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Ferulago campestris is an aromatic plant, distributed in Mediterranean Europe, and a source of essential oils (EOs) regarded as promising alternatives to synthetic herbicides and pesticides. F. campestris EO, hydrodistilled and analyzed, was tested for its antigerminative activity and for its effect on radicle elongation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and lipid peroxidation on four infesting weed species (Papaver rhoeas, Taraxacum campylodes, Poa annua, and Setaria verticillata) and on Phaseolus vulgaris. Its repellent ability was also tested against Acanthoscelides obtectus, a pest commonly affecting P. vulgaris during storage. Moreover, a chitosan coating layer was developed with the addition of F. campestris EO and tested for its toxic and oviposition-deterring effects against A. obtectus. Myrcene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene were detected as the main compounds in F. campestris EO. The EO demonstrated a selective in vitro antigerminative activity towards the weed species, without affecting the bean seeds. Moreover, the chitosan coating layer exerted a dose-dependent repellent effect against A. obtectus adults, thus effectively protecting the bean seeds, while preserving their germinative ability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a chitosan–EO coating proposed with the aim of protecting bean seeds for sowing from insect attack.
Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Paolo Giannotti; Tiziana Lombardi; Barbara Conti; Daniele Fraternale. Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1578 .
AMA StyleRoberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Stefano Bedini, Camilla Tani, Paolo Giannotti, Tiziana Lombardi, Barbara Conti, Daniele Fraternale. Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1578.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Paolo Giannotti; Tiziana Lombardi; Barbara Conti; Daniele Fraternale. 2021. "Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1578.
In developing countries, crop deterioration is mainly caused by inappropriate storage conditions that promote insect infestation. Synthetic pesticides are associated with serious adverse effects on humans and the environment. Thus, finding alternative “green” insecticides is a very pressing need. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand (Apocynaceae) growing in Saudi Arabia was selected for this purpose. LC-MS/MS analysis was applied to investigate the metabolic composition of different C. procera extracts. Particularly, C. procera latex and leaves showed a high presence of cardenolides including calactin, uscharidin, 15β-hydroxy-calactin, 16β-hydroxy-calactin, and 12β-hydroxy-calactin. The ovicidal activity of the extracts from different plant organs (flowers, leaves, branches, roots), and of the latex, against Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) was assessed. Extracts of C. procera roots displayed the most potent activity with 50% of C. cautella eggs not hatching at 10.000 ppm (1%).
Ammar Bader; Ziad Omran; Ahmed Al-Asmari; Valentina Santoro; Nunziatina De Tommasi; Massimiliano D’Ambola; Fabrizio Dal Piaz; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Majed Halwani. Systematic Phytochemical Screening of Different Organs of Calotropis procera and the Ovicidal Effect of Their Extracts to the Foodstuff Pest Cadra cautella. Molecules 2021, 26, 905 .
AMA StyleAmmar Bader, Ziad Omran, Ahmed Al-Asmari, Valentina Santoro, Nunziatina De Tommasi, Massimiliano D’Ambola, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Barbara Conti, Stefano Bedini, Majed Halwani. Systematic Phytochemical Screening of Different Organs of Calotropis procera and the Ovicidal Effect of Their Extracts to the Foodstuff Pest Cadra cautella. Molecules. 2021; 26 (4):905.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmmar Bader; Ziad Omran; Ahmed Al-Asmari; Valentina Santoro; Nunziatina De Tommasi; Massimiliano D’Ambola; Fabrizio Dal Piaz; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Majed Halwani. 2021. "Systematic Phytochemical Screening of Different Organs of Calotropis procera and the Ovicidal Effect of Their Extracts to the Foodstuff Pest Cadra cautella." Molecules 26, no. 4: 905.
Blowflies play a substantial role as vectors of microorganisms, including human pathogens. The control of these insect pests is an important aspect of the prevention of foodborne diseases, which represent a significant public health threat worldwide. Among aromatic plants, spices essential oils (EOs) are the most suitable to protect food from insect pests. In this study, we determined the chemical composition of three oregano EOs and assessed their toxicity and deterrence to oviposition against the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria L. The chemical analyses showed that the EOs belonged to three chemotypes: one with a prevalence of carvacrol, the carvacrol chemotype (CC; carvacrol, 81.5%), and two with a prevalence of thymol, the thymol/p-cymene and thymol/γ-terpinene chemotypes (TCC and TTC; thymol, 43.8, and 36.7%, respectively). The bioassays showed that although all the three EOs chemotypes are able to exert a toxic activity against C. vomitoria adults (LD50 from 0.14 to 0.31 μL insect−1) and eggs (LC50 from 0.008 to 0.038 μL cm−2) as well as deter the oviposition (Oviposition Activity Index, OAI, from 0.40 ± 0.04 to 0.87 ± 0.02), the bioactivity of oregano EOs significantly varies among the chemotypes, with the thymol-rich EOs (TCC and TTC) overall demonstrating more effectiveness than the carvacrol-rich (CC) EO.
Stefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Edoardo Napoli; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Antonella Verzera; Barbara Conti; Lucia Zappalà. Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens. Insects 2021, 12, 52 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Priscilla Farina, Edoardo Napoli, Guido Flamini, Roberta Ascrizzi, Antonella Verzera, Barbara Conti, Lucia Zappalà. Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens. Insects. 2021; 12 (1):52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Edoardo Napoli; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Antonella Verzera; Barbara Conti; Lucia Zappalà. 2021. "Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens." Insects 12, no. 1: 52.
Ficus carica L. is one of the earliest cultivated fruit trees, and figs are a typical fruit of the Mediterranean diet and traditional medicine as well. In recent years, a new pest, the black weevil Aclees taiwanensis Kȏno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) native to Asia, has been recorded in France and Italy. Aclees taiwanensis causes the rapid death of the fig tree by its larvae that dig alimentation galleries in the trunk and surface roots, compromising the phloem flux. In Italy, from 2005, the year of the first detection of A. taiwanensis, the fig production has nearly halved, decreasing from 20.09 t to 10.65 t. To date, no specific EU regulation has been applied to prevent the A. taiwanensis spread, and we can reasonably expect a rapid diffusion of this pest all over the Mediterranean area. To avoid the loss of the Mediterranean fig orchards, effective strategies to detect and control the black weevil are required. Such strategies need a detailed knowledge of A. taiwanensis distribution, biology, and physiology. This paper updates the known distribution of this species in Southern Europe, using a citizen science approach, and describes, under laboratory and field conditions, its main biological traits.
Priscilla Farina; Giuseppe Mazza; Claudia Benvenuti; Ilaria Cutino; Paolo Giannotti; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Elisabetta Gargani. Biological Notes and Distribution in Southern Europe of Aclees taiwanensis Kȏno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A New Pest of the Fig Tree. Insects 2020, 12, 5 .
AMA StylePriscilla Farina, Giuseppe Mazza, Claudia Benvenuti, Ilaria Cutino, Paolo Giannotti, Barbara Conti, Stefano Bedini, Elisabetta Gargani. Biological Notes and Distribution in Southern Europe of Aclees taiwanensis Kȏno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A New Pest of the Fig Tree. Insects. 2020; 12 (1):5.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Farina; Giuseppe Mazza; Claudia Benvenuti; Ilaria Cutino; Paolo Giannotti; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Elisabetta Gargani. 2020. "Biological Notes and Distribution in Southern Europe of Aclees taiwanensis Kȏno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A New Pest of the Fig Tree." Insects 12, no. 1: 5.
The honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a keystone pollinator of wild plant species and agricultural crops, is disappearing globally due to parasites and diseases, habitat loss, genetic constraints, beekeeper management issues and to the widespread use of pesticides. Besides insecticides, widely studied in this species, honeybees are also exposed to herbicides and fungicides and heavy metals whose lethal and sublethal effects need to be investigated. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of fungicides and of heavy metals on honeybees and to develop and apply a multi-biomarker approach that include an Integrated Biological Index (IBRv2) to assess the toxicological status of this species. Biomarkers of neurotoxicity (AChE and CaE), metabolic alteration (ALP, and GST) and immune system (LYS, granulocytes) were measured, following honeybees’ exposure to cadmium or to a crop fungicide, using the genotoxic compound EMS as positive control. A biomarker of genotoxicity (NA assay) was developed and applied for the first time in honeybees. At the doses tested, all the contaminants showed sublethal toxicity to the bees, highlighting in particular genotoxic effects. The data collected were analyzed by an IBRv2 index, which integrated the seven biomarkers used in this study. IBRv2 index increased with increasing cadmium or fungicide concentrations. The IBRv2 represents a simple tool for a general description of honeybees ecotoxicological health status. Results highlight the need for more in-depth investigations on the effects of fungicides on non-target organisms, such as honeybees, using sensitive methods for the determination of sublethal effects. This study contributes to the development of a multi-biomarker approach to be used for a more accurate ecotoxicological environmental monitoring of these animals.
Ilaria Caliani; Tommaso Campani; Barbara Conti; Francesca Cosci; Stefano Bedini; Antonella D’Agostino; Anna Ammendola; Agata Di Noi; Alessandro Gori; Silvia Casini. Multi-biomarker approach and IBR index to evaluate the effects of different contaminants on the ecotoxicological status of Apis mellifera. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2020, 208, 111486 .
AMA StyleIlaria Caliani, Tommaso Campani, Barbara Conti, Francesca Cosci, Stefano Bedini, Antonella D’Agostino, Anna Ammendola, Agata Di Noi, Alessandro Gori, Silvia Casini. Multi-biomarker approach and IBR index to evaluate the effects of different contaminants on the ecotoxicological status of Apis mellifera. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020; 208 ():111486.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Caliani; Tommaso Campani; Barbara Conti; Francesca Cosci; Stefano Bedini; Antonella D’Agostino; Anna Ammendola; Agata Di Noi; Alessandro Gori; Silvia Casini. 2020. "Multi-biomarker approach and IBR index to evaluate the effects of different contaminants on the ecotoxicological status of Apis mellifera." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 208, no. : 111486.
The essential oils extracted from mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruits, and from tea tree (Maleleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel) leaves have been chemically analyzed and tested for their bioactivity against D. suzukii. Besides, to estimate consumers’ acceptability of the essential oil (EO) treatments, we evaluated their impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the EO-treated fruits. The main chemical constituents of the two EOs were 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol for M. alternifolia (22.4% and 17.6% of the total components, respectively), and limonene (83.6% of the total components) for C. reticulata. The behavioral tests indicate that the two EOs are able to deter D. suzukii oviposition and that D. suzukii shows positive chemotaxis to low concentrations of the EOs and negative chemotaxis when the EO concentration increases. While no negative effects on the organoleptic profiles were detected for fruits treated with C. reticulata EO, the olfactory profile of fruits treated with M. alternifolia EO was so negative that they were defined as “not suitable for consumption” by panellists. Overall, our findings indicate that the use of EOs for the post-harvest protection of small fruits is feasible, provided that the essential oils are selected not only for their bioactivity against the insect pest but also for their affinity with the consumers’ sensorial system.
Stefano Bedini; Francesca Cosci; Camilla Tani; Erika Carla Pierattini; Francesca Venturi; Andrea Lucchi; Claudio Ioriatti; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Giuseppe Ferroni; Isabella Taglieri; Barbara Conti. Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile. Insects 2020, 11, 508 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Francesca Cosci, Camilla Tani, Erika Carla Pierattini, Francesca Venturi, Andrea Lucchi, Claudio Ioriatti, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Giuseppe Ferroni, Isabella Taglieri, Barbara Conti. Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile. Insects. 2020; 11 (8):508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Francesca Cosci; Camilla Tani; Erika Carla Pierattini; Francesca Venturi; Andrea Lucchi; Claudio Ioriatti; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Giuseppe Ferroni; Isabella Taglieri; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile." Insects 11, no. 8: 508.
Mosquito-borne arboviruses diseases cause a substantial public health burden within their expanding range. To date, their control relies on synthetic insecticides and repellents aimed to control the competent mosquito vectors. However, their use is hampered by their high economic, environmental, and human health impacts. Natural products may represent a valid eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides to control mosquitoes, and mosquito-borne parasitic diseases. The aim of this work was to combine the chemical and sensorial profiles with the bioactivity data of Salvia spp. essential oils (EOs) to select the most suitable EO to be used as a repellent and insecticide against the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of pathogens and parasites, and to describe the EOs smell profile. To do this, the EOs of four Salvia species, namely S. dolomitica, S. dorisiana, S. sclarea, and S. somalensis were extracted, chemically analyzed and tested for their bioactivity as larvicides and repellents against Ae. albopictus. Then, the smell profiles of the EOs were described by a panel of assessors. The LC50 of the EOs ranged from 71.08 to 559.77 μL L−1 for S. dorisiana and S. sclarea, respectively. S. sclarea EO showed the highest repellence among the tested EOs against Ae. albopictus females (RD95 = 12.65 nL cm−2), while the most long-lasting, at the dose of 20 nL cm−2, was S. dorisiana (Complete Protection Time = 43.28 ± 3.43 min). S. sclarea EO showed the best smell profile, while S. dolomitica EO the worst one with a high number of off-flavors. Overall, all the EOs, with the exception of the S. dolomitica one, were indicated as suitable for “environmental protection”, while S. dorisiana and S. sclarea were indicated as suitable also for “Body care”.
Basma Najar; Luisa Pistelli; Francesca Venturi; Giuseppe Ferroni; Silvia Giovanelli; Claudio Cervelli; Stefano Bedini; Barbara Conti. Salvia Spp. Essential Oils against the Arboviruses Vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Bioactivity, Composition, and Sensorial Profile—Stage 1. Biology 2020, 9, 206 .
AMA StyleBasma Najar, Luisa Pistelli, Francesca Venturi, Giuseppe Ferroni, Silvia Giovanelli, Claudio Cervelli, Stefano Bedini, Barbara Conti. Salvia Spp. Essential Oils against the Arboviruses Vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Bioactivity, Composition, and Sensorial Profile—Stage 1. Biology. 2020; 9 (8):206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasma Najar; Luisa Pistelli; Francesca Venturi; Giuseppe Ferroni; Silvia Giovanelli; Claudio Cervelli; Stefano Bedini; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Salvia Spp. Essential Oils against the Arboviruses Vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Bioactivity, Composition, and Sensorial Profile—Stage 1." Biology 9, no. 8: 206.
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from the aromatic plants Artemisia annua, Artemisia verlotiorum, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus reticulata were investigated as repellents against the honey bees parasitic mite Varroa destructor. In laboratory tests, all EOs except C. reticulata exerted significant repellent activity against the mite after 24 h exposure. C. verumwas the most effective EO against V. destructor (median effective concentration EC50 =1.30 μL L−1), and the least toxic against honey bees (EC50 = 13.29 μL L−1). Because of its high selectivity ratio (A. mellifera LD50/V. destructor EC50 = 10.22), C. verum EO was then tested to control varroosis in colonies in field trials. The results of open field tests confirmed the efficacy observed in the laboratory. After one week of treatment, colonies treated with the EO showed a significant reduction of V. destructor infestation (about 65% at the dose of 25.0 μL L−1) and no negative effects on A. mellifera. Overall, our experiment indicated that C. verum EO could be used to effectively control varroosis in the hive with no side effects on the bee colonies.
Barbara Conti; Rossella Bocchino; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini. Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research 2020, 59, 774 -782.
AMA StyleBarbara Conti, Rossella Bocchino, Francesca Cosci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Stefano Bedini. Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2020; 59 (5):774-782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbara Conti; Rossella Bocchino; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini. 2020. "Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera." Journal of Apicultural Research 59, no. 5: 774-782.
The present work evaluates for the first time two Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) aromatic waters obtained from different plant organs, the flowers and the stems. Both extracts were analysed by GC-MS, which indicates semi-quantitative differences between the major metabolites including linalool, 1,8-cineole, camphor, linalyl acetate and 4-terpineol. 1H-NMR and LC-MS investigation confirmed the presence of these compounds. Moreover, behavioural tests with the food insect pest Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) showed a good repellency for both hydrosols extracts with RD50 values of 3.6 and 3.3 µL·cm−2 for the flowers and stems, respectively; at the higher concentrations, however, the hydrosol extract from the flowers is expected to be more effective than the one from the stems. The effect of the flowers and stems aromatic water of Lavandin on seed germination of Raphanus sativus was also evaluated. Results showed that seed germination was completely inhibited by flowers hydrolate, having a possible application as natural herbicide. The overall experience with these Lavandin extracts indicates the potential of improved hydrolates to become the main distillation products, rather than by-products, of the aromatic plants manufacturing; this stimulates further discussions about the potential positive impacts that such a shift could have in the context of ecopharmacognosy.
Matteo Politi; Luigi Menghini; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Pier Luigi Cioni; Alessandra Braca; Marinella De Leo. Reconsidering Hydrosols as Main Products of Aromatic Plants Manufactory: The Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) Case Study in Tuscany. Molecules 2020, 25, 2225 .
AMA StyleMatteo Politi, Luigi Menghini, Barbara Conti, Stefano Bedini, Priscilla Farina, Pier Luigi Cioni, Alessandra Braca, Marinella De Leo. Reconsidering Hydrosols as Main Products of Aromatic Plants Manufactory: The Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) Case Study in Tuscany. Molecules. 2020; 25 (9):2225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatteo Politi; Luigi Menghini; Barbara Conti; Stefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Pier Luigi Cioni; Alessandra Braca; Marinella De Leo. 2020. "Reconsidering Hydrosols as Main Products of Aromatic Plants Manufactory: The Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) Case Study in Tuscany." Molecules 25, no. 9: 2225.
Nanoparticles represent a promising technology to enhance the efficacy of bioactive materials and a large number of studies showed the effectiveness of nanostructured materials against various arthropod species of economic importance. In this work nanostructured alumina (NSA) was prepared using sol-gel method and the effect of NSA was evaluated as seed protectant against the main seed-infesting insect pests Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Besides, we tested the effects of NSA on seed germination and plant growth and finally, we assessed the presence of NSA as a contaminant in the leaves of bean plants germinated from NSA-treated seeds. The results showed significant insecticidal activity of NSA against the three tested species. After sixteen days, the percentage of insect mortality at the highest NSA concentration tested (400 mg kg−1) was 100.00% for S. paniceum followed by O. surinamensis (80.64%) and T. confusum (79.41%). Besides, in-vitro tests indicated that NSA has no effects on seeds germination and on radicle and shoot elongation. No effects of NSA were also observed in pot tests on the bean’s plants. No differences were recorded in the leaves area, stoma density and roots length. On the contrary, the shoot of plants from NSA-treated beans was about 66% higher than the one of the non-treated plants (shoot, 15.07 cm for the control and 22.76 cm for NSA-treated plants). Finally, no contamination by alumina particles was found by EDX-system coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on the surface of the P. vulgaris leaves obtained from NSA-treated beans. Overall, the results showed that NSA could be an effective protective agent for the control insect pests during the seeds storage.
Chiraz Belhamel; Lila Boulekbache–Makhlouf; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Tiziana Lombardi; Paolo Giannotti; Khodir Madani; Kamel Belhamel; Barbara Conti. Nanostructured alumina as seed protectant against three stored-product insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 87, 101607 .
AMA StyleChiraz Belhamel, Lila Boulekbache–Makhlouf, Stefano Bedini, Camilla Tani, Tiziana Lombardi, Paolo Giannotti, Khodir Madani, Kamel Belhamel, Barbara Conti. Nanostructured alumina as seed protectant against three stored-product insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 87 ():101607.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiraz Belhamel; Lila Boulekbache–Makhlouf; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Tiziana Lombardi; Paolo Giannotti; Khodir Madani; Kamel Belhamel; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Nanostructured alumina as seed protectant against three stored-product insect pests." Journal of Stored Products Research 87, no. : 101607.
Blowflies are known vectors of many foodborne pathogens and unintentional human ingestion of maggots by meat consumption may lead to intestinal myiasis. In fact, the control of insect pests is an important aspect of industrial and home-made food processing and blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), which are among the most important pests involved in the damage of meat products. Most spices, largely used in food preparations and industry, contain essential oils that are toxic and repellent against insects and exert antimicrobial activity. In this study, we assessed the electro-antennographic responses, the oviposition deterrence, the toxicity, and the repellence of the essential oils (EOs) of Allium sativum L., Salvia officinalis L., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. against the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria L. We tested the EOs antibacterial and antifungal properties and the efficacy of an A. sativum EO-charged mist sprayed in the tunnel entryway of a meat processing room to form an olfactive barrier against the entrance of flies. The results showed that the EOs are perceived by female blowfly’ antennae and exert an evident repellent activity against them completely deterring the oviposition for up to 24 h starting from the concentration of 2.5 μL cm−2 EO. The EOs also exhibited toxic activity by both topical application (LD50 from 0.44 to 1.97 μL insect−1) and fumigation (LC50 from 1.76 to 31.52 μL L−1) against adults of C. vomitoria and were able to exert a clear antimicrobial activity toward pathogens. Lastly, the EO-charged mist was able to reduce by about 40% the presence of Calliphoridae in the meat processing room of a dry-ham factory.
Stefano Bedini; Salvatore Guarino; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Augusto Loni; Barbara Conti. Allium sativum, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils: A Spiced Shield against Blowflies. Insects 2020, 11, 143 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Salvatore Guarino, Maria Cristina Echeverria, Guido Flamini, Roberta Ascrizzi, Augusto Loni, Barbara Conti. Allium sativum, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils: A Spiced Shield against Blowflies. Insects. 2020; 11 (3):143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Salvatore Guarino; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Augusto Loni; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Allium sativum, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils: A Spiced Shield against Blowflies." Insects 11, no. 3: 143.
The fig tree weevil Aclees sp. cf. foveatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), introduced in Italy in 2005, is currently causing significant economic and environmental losses to fig tree nurseries and orchards in Central Italy. Fig damages are due to the adults feeding on leaves and fruits, and to the galleries dug by the xylophagous larvae in the trunk, which lead the plants to death. To date, no chemical or biological control methods resulted to be effective against this invasive pest. In order to gain information about possible semiochemicals involved in mate recognition and choice, both the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the epicuticular lipids of male and female specimens were analysed. VOCs emissions of specimens were characterized essentially by monoterpenes, while epicuticular lipids contained long chained 2-ketones, alkanes, alkenes, including some methyl alkenes, and several fatty acid propyl esters. The attractiveness of reconstituted VOCs blends of the two sexes was tested in electrophysiological and behavioural assays in laboratory conditions. Both the male and the female reconstituted VOCs drove a significant response towards individuals of the opposite sex, thus demonstrating features of sexual attractants. Our results suggest a possible application of VOCs blends as pheromonic attractants in field monitoring and mass trapping of Aclees sp. cf. foveatus.
Immacolata Iovinella; Erika Carla Pierattini; Stefano Bedini; Francesca Romana Dani; Salvatore Guarino; Andrea Lucchi; Paolo Giannotti; Giorgio Cuzzupoli; Jessica Girardi; Barbara Conti. Semiochemicals for intraspecific communication of the fig weevil Aclees sp. cf. foveatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a first survey. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1092 -8.
AMA StyleImmacolata Iovinella, Erika Carla Pierattini, Stefano Bedini, Francesca Romana Dani, Salvatore Guarino, Andrea Lucchi, Paolo Giannotti, Giorgio Cuzzupoli, Jessica Girardi, Barbara Conti. Semiochemicals for intraspecific communication of the fig weevil Aclees sp. cf. foveatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a first survey. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1092-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleImmacolata Iovinella; Erika Carla Pierattini; Stefano Bedini; Francesca Romana Dani; Salvatore Guarino; Andrea Lucchi; Paolo Giannotti; Giorgio Cuzzupoli; Jessica Girardi; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Semiochemicals for intraspecific communication of the fig weevil Aclees sp. cf. foveatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a first survey." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1092-8.
Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) is considered as one of the most destructive foodstuff pests. Due to their efficiency, low toxicity for mammalians and low environmental impact, plant-derived essential oils (EOs) are promising tools for pest control. In particular, the OEs extracted from Lamiaceae are considered among the most bioactive in terms of repellent and/or insecticidal effect. Here, we investigated the repellence of the EOs extracted from two aromatic plant species typical of the flora of the Ecuadorian Andes, Clinopodium tomentosum and C. nubigeum, against adults of S. zeamais. The behavioral assays carried out at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 23.9 μL L-1 air in a two-way static olfactometer showed a significant repellent effect starting from the concentration of 8.4 mL L-1 air both for the EO of C. nubigenum and C. tomentosum. We also carried out a complete structural analysis of the antenna of S. zeamais using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in order to characterize the olfactory sensilla equipment. In this species, there is no sexual dimorphism also as regards to the antennal morphology and the sensilla type and distribution. We identified six type of sensilla, among which at least three types (Sensillum Trichoideum 1, Sensillum Trichoideum 2 and Grooved Peg Sensillum) can be considered as olfactory. Electroantennography (EAG) recordings carried out on S. zeamais revealed a positive dose-response to both EOs, without differences between the two sexes.
Roberto Romani; Stefano Bedini; Gianandrea Salerno; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Priscilla Farina; Barbara Conti. Andean Flora as a Source of New Repellents against Insect Pests: Behavioral, Morphological and Electrophysiological Studies on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects 2019, 10, 171 .
AMA StyleRoberto Romani, Stefano Bedini, Gianandrea Salerno, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Maria Cristina Echeverria, Priscilla Farina, Barbara Conti. Andean Flora as a Source of New Repellents against Insect Pests: Behavioral, Morphological and Electrophysiological Studies on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects. 2019; 10 (6):171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberto Romani; Stefano Bedini; Gianandrea Salerno; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Priscilla Farina; Barbara Conti. 2019. "Andean Flora as a Source of New Repellents against Insect Pests: Behavioral, Morphological and Electrophysiological Studies on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Insects 10, no. 6: 171.
Essential oils (EOs) have gained increasing interest as a low-toxic, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic repellents and insecticides against insect pests. However, they have scarce practical application in the protection of stored grain because of their limited efficacy and their interference with the organoleptic properties of the grain. In this study, we evaluated the olfactory profile of the EOs of Foeniculum vulgare, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ocimum basilicum, and their toxicity against the main stored grain pest Sitophilus granarius. Trained assessors identified O. basilicum and F. vulgare, as more suitable than the P. lentiscus EO for the wheat treatment. In laboratory tests, the most toxic EO was the P. lentiscus (LC50 = 36.36 μL∙kg−1) while, the least toxic, was the F. vulgare one (LC50 = 77.59 μL∙kg−1). The EOs were also tested combined with diatomaceous earths (DEs) showing synergistic effects (co-toxicity coefficient values ranging from 1.36 to 3.35 for O. basilicum and F. vulgare EOs, respectively). Overall, O. basilicum resulted as the best EO for the wheat treatment, considering its insect toxicity and olfactory profile. In real storage conditions, the wheat co-treated with O. basilicum EO and DEs showed a significantly lower mean infestation (1.5 insect kg−1) than the non-treated wheat (7.0 insect kg−1).
Erika Carla Pierattini; Stefano Bedini; Francesca Venturi; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Rossella Bocchino; Jessica Girardi; Paolo Giannotti; Giuseppe Ferroni; Barbara Conti. Sensory Quality of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect with Diatomaceous Earth, for the Control of Stored Grain Insects. Insects 2019, 10, 114 .
AMA StyleErika Carla Pierattini, Stefano Bedini, Francesca Venturi, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Rossella Bocchino, Jessica Girardi, Paolo Giannotti, Giuseppe Ferroni, Barbara Conti. Sensory Quality of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect with Diatomaceous Earth, for the Control of Stored Grain Insects. Insects. 2019; 10 (4):114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErika Carla Pierattini; Stefano Bedini; Francesca Venturi; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Rossella Bocchino; Jessica Girardi; Paolo Giannotti; Giuseppe Ferroni; Barbara Conti. 2019. "Sensory Quality of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect with Diatomaceous Earth, for the Control of Stored Grain Insects." Insects 10, no. 4: 114.
Cutaneous myiasis is a severe worldwide medical and veterinary issue. In this trial the essential oil (EO) of the Andean medicinal plant species Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze was evaluated for its bioactivity against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera Calliphoridae) and compared with that of the well-known medicinal plant species Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The EOs were analysed and tested in laboratory for their oviposition deterrence and toxicity against L. sericata adults. The physiology of EO toxicity was evaluated by enzymatic inhibition tests. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the EOs were tested as well. At 0.8 μL cm-2, both EOs completely deterred L. sericata oviposition up to 3 hours. After 24 h, the oviposition deterrence was still 82.7% for L. angustifolia and the 89.5% for C. nubigenum. The two EOs were also toxic to eggs and adults of L. sericata. By contact/fumigation, the EOs, the LC50 values against the eggs were 0.07 and 0.48 μL cm-2 while, by topical application on the adults, LD50 values were 0.278 and 0.393 μL per individual for C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia EOs, respectively. Inhibition of acetylcholine esterase of L. sericata by EOs (IC50 = 67.450 and 79.495 mg L-1 for C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia, respectively) suggested that the neural sites are targets of the EO toxicity. Finally, the observed antibacterial and antifungal properties of C. nubigenum and L. angustifolia EOs suggest that they could also help prevent secondary infections.
Stefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Maria C. Echeverria; Evelin V. Gomez; Lucia Guidi; Marco Landi; Andrea Lucchi; Barbara Conti. Toxicity and oviposition deterrence of essential oils of Clinopodium nubigenum and Lavandula angustifolia against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0212576 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Guido Flamini, Francesca Cosci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Maria C. Echeverria, Evelin V. Gomez, Lucia Guidi, Marco Landi, Andrea Lucchi, Barbara Conti. Toxicity and oviposition deterrence of essential oils of Clinopodium nubigenum and Lavandula angustifolia against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (2):e0212576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Maria C. Echeverria; Evelin V. Gomez; Lucia Guidi; Marco Landi; Andrea Lucchi; Barbara Conti. 2019. "Toxicity and oviposition deterrence of essential oils of Clinopodium nubigenum and Lavandula angustifolia against the myiasis-inducing blowfly Lucilia sericata." PLOS ONE 14, no. 2: e0212576.
Despite the extensive cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) maize and considerable number of scientific reports on its agro-environmental impact, the risks and benefits of GE maize are still being debated and concerns about safety remain. This meta-analysis aimed at increasing knowledge on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits of GE maize by analyzing the peer-reviewed literature (from 1996 to 2016) on yield, grain quality, non-target organisms (NTOs), target organisms (TOs) and soil biomass decomposition. Results provided strong evidence that GE maize performed better than its near isogenic line: grain yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with lower concentrations of mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). The NTOs analyzed were not affected by GE maize, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn borer, the target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical cycle parameters such as lignin content in stalks and leaves did not vary, whereas biomass decomposition was higher in GE maize. The results support the cultivation of GE maize, mainly due to enhanced grain quality and reduction of human exposure to mycotoxins. Furthermore, the reduction of the parasitoid of the target and the lack of consistent effects on other NTOs are confirmed.
Elisa Pellegrino; Stefano Bedini; Marco Nuti; Laura Ercoli. Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -12.
AMA StyleElisa Pellegrino, Stefano Bedini, Marco Nuti, Laura Ercoli. Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisa Pellegrino; Stefano Bedini; Marco Nuti; Laura Ercoli. 2018. "Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-12.
Synanthropic flies play a considerable role in the transmission of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, the essential oil (EO) of two aromatic plants, Artemisia annua and Artemisia dracunculus, were evaluated for their abilities to control the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Artemisia annua and A. dracunculus EOs were extracted, analysed and tested in laboratory bioassays. Besides, the physiology of EOs toxicity and the EOs antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. Both Artemisia EOs deterred C. vomitoria oviposition on fresh beef meat. At 0.05 μl cm-2A. dracunculus EO completely inhibited C. vomitoria oviposition. Toxicity tests, by contact, showed LD50 of 0.49 and 0.79 μl EO per fly for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. By fumigation, LC50 values were 49.55 and 88.09 μl l-1 air for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. EOs AChE inhibition in C. vomitoria (IC50 = 202.6 and 472.4 mg l-1, respectively, for A. dracunculus and A. annua) indicated that insect neural sites are targeted by the EOs toxicity. Finally, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the two Artemisia EOs may assist in the reduction of transmission of microbial infections/contaminations. Results suggest that Artemisia EOs could be of use in the control of C. vomitoria, a common vector of pathogenic microorganisms and agent of human and animal cutaneous myiasis. The prevention of pathogenic and parasitic infections is a priority for human and animal health. The Artemisia EOs could represent an eco-friendly, low-cost alternative to synthetic repellents and insecticides to fight synanthropic disease-carrying blowflies.
Stefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Lucia Guidi; Marco Landi; Andrea Lucchi; Barbara Conti. Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Parasites & Vectors 2017, 10, 1 -10.
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Guido Flamini, Francesca Cosci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Maria Cristina Echeverria, Lucia Guidi, Marco Landi, Andrea Lucchi, Barbara Conti. Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Parasites & Vectors. 2017; 10 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Maria Cristina Echeverria; Lucia Guidi; Marco Landi; Andrea Lucchi; Barbara Conti. 2017. "Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria." Parasites & Vectors 10, no. 1: 1-10.
Over the past several decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) cultivation. Besides fibre, seeds and oil, hemp contains high quantity of essential oil (EO). Hop (Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae) is a high-climbing, perennial vine, largely utilized in the brewing industry to add flavour and bitterness to beer. While it is known that hop also contains α- and ß-acids, and terpenes that have been found to be toxic, anti-feedant, and repellent for insects and mites, little is known about the bioactivity against problematic species of the hemp EO. In this study, the chemical composition of the EOs from C. sativa and H. lupulus was evaluated by GC–MS, and their acute toxicity was assessed against the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera Culicidae) and, the freshwater bladder snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud) (Mollusca Physidae), two problematic invasive species. Furthermore, we evaluated the toxicity of both EOs against a non-target insect, the mayfly Cloeon dipterum L. (Ephemeroptera Baetidae). Both EOs were toxic against the three tested species. The most effective EO was the C. sativa, able to kill 100% of P. acuta snails starting from 100 μL L−1. C. sativa LC50 were 301.560, 282.174 and, 35.370 μL L−1, while H. lupulus LC50 were 330.855, 219.787 and, 118.653 μL L−1 against A. albopictus, C. dipterum and P. acuta, respectively. Relative median potency analysis showed that the C. sativa EO was more toxic than H. lupulus against A. albopictus and P. acuta, while H. lupulus was more toxic than C. sativa EO against C. dipterum. The most susceptible species to the two EOs was P. acuta, while A. albopictus resulted the least susceptible one.
Stefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Giovanni Benelli; Barbara Conti. Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus essential oils as novel control tools against the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and fresh water snail Physella acuta. Industrial Crops and Products 2016, 85, 318 -323.
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Guido Flamini, Francesca Cosci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Giovanni Benelli, Barbara Conti. Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus essential oils as novel control tools against the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and fresh water snail Physella acuta. Industrial Crops and Products. 2016; 85 ():318-323.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Giovanni Benelli; Barbara Conti. 2016. "Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus essential oils as novel control tools against the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and fresh water snail Physella acuta." Industrial Crops and Products 85, no. : 318-323.
Mosquito-borne diseases represent a deadly threat for millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, pathogens and parasites polluting water also constitute a severe plague for populations of developing countries. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgN) were biosynthesized a cheap aqueous extract of T. asiatica leaves as reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of nanoparticle was confirmed by surface Plasmon resonance band illustrated in UV–vis spectrophotometer. AgN were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. AgN were mostly spherical in shape, crystalline in nature, with face-centered cubic geometry, and their mean size was 25–30 nm. T. asiatica aqueous extract and green-synthesized AgN showed excellent larvicidal and pupicidal toxicity against the filariasis vector Culex quinqufasciatus, both in laboratory and field experiments. AgN LC50 ranged from 16.48 (I instar larvae) to 31.83 ppm (pupae). T. asiatica-synthesized were also highly effective in inhibiting growth of Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi using the agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration protocol. Lastly, we evaluated if sublethal doses of nanoparticles affect predation rates of fishes, Poecilia reticulata, against C. quinquefasciatus. In AgN-contaminated environment, predation of guppies against mosquito larvae was slightly higher over normal laboratory conditions. Overall, this study highlighted that T. asiatica-synthesized AgN are easy to produce, stable over time, and may be employed at low dosages to reduce populations of filariasis vectors, without detrimental effects on predation rates of mosquito natural enemies.
Kadarkarai Murugan; Joseph Selvaraj Eugine Venus; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Stefano Bedini; Barbara Conti; Marcello Nicoletti; Santosh Kumar Sarkar; Jiang-Shiou Hwang; Jayapal Subramaniam; Pari Madhiyazhagan; Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar; Devakumar Dinesh; Udaiyan Suresh; Giovanni Benelli. Biosynthesis, mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of Toddalia asiatica-synthesized silver nanoparticles: do they impact predation of guppy Poecilia reticulata against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015, 22, 17053 -17064.
AMA StyleKadarkarai Murugan, Joseph Selvaraj Eugine Venus, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Stefano Bedini, Barbara Conti, Marcello Nicoletti, Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, Jayapal Subramaniam, Pari Madhiyazhagan, Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar, Devakumar Dinesh, Udaiyan Suresh, Giovanni Benelli. Biosynthesis, mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of Toddalia asiatica-synthesized silver nanoparticles: do they impact predation of guppy Poecilia reticulata against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015; 22 (21):17053-17064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadarkarai Murugan; Joseph Selvaraj Eugine Venus; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Stefano Bedini; Barbara Conti; Marcello Nicoletti; Santosh Kumar Sarkar; Jiang-Shiou Hwang; Jayapal Subramaniam; Pari Madhiyazhagan; Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar; Devakumar Dinesh; Udaiyan Suresh; Giovanni Benelli. 2015. "Biosynthesis, mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of Toddalia asiatica-synthesized silver nanoparticles: do they impact predation of guppy Poecilia reticulata against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 21: 17053-17064.
Spent hops is a waste produced in large amount by the brewing industry. Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus granarius are insects that cause important economic losses of stored foods. In this study, for the first time, spent hops has been evaluated as a source of essential oil (EO) and chemicals with repellent activity against R. dominica and S. granarius. Spent hops EO yield was 0.11 %. The terpenes myrcene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene were its main components (47 %). Spent hops EO RD50 values were 0.01 and 0.19 μL cm−2 for R. dominica and S. granarius, respectively. Among the chemicals, myrcene was able to exert the highest repellency against R. dominica (RD50 = 0.27 µM cm−2), while limonene was the most effective compound against S. granarius (RD50 = 0.89 µM cm−2). These results indicate spent hops as an excellent source of EO and chemicals to be utilized as low-cost, eco-friendly insect pests repellents in the protection of stored food.
Stefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Jessica Girardi; Francesca Cosci; Barbara Conti. Not just for beer: evaluation of spent hops (Humulus lupulus L.) as a source of eco-friendly repellents for insect pests of stored foods. Journal of Pest Science 2015, 88, 583 -592.
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Guido Flamini, Jessica Girardi, Francesca Cosci, Barbara Conti. Not just for beer: evaluation of spent hops (Humulus lupulus L.) as a source of eco-friendly repellents for insect pests of stored foods. Journal of Pest Science. 2015; 88 (3):583-592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Guido Flamini; Jessica Girardi; Francesca Cosci; Barbara Conti. 2015. "Not just for beer: evaluation of spent hops (Humulus lupulus L.) as a source of eco-friendly repellents for insect pests of stored foods." Journal of Pest Science 88, no. 3: 583-592.