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Jingchen Sun
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

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Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Viruses
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Viruses rely on host cell metabolism to provide the necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors for successful viral replication. Infection of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), has been studied extensively in the past to unravel interactions between baculoviruses and their lepidopteran hosts. To understand the interaction between the host metabolic responses and BmNPV infection, we analyzed global metabolic changes associated with BmNPV infection in silkworm hemolymph. Our metabolic profiling data suggests that amino acid metabolism is strikingly altered during a time course of BmNPV infection. Amino acid consumption is increased during BmNPV infection at 24 h post infection (hpi), but their abundance recovered at 72 hpi. Central carbon metabolism, on the other hand, particularly glycolysis and glutaminolysis, did not show obvious changes during BmNPV infection. Pharmacologically inhibiting the glycolytic pathway and glutaminolysis also failed to reduce BmNPV replication, revealing that glycolysis and glutaminolysis are not essential during BmNPV infection. This study reveals a unique amino acid utilization process that is implemented during BmNPV infection. Our metabolomic analysis of BmNPV-infected silkworm provides insights as to how baculoviruses induce alterations in host metabolism during systemic infection.

ACS Style

Min Feng; Shigang Fei; Junming Xia; Mengmeng Zhang; Hongyun Wu; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. Global Metabolic Profiling of Baculovirus Infection in Silkworm Hemolymph Shows the Importance of Amino-Acid Metabolism. Viruses 2021, 13, 841 .

AMA Style

Min Feng, Shigang Fei, Junming Xia, Mengmeng Zhang, Hongyun Wu, Luc Swevers, Jingchen Sun. Global Metabolic Profiling of Baculovirus Infection in Silkworm Hemolymph Shows the Importance of Amino-Acid Metabolism. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Feng; Shigang Fei; Junming Xia; Mengmeng Zhang; Hongyun Wu; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. 2021. "Global Metabolic Profiling of Baculovirus Infection in Silkworm Hemolymph Shows the Importance of Amino-Acid Metabolism." Viruses 13, no. 5: 841.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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The viruses utilize multiple cellular proteins to facilitate their proliferation. The Heat Shock Protein (HSP), the highly conserved protein in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, plays a critical role in facilitating viral proliferation. However, less is known about the role of the HSPs in the life cycles of the Baculoviruses. We constructed recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus and discovered the Heat Shock Protein 75 (TRAP1) in the B. mori ovary (BmN) cells by the co-immunoprecipitation experiment using the GP64 (glycoprotein 64) as the bait protein. Tissue expression profile analysis of B. mori indicated that the TRAP1 gene has higher expression levels in the ovary, midgut, and hemolymph. Down-regulation of TRAP1 via RNA interference (RNAi) and geldanamycin (GA, a TRAP1 inhibitor) treatment can reduce the expression level of the major capsid protein VP39 (viral protein 39) of BmNPV. In contrast, the up-regulation of TRAP1 via overexpression can increase the expression level of the VP39. These results indicated that the TRAP1 of B. mori could facilitate the proliferation of the BmNPV. This study provided new insights into the function of TRAP1, and the basic mechanisms of the baculoviruses life cycle for disease prevention.

ACS Style

Xiong Wang; Yinong Zhang; Shigang Fei; Mian Muhammad Awais; Hao Zheng; Min Feng; Jingchen Sun. Heat Shock Protein 75 (TRAP1) facilitate the proliferation of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2021, 175, 372 -378.

AMA Style

Xiong Wang, Yinong Zhang, Shigang Fei, Mian Muhammad Awais, Hao Zheng, Min Feng, Jingchen Sun. Heat Shock Protein 75 (TRAP1) facilitate the proliferation of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 175 ():372-378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiong Wang; Yinong Zhang; Shigang Fei; Mian Muhammad Awais; Hao Zheng; Min Feng; Jingchen Sun. 2021. "Heat Shock Protein 75 (TRAP1) facilitate the proliferation of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 175, no. : 372-378.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Journal of General Virology
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Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a typical single-layer capsid dsRNA virus belonging to the genus Cypovirus in the family Reoviridae. The results of cryo-electron microscopy showed that the BmCPV capsid consists of 60 asymmetric units, and each asymmetric unit contains one turret protein (TP), two large protrusion proteins (LPP) and two capsid shell proteins (CSP). CSP has the ability to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and the small protrusion domain (SPD) in CSP may play an essential role in the assembly of viral capsids. In this study, three critical amino acid sites, D828, S829 and V945, in the SPD were efficiently mutated (point mutation) based on the principle of PCR circular mutagenesis. Moreover, a multi-gene expression system, Ac-MultiBac baculovirus, was used to produce eight different recombinant VLPs in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the single site and double site mutations had little effect on the efficiency and morphology of the assembly of VLPs. Still, the simultaneous mutation of the three sites had a significant impact. The experimental results demonstrate that the SPD of CSP plays an essential role in assembly of the viral capsid, which lays the foundation for further analysis of the molecular and structural mechanism of BmCPV capsid assembly.

ACS Style

Feifei Ren; Luc Swevers; Qiuyuan Lu; Yongchao Zhao; Jiming Yan; Haiyun Li; Jingchen Sun. Effect of mutations in capsid shell protein on the assembly of BmCPV virus-like particles. Journal of General Virology 2020, jgv001542 .

AMA Style

Feifei Ren, Luc Swevers, Qiuyuan Lu, Yongchao Zhao, Jiming Yan, Haiyun Li, Jingchen Sun. Effect of mutations in capsid shell protein on the assembly of BmCPV virus-like particles. Journal of General Virology. 2020; ():jgv001542.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feifei Ren; Luc Swevers; Qiuyuan Lu; Yongchao Zhao; Jiming Yan; Haiyun Li; Jingchen Sun. 2020. "Effect of mutations in capsid shell protein on the assembly of BmCPV virus-like particles." Journal of General Virology , no. : jgv001542.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Virus Research
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Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 (BmCPV1) is a member of the Reoviridae family which is characterized by its single-layered capsid. Similar with other turreted viruses in the Reoviridae, transcription of BmCPV1 occurs inside the capsid, and the nascent mRNA is released to the turret which consists of five turret proteins (TPs) and located at the 5-fold axis of the outer capsid, then the capping enzyme TP will guanylate and methylate the nascent viral mRNA to produce a matured mRNA. However, during these processes, how the BmCPV1 draws other cellular proteins to facilitate its replication is still lesser-known. Here we used an ELISA to investigate the interaction between ALP and BmCPV1. A co-immunoprecipitation technique was employed to detect the interaction of ALP with the Methylase domain of TP. We further studied whether ALP affects the replication of BmCPV1 inside the cell, results show that reducing the expression of ALP through RNAi reduced the transcription level of the BmCPV1 VP1 gene, which was increased by overexpression of ALP. In summary, our data demonstrate an interaction between ALP and BmCPV1 and that ALP promoted the replication of BmCPV1, and support our hypothesis of the ALP is an RTPase to facilitate the capping process of BmCPV1.

ACS Style

Qiuyuan Lu; Feifei Ren; Jiming Yan; Yinong Zhang; Mian Awais; Jian He; Jingchen Sun. Alkaline phosphatase can promote the replication of Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 by interaction with its turret protein. Virus Research 2020, 292, 198261 .

AMA Style

Qiuyuan Lu, Feifei Ren, Jiming Yan, Yinong Zhang, Mian Awais, Jian He, Jingchen Sun. Alkaline phosphatase can promote the replication of Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 by interaction with its turret protein. Virus Research. 2020; 292 ():198261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiuyuan Lu; Feifei Ren; Jiming Yan; Yinong Zhang; Mian Awais; Jian He; Jingchen Sun. 2020. "Alkaline phosphatase can promote the replication of Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 by interaction with its turret protein." Virus Research 292, no. : 198261.

Original article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Archives of Virology
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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a major pathogen associated with swine diseases. It is the smallest single-stranded DNA virus, and its genome contains four major open reading frames (ORFs). ORF2 encodes the major structural protein Cap, which can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro and contains the primary antigenic determinants. In this study, we developed a high-efficiency method for obtaining VLPs and optimized the purification conditions. In this method, we expressed the protein Cap with a 6× His tag using baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae as well as the E. coli BL21(DE3) prokaryotic expression system. The PCV2 Cap proteins produced by the silkworm larvae and E. coli BL21(DE3) were purified. Cap proteins purified from silkworm larvae self-assembled into VLPs in vitro, while the Cap proteins purified from bacteria were unable to self-assemble. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the self-assembly of VLPs. The immunogenicity of the VLPs produced using the baculovirus system was demonstrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the purification process was optimized. The results demonstrated that the expression system using baculovirus-infected silkworm larvae is a good choice for obtaining VLPs of PCV2 and has potential for the development of a low-cost and efficient vaccine.

ACS Style

Qianhua He; Zhenming Cao; Pengwei Wang; Qiuyuan Lu; Hao Zheng; Jingchen Sun. Efficient application of a baculovirus-silkworm larvae expression system for obtaining porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles for a vaccine. Archives of Virology 2020, 165, 2301 -2309.

AMA Style

Qianhua He, Zhenming Cao, Pengwei Wang, Qiuyuan Lu, Hao Zheng, Jingchen Sun. Efficient application of a baculovirus-silkworm larvae expression system for obtaining porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles for a vaccine. Archives of Virology. 2020; 165 (10):2301-2309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qianhua He; Zhenming Cao; Pengwei Wang; Qiuyuan Lu; Hao Zheng; Jingchen Sun. 2020. "Efficient application of a baculovirus-silkworm larvae expression system for obtaining porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles for a vaccine." Archives of Virology 165, no. 10: 2301-2309.

Original article
Published: 04 May 2020 in Insect Science
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Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated. Here, silkworm piRNA profiles of uninfected and BmNPV‐infected fat body and midgut were determined by high‐through sequencing in the early stages of BmNPV infection. A total of 2675 and 3396 genome‐derived piRNAs were identified from fat body and midgut, respectively. These genome‐derived piRNAs mainly originated from unannotated instead of transposon regions in the silkworm genome. In total, 572 piRNAs were associated with 280 putative target genes in fat body and 805 piRNAs with 380 target genes in midgut. Compared to uninfected tissues, 322 and 129 piRNAs were significantly up‐regulated in BmNPV‐infected fat body and midgut, respectively. In addition, 276 and 117 piRNAs were significantly down‐regulated. Moreover, differentially expressed (DE) piRNAs during BmNPV infection differed significantly between fat body and midgut. Putative DE piRNA–targeted genes were associated with “response to stimulus” and “environmental information processing” in fat body after infection with BmNPV, which may indicate an active piRNA response to BmNPV infection in fat body. This study may lay the foundation for future research of the potential roles of the piRNA pathway and specific piRNAs in BmNPV pathogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Min Feng; Anna Kolliopoulou; Yao‐Hong Zhou; Shi‐Gang Fei; Jun‐Ming Xia; Luc Swevers; Jing‐Chen Sun. The piRNA response to BmNPV infection in the silkworm fat body and midgut. Insect Science 2020, 28, 662 -679.

AMA Style

Min Feng, Anna Kolliopoulou, Yao‐Hong Zhou, Shi‐Gang Fei, Jun‐Ming Xia, Luc Swevers, Jing‐Chen Sun. The piRNA response to BmNPV infection in the silkworm fat body and midgut. Insect Science. 2020; 28 (3):662-679.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Feng; Anna Kolliopoulou; Yao‐Hong Zhou; Shi‐Gang Fei; Jun‐Ming Xia; Luc Swevers; Jing‐Chen Sun. 2020. "The piRNA response to BmNPV infection in the silkworm fat body and midgut." Insect Science 28, no. 3: 662-679.

Original article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), as an important calcium sensor in plants, are widely involved in the signal transmission process of growth and development, pathogen defense response and biotic or abiotic stress. In this study, we cloned in mulberry leaves, the full-length CDS sequence of MaCDPK1, which encodes 573 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 5.36. Bioinformatics analysis found MaCDPK1 have a classical kinase domain and an EF-hands domain. We obtained the wild-type and the mutant-type of MaCDPK1(CDPK1 and mCDPK1) by prokaryotic expression and purification. Through kinase assay, it was found that CDPK1 has intact enzymatic activity and exhibits Mg2+ and Ca2+ dependence with a Km of 30 µM and a Vmax of 100,000 [RLU]/min/µg. However, the mCDPK1 has no activity, which means that aspartic acid at position 234th is critical for the activity. The 1500 bp upstream of the start codon of the MaCDPK1 gene contains core promoter elements TAAT-box and CAAT-box, and contains response elements associated with adverse signals such as light, drought, and abscisic acid. The tissues expression level of MaCDPK1 gene in different tissues of mulberry trees under different stress conditions reflect complex expression patterns, indicating that the MaCDPK1 gene responded to stress tolerance. These results are likely to indicate that MaCDPK1 positively regulates salt and drought stress in Morus atropurpurea Roxb.

ACS Style

Zhenming Cao; Qianhua He; Pengwei Wang; Jiming Yan; Main Muhammad Awais; Zicheng Liu; Huichao Yan; Jingchen Sun. Functional characteristics of a calcium-dependent protein kinase (MaCDPK1) enduring stress tolerance from Morus atropurpurea Roxb. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2020, 141, 131 -143.

AMA Style

Zhenming Cao, Qianhua He, Pengwei Wang, Jiming Yan, Main Muhammad Awais, Zicheng Liu, Huichao Yan, Jingchen Sun. Functional characteristics of a calcium-dependent protein kinase (MaCDPK1) enduring stress tolerance from Morus atropurpurea Roxb. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2020; 141 (1):131-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenming Cao; Qianhua He; Pengwei Wang; Jiming Yan; Main Muhammad Awais; Zicheng Liu; Huichao Yan; Jingchen Sun. 2020. "Functional characteristics of a calcium-dependent protein kinase (MaCDPK1) enduring stress tolerance from Morus atropurpurea Roxb." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 141, no. 1: 131-143.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2019 in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
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Endogenous RNA transcription characterizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses in the Reoviridae, a family that is exemplified by its simple, single-shelled member cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV). Because of the lack of in situ structures of the intermediate stages of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) during transcription, it is poorly understood how RdRp detects environmental cues and internal transcriptional states to initiate and coordinate repeated cycles of transcript production inside the capsid. Here, we captured five high-resolution (2.8–3.5 Å) RdRp–RNA in situ structures—representing quiescent, initiation, early elongation, elongation and abortive states—under seven experimental conditions of CPV. We observed the ‘Y’-form initial RNA fork in the initiation state and the complete transcription bubble in the elongation state. These structures reveal that de novo RNA transcription involves three major conformational changes during state transitions. Our results support an ouroboros model for endogenous conservative transcription in dsRNA viruses. In situ cryo-electron microscopy structures of five intermediate states of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus reveals how repeated cycles of double-stranded RNA genome transcription are regulated within viral particles.

ACS Style

Yanxiang Cui; Yinong Zhang; Kang Zhou; Jingchen Sun; Z. Hong Zhou. Conservative transcription in three steps visualized in a double-stranded RNA virus. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2019, 26, 1023 -1034.

AMA Style

Yanxiang Cui, Yinong Zhang, Kang Zhou, Jingchen Sun, Z. Hong Zhou. Conservative transcription in three steps visualized in a double-stranded RNA virus. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 2019; 26 (11):1023-1034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanxiang Cui; Yinong Zhang; Kang Zhou; Jingchen Sun; Z. Hong Zhou. 2019. "Conservative transcription in three steps visualized in a double-stranded RNA virus." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 26, no. 11: 1023-1034.

Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology
Published: 29 August 2019 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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Type III interferon (IFN-λ) has recently been shown to exert a significant antiviral impact against viruses in vertebrates. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), which causes tumor disease and immunosuppression in infected chicken, is a retrovirus that is difficult to prevent and control because of a lack of vaccines and drugs. Here, we obtained chicken IFN-λ (chIFN-λ) using a silkworm bioreactor and demonstrated that chIFN-λ has antiviral activity against ALV-J infection of both chicken embryo fibroblast cell line (DF1) and epithelial cell line (LMH). We found that chIFN-λ triggered higher levels of particular type III interferon-stimulated genes (type III ISGs) including myxovirus resistance protein (Mx), viperin (RSAD2), and interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in DF1 and LMH cells. Furthermore, over-expression of Mx, viperin, and IFITM3 could inhibit ALV-J infection in DF1 and LMH cells. Therefore, these results suggested that the anti-ALV-J function of chIFN-λ was specifically implemented by induction of expression of type III ISGs. Our data identified chIFN-λ as a critical antiviral agent of ALV-J infection and provides a potentially and attractive platform for the production of commercial chIFN-λ.

ACS Style

Min Feng; Nan Zhang; Tingting Xie; Feifei Ren; Zhenming Cao; Xiaoqun Zeng; Luc Swevers; Xiquan Zhang; Jingchen Sun. Chichen type III interferon produced by silkworm bioreactor induces ISG expression and restricts ALV-J infection in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2019, 103, 8473 -8483.

AMA Style

Min Feng, Nan Zhang, Tingting Xie, Feifei Ren, Zhenming Cao, Xiaoqun Zeng, Luc Swevers, Xiquan Zhang, Jingchen Sun. Chichen type III interferon produced by silkworm bioreactor induces ISG expression and restricts ALV-J infection in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019; 103 (20):8473-8483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Feng; Nan Zhang; Tingting Xie; Feifei Ren; Zhenming Cao; Xiaoqun Zeng; Luc Swevers; Xiquan Zhang; Jingchen Sun. 2019. "Chichen type III interferon produced by silkworm bioreactor induces ISG expression and restricts ALV-J infection in vitro." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103, no. 20: 8473-8483.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2019 in Viruses
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The published genome sequence of Antheraea yamamai (Saturnnidae) was used to construct a library of long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons that is representative of the wild silkmoth (Antherea) genus, and that includes 22,666 solo LTRs and 541 full-length LTRs. The LTR retrotransposons of Antheraea yamamai (AyLTRs) could be classified into the three canonical groups of Gypsy, Copia and Belpao. Eleven AyLTRs contained the env gene element, but the relationship with the env element of baculovirus, particularly A. yamamai and pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus (AyNPV and ApNPV), was distant. A total of 251 “independent” full-length AyLTRs were identified that were located within 100 kb distance (downstream or upstream) of 406 neighboring genes in A. yamamai. Regulation of these genes might occur in cis by the AyLTRs, and the neighboring genes were found to be enriched in GO terms such as “response to stimulus”, and KEGG terms such as “mTOR signaling pathway” among others. Furthermore, the library of LTR-retrotransposons and the A. yamamai genome were used to identify and analyze the expression of LTR-retrotransposons and genes in ApNPV-infected and non-infected A. pernyi larval midguts, using raw data of a published transcriptome study. Our analysis demonstrates that 93 full-length LTR-retrotransposons are transcribed in the midgut of A. pernyi of which 12 significantly change their expression after ApNPV infection (differentially expressed LTR-retrotransposons or DELs). In addition, the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and neighboring DELs on the chromosome following ApNPV infection suggests the possibility of regulation of expression of DEGs by DELs through a cis mechanism, which will require experimental verification. When examined in more detail, it was found that genes involved in Notch signaling and stress granule (SG) formation were significantly up-regulated in ApNPV-infected A. pernyi larval midgut. Moreover, several DEGs in the Notch and SG pathways were found to be located in the neighborhood of particular DELs, indicating the possibility of DEG-DEL cross-regulation in cis for these two pathways.

ACS Style

Min Feng; Feifei Ren; Yaohong Zhou; Nan Zhang; Qiuyuan Lu; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. Correlation in Expression between LTR Retrotransposons and Potential Host Cis-Targets during Infection of Antherea pernyi with ApNPV Baculovirus. Viruses 2019, 11, 421 .

AMA Style

Min Feng, Feifei Ren, Yaohong Zhou, Nan Zhang, Qiuyuan Lu, Luc Swevers, Jingchen Sun. Correlation in Expression between LTR Retrotransposons and Potential Host Cis-Targets during Infection of Antherea pernyi with ApNPV Baculovirus. Viruses. 2019; 11 (5):421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Feng; Feifei Ren; Yaohong Zhou; Nan Zhang; Qiuyuan Lu; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. 2019. "Correlation in Expression between LTR Retrotransposons and Potential Host Cis-Targets during Infection of Antherea pernyi with ApNPV Baculovirus." Viruses 11, no. 5: 421.

Original article
Published: 28 March 2019 in Molecular Genetics and Genomics
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In insects, RNAi is considered the major antiviral immune defense pathway. DsRNAs produced during viral infection are processed by Dicer enzymes into small RNAs that function as specificity determinants to silence viral genes. By contrast, in mammals, recognition of molecules associated with viral infection, such as dsRNA, by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the production and release of signaling proteins with antiviral function such as interferons. However, in insects, the hypothesis that components of virions can be recognized as pathogen-activated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate the innate immune response has not been investigated systematically. In this study, the potential of VP1, that constitutes the major capsid protein of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV; Reoviridae), to activate a collection of immune-related genes was examined in silkworm-derived Bm5 cells. Two different methods of VP1 administration were tested, either through endogenous expression in transformed cell lines, or through addition of purified VP1-based viral-like particles to the extracellular medium. In addition, exposure to CPV virions isolated from purified polyhedra was also performed. In general, our results do not show a robust transcriptional response of immune-related genes to VP1 or CPV virions, but two exceptions were noted. First, the expression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene Attacin was strongly induced after 24 h of exposure to VP1-based VLPs. Second, the expression levels of dcr-2, an essential gene in the RNAi pathway, were greatly increased in VP1-expressing transformed Sf21 cells but not transformed Bm5 cells, indicating the existence of species-specific effects. However, the increased expression of dcr-2 did not result in increased silencing efficiency when tested in an RNAi reporter assay. Our study indicates that the capsid protein VP1 of CPV has the potential to act as a PAMP and to induce a transcriptional response in insect cells that relate both to RNAi and protein effectors such as AMPs. The identity of the PRRs and the signaling cascade that are potentially triggered by VP1 remain to be elucidated in future experiments. While this study was performed on a small scale, it can encourage more comprehensive studies with high-throughput approaches (microarray, deep sequencing) to search more systematically whether viral capsid proteins can act as PAMPs in insects and whether their production results in the induction of immune-related genes with potential antiviral function.

ACS Style

Yongchao Zhao; Anna Kolliopoulou; Feifei Ren; Qiuyuan Lu; Vassiliki Labropoulou; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. Transcriptional response of immune-related genes after endogenous expression of VP1 and exogenous exposure to VP1-based VLPs and CPV virions in lepidopteran cell lines. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2019, 294, 887 -899.

AMA Style

Yongchao Zhao, Anna Kolliopoulou, Feifei Ren, Qiuyuan Lu, Vassiliki Labropoulou, Luc Swevers, Jingchen Sun. Transcriptional response of immune-related genes after endogenous expression of VP1 and exogenous exposure to VP1-based VLPs and CPV virions in lepidopteran cell lines. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 2019; 294 (4):887-899.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongchao Zhao; Anna Kolliopoulou; Feifei Ren; Qiuyuan Lu; Vassiliki Labropoulou; Luc Swevers; Jingchen Sun. 2019. "Transcriptional response of immune-related genes after endogenous expression of VP1 and exogenous exposure to VP1-based VLPs and CPV virions in lepidopteran cell lines." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 294, no. 4: 887-899.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2019 in Veterinary Research
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Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection can cause tumors and immunosuppression in infected chickens. Macrophages play a central role in host defense against invading pathogens. In this study, we discovered an interesting phenomenon: ALV-J replication is weakened from 3 hours post-infection (hpi) to 36 hpi, which was verified using Western blotting and RT-PCR. To further investigate the interaction between ALV-J and macrophages, transcriptome analysis was performed to analyze the host genes’ function in chicken primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Compared to the uninfected control, 624 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEG) and 341 down-regulated DEG at 3 hpi, and 174 up-regulated DEG and 87 down-regulated DEG at 36 hpi were identified in chicken MDM, respectively. ALV-J infection induced strong innate immune responses in chicken MDM at 3 hpi, instead of 36 hpi, according to the analysis results of Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway. Importantly, the host factors, such as up-regulated MIP-3α, IL-1β, iNOS, K60, IRG1, CH25H, NFKBIZ, lysozyme and OASL were involved in the host defense response during the course of ALV-J infection. On the contrary, up-regulated EX-FABP, IL4I1, COX-2, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3 and the Jak STAT pathway inhibitors including CISH, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are beneficial to ALV-J survival in chicken macrophages. We speculated that ALV-J tropism for macrophages helps to establish a latent infection in chicken MDM from 6 to 36 hpi. The present study provides a comprehensive view of the interactions between macrophages and ALV-J. It suggests the mechanisms of defense of chicken macrophages against ALV-J invasion and how ALV-J escape the host innate immune responses.

ACS Style

Min Feng; Tingting Xie; Yuanfang Li; Nan Zhang; Qiuyuan Lu; Yaohong Zhou; Meiqing Shi; Jingchen Sun; Xiquan Zhang. A balanced game: chicken macrophage response to ALV-J infection. Veterinary Research 2019, 50, 20 .

AMA Style

Min Feng, Tingting Xie, Yuanfang Li, Nan Zhang, Qiuyuan Lu, Yaohong Zhou, Meiqing Shi, Jingchen Sun, Xiquan Zhang. A balanced game: chicken macrophage response to ALV-J infection. Veterinary Research. 2019; 50 (1):20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Feng; Tingting Xie; Yuanfang Li; Nan Zhang; Qiuyuan Lu; Yaohong Zhou; Meiqing Shi; Jingchen Sun; Xiquan Zhang. 2019. "A balanced game: chicken macrophage response to ALV-J infection." Veterinary Research 50, no. 1: 20.

Original article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Molecular Genetics and Genomics
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Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), which is a member of the Baculoviridae family, is a significant pathogen of the silkworm. The infection of BmNPV is often lethal and causes about 20% loss of cocoon in the silk industry annually. To explore the effects of different gene inhibition strategies on the replication cycle of baculovirus, we constructed the mutant virus to infect BmN cells directly and further identified ie0, ie1, and gp64 as the essential viral genes of BmNPV. To elucidate the significance of the inhibition effect of different interference strategies, we characterized and constructed the recombinant BmNPV that carried a single or multigene-interfering cassette. The results showed that the inhibition effect of dsie1 on target gene expression, virus titer, and silkworm mortality was significantly better than that of dsie0 and dsgp64. It also showed that the dsie1 interference produced fewer progeny virions and was less lethal, which indicates that ie1 played a more critical role in the BmNPV replication cycle. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of the virus titer and mortality indicated that the multigene co-interference constructed by the baculovirus expression system was significantly better than the interference of any single-gene (p < 0.05). In summary, the strategy of multigene synergy can achieve the function of continuous interference and provide a new platform for the breeding of silkworm disease resistant. In addition, this strategy improves the various traits of the silkworm.

ACS Style

Hao Zheng; Feifei Ren; Qiuyuan Lu; Zhenming Cao; Jichen Song; Min Feng; Jisheng Liu; Jingchen Sun. An efficient method for multigene co-interference by recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2018, 294, 111 -120.

AMA Style

Hao Zheng, Feifei Ren, Qiuyuan Lu, Zhenming Cao, Jichen Song, Min Feng, Jisheng Liu, Jingchen Sun. An efficient method for multigene co-interference by recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 2018; 294 (1):111-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Zheng; Feifei Ren; Qiuyuan Lu; Zhenming Cao; Jichen Song; Min Feng; Jisheng Liu; Jingchen Sun. 2018. "An efficient method for multigene co-interference by recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 294, no. 1: 111-120.

Original article
Published: 19 June 2018 in Molecular Genetics and Genomics
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The classical baculovirus display system (BDS) has often recruited fields including gene delivery, gene therapy, and the genetic engineering of vaccines, as it is capable of presenting foreign polypeptides on the membranes of recombinant baculovirus through a transmembrane protein. However, classical BDS’s high cost, complicated operation, low display efficiency and its inability to simultaneously display multiple gene products impede its practicality. In this study, we present a novel and highly efficient display system based on ires-dependent gp64 for rescuing gp64-null Bacmid of baculovirus construction without affecting the viral replication cycle, which we name the baculovirus multigene display system (BMDS). Laser scanning confocal microscopy demonstrated that eGFP, eYFP, and mCherry were translocated on the membrane of Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cell successfully as expected. Western blot analysis further confirmed the presence of the fluorescent proteins on the budded, mature viral particles. The results showed the display efficiency of target gene on cell surface is fourfold that of classical BDS. In addition, a recombinant baculovirus displaying three kinds of fluorescent proteins simultaneously was constructed, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of BMDS as a co-display system.

ACS Style

Hao Zheng; Xiong Wang; Feifei Ren; Shenglong Zou; Min Feng; Liangliang Xu; Lunguang Yao; Jingchen Sun. Construction of a highly efficient display system for baculovirus and its application on multigene co-display. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2018, 293, 1265 -1277.

AMA Style

Hao Zheng, Xiong Wang, Feifei Ren, Shenglong Zou, Min Feng, Liangliang Xu, Lunguang Yao, Jingchen Sun. Construction of a highly efficient display system for baculovirus and its application on multigene co-display. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 2018; 293 (5):1265-1277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Zheng; Xiong Wang; Feifei Ren; Shenglong Zou; Min Feng; Liangliang Xu; Lunguang Yao; Jingchen Sun. 2018. "Construction of a highly efficient display system for baculovirus and its application on multigene co-display." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 293, no. 5: 1265-1277.

Original article
Published: 26 September 2016 in Molecular and General Genetics MGG
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Human type II collagen is a macromolecular protein found throughout the human body. The baculovirus expression vector system is one of the most ideal systems for the routine production and display of recombinant eukaryotic proteins in insect, larvae, and mammalian cells. We use this system to express a full-length gene, human type II collagen cDNA (4257 bp), in cultured Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells (Sf9), Bombyx mori cells, and silkworm larvae. In this study, the expression of human type II collagen gene in both insect cells and silkworm larvae was purified by nickel column chromatography, leading to 300-kDa bands in SDS-PAGE and western blotting indicative of collagen α-chains organized in a triple-helical structure. About 1 mg/larva human type II collagen is purified from silkworm skin, which shows a putative large scale of collagen production way. An activity assay of recombinant human type II collagen expressed by silkworm larvae demonstrated that the recombinant protein has considerable bioactive properties. Scanning electron microscopy of purified proteins clearly reveals randomly distributed and pitted structures. We conclude that the baculovirus-silkworm multigene expression system can be used as an efficient platform for express active human type II collagen and other complicated eukaryotic proteins.

ACS Style

Qi Qi; Lunguang Yao; Zhisheng Liang; Donghua Yan; Zhuo Li; Yadong Huang; Jingchen Sun. Production of human type II collagen using an efficient baculovirus-silkworm multigene expression system. Molecular and General Genetics MGG 2016, 291, 2189 -2198.

AMA Style

Qi Qi, Lunguang Yao, Zhisheng Liang, Donghua Yan, Zhuo Li, Yadong Huang, Jingchen Sun. Production of human type II collagen using an efficient baculovirus-silkworm multigene expression system. Molecular and General Genetics MGG. 2016; 291 (6):2189-2198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qi Qi; Lunguang Yao; Zhisheng Liang; Donghua Yan; Zhuo Li; Yadong Huang; Jingchen Sun. 2016. "Production of human type II collagen using an efficient baculovirus-silkworm multigene expression system." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 291, no. 6: 2189-2198.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2016 in BMC Genomics
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Analysis of codon usage bias is an extremely versatile method using in furthering understanding of the genetic and evolutionary paths of species. Codon usage bias of envelope glycoprotein genes in nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) has remained largely unexplored at present. Hence, the codon usage bias of NPV envelope glycoprotein was analyzed here to reveal the genetic and evolutionary relationships between different viral species in baculovirus genus. A total of 9236 codons from 18 different species of NPV of the baculovirus genera were used to perform this analysis. Glycoprotein of NPV exhibits weaker codon usage bias. Neutrality plot analysis and correlation analysis of effective number of codons (ENC) values indicate that natural selection is the main factor influencing codon usage bias, and that the impact of mutation pressure is relatively smaller. Another cluster analysis shows that the kinship or evolutionary relationships of these viral species can be divided into two broad categories despite all of these 18 species are from the same baculovirus genus. There are many elements that can affect codon bias, such as the composition of amino acids, mutation pressure, natural selection, gene expression level, and etc. In the meantime, cluster analysis also illustrates that codon usage bias of virus envelope glycoprotein can serve as an effective means of evolutionary classification in baculovirus genus.

ACS Style

Yongchao Zhao; Hao Zheng; Anying Xu; Donghua Yan; Zijian Jiang; Qi Qi; Jingchen Sun. Analysis of codon usage bias of envelope glycoprotein genes in nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and its relation to evolution. BMC Genomics 2016, 17, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Yongchao Zhao, Hao Zheng, Anying Xu, Donghua Yan, Zijian Jiang, Qi Qi, Jingchen Sun. Analysis of codon usage bias of envelope glycoprotein genes in nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and its relation to evolution. BMC Genomics. 2016; 17 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongchao Zhao; Hao Zheng; Anying Xu; Donghua Yan; Zijian Jiang; Qi Qi; Jingchen Sun. 2016. "Analysis of codon usage bias of envelope glycoprotein genes in nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and its relation to evolution." BMC Genomics 17, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2015 in eLife
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MRNA transcription in dsRNA viruses is a highly regulated process but the mechanism of this regulation is not known. Here, by nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) assay and comparisons of six high-resolution (2.9–3.1 Å) cryo-electron microscopy structures of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus with bound ligands, we show that the large sub-domain of the guanylyltransferase (GTase) domain of the turret protein (TP) also has an ATP-binding site and is likely an ATPase. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) acts as a signal and binds the methylase-2 domain of TP to induce conformational change of the viral capsid, which in turn activates the putative ATPase. ATP binding/hydrolysis leads to an enlarged capsid for efficient mRNA synthesis, an open GTase domain for His217-mediated guanylyl transfer, and an open methylase-1 domain for SAM binding and methyl transfer. Taken together, our data support a role of the putative ATPase in mediating the activation of mRNA transcription and capping within the confines of the virus.

ACS Style

Xuekui Yu; Jiansen Jiang; Jingchen Sun; Z Hong Zhou. A putative ATPase mediates RNA transcription and capping in a dsRNA virus. eLife 2015, 4, e07901 .

AMA Style

Xuekui Yu, Jiansen Jiang, Jingchen Sun, Z Hong Zhou. A putative ATPase mediates RNA transcription and capping in a dsRNA virus. eLife. 2015; 4 ():e07901.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuekui Yu; Jiansen Jiang; Jingchen Sun; Z Hong Zhou. 2015. "A putative ATPase mediates RNA transcription and capping in a dsRNA virus." eLife 4, no. : e07901.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2015 in BMC Genomics
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The analysis of codon usage is a good way to understand the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of an organism. However, there are only a few reports related with the codon usage of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori). Hence, the codon usage of B. mori was analyzed here to reveal the constraint factors and it could be helpful to improve the bioreactor based on B. mori. A total of 1,097 annotated mRNA sequences from B. mori were analyzed, revealing there is only a weak codon bias. It also shows that the gene expression level is related to the GC content, and the amino acids with higher general average hydropathicity (GRAVY) and aromaticity (Aromo). And the genes on the primary axis are strongly positively correlated with the GC content, and GC3s. Meanwhile, the effective number of codons (ENc) is strongly correlated with codon adaptation index (CAI), gene length, and Aromo values. However, the ENc values are correlated with the second axis, which indicates that the codon usage in B. mori is affected by not only mutation pressure and natural selection, but also nucleotide composition and the gene expression level. It is also associated with Aromo values, and gene length. Additionally, B. mori has a greater relative discrepancy in codon preferences with Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) than with Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), Escherichia coli (E. coli), or Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The codon usage bias in B. mori is relatively weak, and many influence factors are found here, such as nucleotide composition, mutation pressure, natural selection, and expression level. Additionally, it is also associated with Aromo values, and gene length. Among them, natural selection might play a major role. Moreover, the “optimal codons” of B. mori are all encoded by G and C, which provides useful information for enhancing the gene expression in B. mori through codon optimization.

ACS Style

Xian Jia; Shuyu Liu; Hao Zheng; Bo Li; Qi Qi; Lei Wei; Taiyi Zhao; Jian He; Jingchen Sun. Non-uniqueness of factors constraint on the codon usage in Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics 2015, 16, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Xian Jia, Shuyu Liu, Hao Zheng, Bo Li, Qi Qi, Lei Wei, Taiyi Zhao, Jian He, Jingchen Sun. Non-uniqueness of factors constraint on the codon usage in Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics. 2015; 16 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xian Jia; Shuyu Liu; Hao Zheng; Bo Li; Qi Qi; Lei Wei; Taiyi Zhao; Jian He; Jingchen Sun. 2015. "Non-uniqueness of factors constraint on the codon usage in Bombyx mori." BMC Genomics 16, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2015 in Archives of Virology
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Porcine parvovirus (PPV) causes reproductive failure in pigs, which leads to economic losses to the industry. As reported previously, LiCl efficiently impairs the replication of a variety of viruses, including the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and pseudorabies herpesvirus. We demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of PPV replication in swine testis (ST) cells by LiCl is dose-dependent, and that the antiviral effect of LiCl occurred in the early phase of PPV replication. These results indicate that LiCl might be an effective anti-PPV drug to control PPV disease. Further studies are required to explore the mechanism of the antiviral effect of LiCl on PPV infection in vivo.

ACS Style

Ye Chen; Huichao Yan; Hao Zheng; Yuzhen Shi; Lingsuang Sun; Chong Wang; Jingchen Sun. Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus. Archives of Virology 2015, 160, 1015 -1020.

AMA Style

Ye Chen, Huichao Yan, Hao Zheng, Yuzhen Shi, Lingsuang Sun, Chong Wang, Jingchen Sun. Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus. Archives of Virology. 2015; 160 (4):1015-1020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ye Chen; Huichao Yan; Hao Zheng; Yuzhen Shi; Lingsuang Sun; Chong Wang; Jingchen Sun. 2015. "Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus." Archives of Virology 160, no. 4: 1015-1020.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2014 in BMC Evolutionary Biology
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Synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB) is an inevitable phenomenon in organismic taxa, generally referring to differences in the occurrence frequency of codons across different species or within the genome of the same species. SCUB happens in various degrees under pressure from nature selection, mutation bias and other factors in different ways. It also attaches great significance to gene expression and species evolution, however, a systematic investigation towards the codon usage in Bombyx mori (B. mori) has not been reported yet. Moreover, it is still indistinct about the reasons contributing to the bias or the relationship between the bias and the evolution of B. mori. The comparison of the codon usage pattern between the genomic DNA (gDNA) and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from B. mori suggests that mtDNA has a higher level of codon bias. Furthermore, the correspondence analysis suggests that natural selection, such as gene length, gene function and translational selection, dominates the codon preference of mtDNA, while the composition constraints for mutation bias only plays a minor role. Additionally, the clustering results of the silkworm superfamily suggest a lack of explicitness in the relationship between the codon usage of mitogenome and species evolution. Among the complicated influence factors leading to codon bias, natural selection is found to play a major role in shaping the high bias in the mtDNA of B. mori from our current data. Although the cluster analysis reveals that codon bias correlates little with the species evolution, furthermore, a detailed analysis of codon usage of mitogenome provides better insight into the evolutionary relationships in Lepidoptera. However, more new methods and data are needed to investigate the relationship between the mtDNA bias and evolution.

ACS Style

Lei Wei; Jian He; Xian Jia; Qi Qi; Zhisheng Liang; Hao Zheng; Yao Ping; Shuyu Liu; Jingchen Sun. Analysis of codon usage bias of mitochondrial genome in Bombyx moriand its relation to evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Lei Wei, Jian He, Xian Jia, Qi Qi, Zhisheng Liang, Hao Zheng, Yao Ping, Shuyu Liu, Jingchen Sun. Analysis of codon usage bias of mitochondrial genome in Bombyx moriand its relation to evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2014; 14 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Wei; Jian He; Xian Jia; Qi Qi; Zhisheng Liang; Hao Zheng; Yao Ping; Shuyu Liu; Jingchen Sun. 2014. "Analysis of codon usage bias of mitochondrial genome in Bombyx moriand its relation to evolution." BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, no. 1: 1-12.