern Italy). Chemosphere. 2016; 150 ():97-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Guagliardi; Natalia Rovella; Carmine Apollaro; Andrea Bloise; Rosanna De Rosa; Fabio Scarciglia; Gabriele Buttafuoco. 2016. "Effects of source rocks, soil features and climate on natural gamma radioactivity in the Crati valley (Calabria, Southern Italy)." Chemosphere 150, no. : 97-108.
Giovanni Vespasiano; Carmine Apollaro; Francesco Muto; De Rosa Rosanna; Elissavet Dotsika; Luigi Marini. Preliminary geochemical characterization of the thermal waters of the Grotta delle Ninfe near Cerchiara di Calabria (South Italy). Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 2016, 39, 130 -133.
AMA StyleGiovanni Vespasiano, Carmine Apollaro, Francesco Muto, De Rosa Rosanna, Elissavet Dotsika, Luigi Marini. Preliminary geochemical characterization of the thermal waters of the Grotta delle Ninfe near Cerchiara di Calabria (South Italy). Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana. 2016; 39 ():130-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Vespasiano; Carmine Apollaro; Francesco Muto; De Rosa Rosanna; Elissavet Dotsika; Luigi Marini. 2016. "Preliminary geochemical characterization of the thermal waters of the Grotta delle Ninfe near Cerchiara di Calabria (South Italy)." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 39, no. : 130-133.
A total of 141 samples mostly located in the Coastal Chain and the Sila Massif of Northern Calabria have been collected from 125 different springs and analyzed chemically and for the isotopic ratios 2H/1H and 18O/16O of water, with the ultimate aim to investigate isotope–elevation relationships for local meteoric waters. The Small Springs Method (SSM) has been adopted for this purpose. The hydrogeological characteristics of the watersheds of interest indicate that the sampled springs are discharged from water circuits hosted in alluvial and colluvial deposits rather than in the underlying rock substrata. The chemical characteristics of the sampled waters suggest that they are immature and related to shallow and short water circuits, in spite of the variable degree of chemical evolution. The spring waters of relatively high Total Ionic Salinity (TIS >12.5 meq/L) and those from watersheds of comparatively large elevation range (>650 m) and relatively large areas (>17 km2) have been excluded from the analysis of elevation–isotope relationships. An oxygen isotope lapse rate of −0.194 ‰/100 m has been found for the spring water samples of Northern Calabria as a whole, whereas the obtained hydrogen isotope lapse rates are −1.23 ‰/100 m for the Coastal Chain and −1.45 ‰/100 m for the Sila Massif based on measured isotope values and optimized elevation. The following O-isotopes equation is recommended to estimate the average elevation (Hi in m) of the recharge areas of Northern Calabria aquifer systems: δO18=−0.00194·Hi−5.91 (1) The maximum estimated uncertainty due to variations in the δ18O value over time is 202 m. Use of H isotopes is not recommended for constraining average recharge elevations due to important local variations, reflecting in different relations for the Coastal Chain and the Sila Massif. Assuming that Equation (1) holds true throughout Northern Calabria, an iso-distribution map of the δ18O value in rainfall has been drawn for this area.
Giovanni Vespasiano; Carmine Apollaro; Rosanna De Rosa; Francesco Muto; Salvatore Larosa; Jens Fiebig; Andreas Mulch; Luigi Marini. The Small Spring Method (SSM) for the definition of stable isotope–elevation relationships in Northern Calabria (Southern Italy). Applied Geochemistry 2015, 63, 333 -346.
AMA StyleGiovanni Vespasiano, Carmine Apollaro, Rosanna De Rosa, Francesco Muto, Salvatore Larosa, Jens Fiebig, Andreas Mulch, Luigi Marini. The Small Spring Method (SSM) for the definition of stable isotope–elevation relationships in Northern Calabria (Southern Italy). Applied Geochemistry. 2015; 63 ():333-346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Vespasiano; Carmine Apollaro; Rosanna De Rosa; Francesco Muto; Salvatore Larosa; Jens Fiebig; Andreas Mulch; Luigi Marini. 2015. "The Small Spring Method (SSM) for the definition of stable isotope–elevation relationships in Northern Calabria (Southern Italy)." Applied Geochemistry 63, no. : 333-346.
Tritium-based mean residence time, τw, and flowrate, Qw, of thermal waters from eleven different sites of Northern Thailand were used to evaluate the volume of reservoir waters contributing to the natural discharge, Vw, and the volume of the related geothermal reservoirs, Vres, assuming steady-state conditions and using simple relationships. Measured 3H contents of the thermal waters of interest, apart from San Kamphaeng, range from 0.4 to 1.3 TU. Based on the well-mixed reservoir model, mean fluid residence times between 500 and 1700 years are obtained. For most thermal waters of Northern Thailand, calculated Vw range from 0.13 to 0.68 km3, whereas Vres vary from 13 to 68 km3, assuming an effective porosity of 0.01. The only exception is San Kamphaeng, that has a high discharge leading to a calculated Vw of 2.2 km3 and Vres of 220 km3, although its mean fluid residence time of 955 years is within the range of other Northern Thailand thermal waters. Even though the uncertainties on both Vw and Vres are relatively high, the simple approach used here may be used to evaluate geothermal resources during the exploration stage. The obtained Vres may be used in the volume method of geothermal resource assessment (which is usually utilized to evaluate the productive potential of unexploited and minimally exploited geothermal fields) and may be compared with the Vres estimated by means of other approaches.
Carmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Rosanna De Rosa; Luigi Marini. Use of mean residence time and flowrate of thermal waters to evaluate the volume of reservoir water contributing to the natural discharge and the related geothermal reservoir volume. Application to Northern Thailand hot springs. Geothermics 2015, 58, 62 -74.
AMA StyleCarmine Apollaro, Giovanni Vespasiano, Rosanna De Rosa, Luigi Marini. Use of mean residence time and flowrate of thermal waters to evaluate the volume of reservoir water contributing to the natural discharge and the related geothermal reservoir volume. Application to Northern Thailand hot springs. Geothermics. 2015; 58 ():62-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmine Apollaro; Giovanni Vespasiano; Rosanna De Rosa; Luigi Marini. 2015. "Use of mean residence time and flowrate of thermal waters to evaluate the volume of reservoir water contributing to the natural discharge and the related geothermal reservoir volume. Application to Northern Thailand hot springs." Geothermics 58, no. : 62-74.
A hydrogeochemical survey was carried out in the area of Lago (Calabria region, Southern Italy) and outcropping geological units were classified from the hydrogeological point of view, to explain the evolution of local groundwaters. In addition, reaction path modeling was performed to simulate the evolution of groundwaters upon interaction with local metabasalts, phyllites, and serpentinites, by means of the EQ3/6 software package, version 8.0. Simulations were carried at constant temperature of 14.1 °C, which reproduces the average temperature of local groundwaters. Three different simulations have been performed for the average metabasalt fixing the fugacity of CO2 at either 10−2.4 bar (mean value), 10−2.0 bar (mean value + 1σ), or 10−2.9 bar (mean value − 1σ). The simulation for the average serpentinite and phyllite was carried out at the mean value of the fugacity of CO2 (10−2.4 bar). All evidences acquired in this study, namely the hydrogeological framework, the chemical analysis of local groundwaters and the results of reaction path modeling, consistently point out that groundwater circulation under ordinary hydraulic gradient, primarily occurs in the ophiolitic sub-complex and that dissolution of metabasalts and serpentinites controls the chemical characteristics of the groundwaters from the study area.
T. Critelli; Giovanni Vespasiano; C. Apollaro; F. Muto; L. Marini; R. De Rosa. Hydrogeochemical study of an ophiolitic aquifer: a case study of Lago (Southern Italy, Calabria). Environmental Earth Sciences 2015, 74, 533 -543.
AMA StyleT. Critelli, Giovanni Vespasiano, C. Apollaro, F. Muto, L. Marini, R. De Rosa. Hydrogeochemical study of an ophiolitic aquifer: a case study of Lago (Southern Italy, Calabria). Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015; 74 (1):533-543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Critelli; Giovanni Vespasiano; C. Apollaro; F. Muto; L. Marini; R. De Rosa. 2015. "Hydrogeochemical study of an ophiolitic aquifer: a case study of Lago (Southern Italy, Calabria)." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 1: 533-543.