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In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young camels were fed Indigofera spicata (337 µg indospicine/kg BW/day) for 32 days, at which time three camels were euthanized. The remaining camels were monitored for a further 100 days after cessation of this indospicine diet. In a retrospective investigation, relative levels of indospicine foregut-metabolism products were examined by UHPLC-MS/MS in plasma, collected during both accumulation and depletion stages of this experiment. The metabolite 2-aminopimelamic acid could be detected at low levels in almost all plasma samples, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid could not be detected. In the euthanized camels, 2-aminopimelamic acid could be found in all tissues except muscle, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid was only found in the kidney, pancreas, and liver tissues. The clearance rate for these metabolites was considerably greater than for indospicine, which was still present in plasma of the remaining camels 100 days after cessation of Indigofera consumption.
Gabriele Netzel; Eddie T. T. Tan; Mukan Yin; Cindy Giles; Ken W. L. Yong; Rafat Al Jassim; Mary T. Fletcher. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata. Toxins 2019, 11, 169 .
AMA StyleGabriele Netzel, Eddie T. T. Tan, Mukan Yin, Cindy Giles, Ken W. L. Yong, Rafat Al Jassim, Mary T. Fletcher. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Netzel; Eddie T. T. Tan; Mukan Yin; Cindy Giles; Ken W. L. Yong; Rafat Al Jassim; Mary T. Fletcher. 2019. "Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata." Toxins 11, no. 3: 169.
High-producing dairy cows enter a period of negative energy balance during the first weeks of lactation. Energy intake is usually sufficient to cover the increase in energy requirements for fetal growth during the period before calving, but meeting the demand for energy is often difficult during the early stages of lactation. A catabolic state predominates during the transition period, leading to the mobilisation of energy reserves (NEFA and amino acids) that are utilised mainly by the liver and muscle. Increased uptake of mobilised NEFA by the liver, combined with the limited capacity of hepatocytes to either oxidise fatty acids for energy or to incorporate esterified fatty acids into VLDL results in fatty liver syndrome and ketosis. This metabolic disturbance can affect the general health, and it causes economic losses. Different nutritional strategies have been used to restrict negative effects associated with the energy challenge in transition cows. The provision of choline in the form of rumen-protected choline (RPC) can potentially improve liver function by increasing VLDL exportation from the liver. RPC increases gene expression of microsomal TAG transfer protein and APOB100 that are required for VLDL synthesis and secretion. Studies with RPC have looked at gene expression, metabolic hormones, metabolite profiles, milk production and postpartum reproduction. A reduction in liver fat and enhanced milk production has been observed with RPC supplementation. However, the effects of RPC on health and reproduction are equivocal, which could reflect the lack of sufficient dose–response studies.
Arash Shahsavari; Michael J. D’Occhio; Rafat Al Jassim. The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition 2016, 116, 35 -44.
AMA StyleArash Shahsavari, Michael J. D’Occhio, Rafat Al Jassim. The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition. 2016; 116 (1):35-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArash Shahsavari; Michael J. D’Occhio; Rafat Al Jassim. 2016. "The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 1: 35-44.
The presence of the toxic amino acid mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala restricts its use as a protein source for ruminants. Rumen bacteria degrade mimosine to 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (DHP), which remain toxic. Synergistes jonesii is believed to be the main bacterium responsible for degradation of these toxic compounds but other bacteria may also be involved. In this study, a commercial inoculum provided by the Queensland's Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry was screened for isolation and characterization of mimosine, 3,4- and 2,3-DHP degrading bacterial strains. A new medium for screening of 2,3-DHP degrading bacteria was developed. Molecular and biochemical approaches used in this study revealed four bacterial isolates – Streptococcus lutetiensis, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus vitulinus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens – to be able to completely degrade mimosine within 7 days of incubation. It was also observed that C. butyricum and L. vitulinus were able to partially degrade 2,3-DHP within 12 days of incubation, while S. lutetiensis, was able to fully degrade both 3,4 and 2,3 DHP. Collectively, we concluded that S. jonesii is not the sole bacterium responsible for detoxification of Leucaena. Comprehensive screening of rumen fluid of cattle grazing on Leucaena pastures is needed to identify additional mimosine-detoxifying bacteria and contribute to development of more effective inoculums to be used by farmers against Leucaena toxicity.
Hooman Derakhshani; Sean W. Corley; Rafat Al Jassim. Isolation and characterization of mimosine, 3, 4 DHP and 2, 3 DHP degrading bacteria from a commercial rumen inoculum. Journal of Basic Microbiology 2016, 56, 580 -585.
AMA StyleHooman Derakhshani, Sean W. Corley, Rafat Al Jassim. Isolation and characterization of mimosine, 3, 4 DHP and 2, 3 DHP degrading bacteria from a commercial rumen inoculum. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2016; 56 (5):580-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHooman Derakhshani; Sean W. Corley; Rafat Al Jassim. 2016. "Isolation and characterization of mimosine, 3, 4 DHP and 2, 3 DHP degrading bacteria from a commercial rumen inoculum." Journal of Basic Microbiology 56, no. 5: 580-585.
Indospicine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid which occurs in Indigofera species with widespread prevalence in grazing pastures across tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. It accumulates in the tissues of grazing livestock after ingestion of Indigofera. It is a competitive inhibitor of arginase and causes both liver degeneration and abortion. Indospicine hepatoxicity occurs universally across animal species but the degree varies considerably between species, with dogs being particularly sensitive. The magnitude of canine sensitivity is such that ingestion of naturally indospicine-contaminated horse and camel meat has caused secondary poisoning of dogs, raising significant industry concern. Indospicine impacts on the health and production of grazing animals per se has been less widely documented. Livestock grazing Indigofera have a chronic and cumulative exposure to this toxin, with such exposure experimentally shown to induce both hepatotoxicity and embryo-lethal effects in cattle and sheep. In extensive pasture systems, where animals are not closely monitored, the resultant toxicosis may well occur after prolonged exposure but either be undetected, or even if detected not be attributable to a particular cause. Indospicine should be considered as a possible cause of animal poor performance, particularly reduced weight gain or reproductive losses, in pastures where Indigofera are prevalent.
Mary T. Fletcher; Rafat A. M. Al Jassim; A. Judith Cawdell-Smith. The Occurrence and Toxicity of Indospicine to Grazing Animals. Agriculture 2015, 5, 427 -440.
AMA StyleMary T. Fletcher, Rafat A. M. Al Jassim, A. Judith Cawdell-Smith. The Occurrence and Toxicity of Indospicine to Grazing Animals. Agriculture. 2015; 5 (3):427-440.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMary T. Fletcher; Rafat A. M. Al Jassim; A. Judith Cawdell-Smith. 2015. "The Occurrence and Toxicity of Indospicine to Grazing Animals." Agriculture 5, no. 3: 427-440.
The rumen modifier monensin is widely used in Australia cattle production systems. In addition to its anti-coccidial action monensin improves energy efficiency and nitrogen metabolism in rumen bacteria, and reduces the incidence of metabolic disorders such as acidosis and bloat. While monensin is considered safe for cattle, swine and poultry, it is extremely toxic to horses and incidents of toxicity have also been reported in camels. In this study, we are reporting for the first time monensin toxicosis in a camel herd in South-West Queensland, Australia (~267 km west of Brisbane). The camels were fed a cattle breeder supplements containing 250 mg/kg monensin, formulated to ensure effective concentrations if the supplement is consumed by breeder cattle at levels of 200-500 g/head/d. Blood samples were collected from 13 camels with clinical signs of monensin toxicosis and 12 healthy camels that had no exposure to monensin. Post-mortem examinations were carried out on two camels immediately after death, these animals had marked ascites. Monensin toxicoses resulted in marked decreases in albumin and increases in ALP, LDH and CPK when compared to physiologically normal healthy camels. Other parameters in the blood profile remain within normal limits. Minor to no histopathological changes were observed in the two necropsied camels however death due to rapidly developing congestive heart failure is suspected. Skeletal muscle was not examined histologically. However, the biochemical changes could be consistent with muscle necrosis.
Al Jassim Ram; Shahsavari A; Owen H And Khamas W. Gross Pathology, Biochemistry and Histopathology of Selected Organs of Camels Suffering from Suspected Monensin Toxicosis in Australia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 2015, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleAl Jassim Ram, Shahsavari A, Owen H And Khamas W. Gross Pathology, Biochemistry and Histopathology of Selected Organs of Camels Suffering from Suspected Monensin Toxicosis in Australia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology. 2015; 7 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Jassim Ram; Shahsavari A; Owen H And Khamas W. 2015. "Gross Pathology, Biochemistry and Histopathology of Selected Organs of Camels Suffering from Suspected Monensin Toxicosis in Australia." Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 7, no. 3: 1.
Forestomach fermentation in Australian marsupials such as wallabies and kangaroos, though analogous to rumen fermentation, results in lower methane emissions. Insights into hydrogenotrophy in these systems could help in devising strategies to reduce ruminal methanogenesis. Reductive acetogenesis may be a significant hydrogen sink in these systems and previous molecular analyses have revealed a novel diversity of putative acetogens in the tammar wallaby forestomach. Methanogen-inhibited enrichment cultures prepared from tammar wallaby forestomach contents consumed hydrogen and produced primarily acetate. Functional gene (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase and acetyl-CoA synthase) analyses revealed a restricted diversity of Clostridiales species as the putative acetogens in the cultures. A new acetogen (growth on H2/CO2 with acetate as primary end product) designated isolate TWA4, was obtained from the cultures. Isolate TWA4 classified within the Lachnospiraceae and demonstrated >97% rrs identity to previously isolated kangaroo acetogens. Isolate TWA4 was a potent hydrogenotroph and demonstrated excellent mixotrophic growth (concomitant consumption of hydrogen during heterotrophic growth) with glycerol. Mixotrophic growth of isolate TWA4 on glycerol resulted in increased cell densities and acetate production compared to autotrophic growth. Co-cultures with an autotrophic methanogen Methanobrevibacter smithii revealed that isolate TWA4 performed reductive acetogenesis under high hydrogen concentration (>5 mM), but not at low concentrations. Under heterotrophic growth conditions, isolate TWA4 did not significantly stimulate methanogenesis in a co-culture with M. smithii contrary to the expectation for organisms growing fermentatively. The unique properties of tammar wallaby acetogens might be contributing factors to reduced methanogen numbers and methane emissions from tammar wallaby forestomach fermentation, compared to ruminal fermentation. The macropod forestomach may be a useful source of acetogens for future strategies to reduce methane emissions from ruminants, particularly if these strategies also include some level of methane suppression and/or acetogen stimulation, for example by harnessing mixotrophic growth capabilities
Emma J Gagen; Jiakun Wang; Jagadish Padmanabha; Jing Liu; Isabela Pena Carvalho De Carvalho; Jianxin Liu; Richard I Webb; Rafat Al Jassim; Mark Morrison; Stuart E Denman; Christopher S McSweeney. Investigation of a new acetogen isolated from an enrichment of the tammar wallaby forestomach. BMC Microbiology 2014, 14, 1 -14.
AMA StyleEmma J Gagen, Jiakun Wang, Jagadish Padmanabha, Jing Liu, Isabela Pena Carvalho De Carvalho, Jianxin Liu, Richard I Webb, Rafat Al Jassim, Mark Morrison, Stuart E Denman, Christopher S McSweeney. Investigation of a new acetogen isolated from an enrichment of the tammar wallaby forestomach. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmma J Gagen; Jiakun Wang; Jagadish Padmanabha; Jing Liu; Isabela Pena Carvalho De Carvalho; Jianxin Liu; Richard I Webb; Rafat Al Jassim; Mark Morrison; Stuart E Denman; Christopher S McSweeney. 2014. "Investigation of a new acetogen isolated from an enrichment of the tammar wallaby forestomach." BMC Microbiology 14, no. 1: 1-14.
The total bacterial community of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens in fibre-enriched culture of the foregut contents of 12 adult feral camels (Camelus dromedaries) fed on native vegetation in Australia was investigated using quantitative PCR. Foregut contents were collected postmortem, pooled and filtered before divided into two fractions. One fraction was used for extraction of DNA, while the other fraction was inoculated straight away into BM 10 contained filter paper (FP), cotton thread (CT) or neutral detergent fibre (NDF) as the sole carbohydrate sources in Hungate tubes. The tubes were incubated anaerobically at 39 °C for 1 week. After a near complete degradation of the FP and CT and extensive turbidity in the NDF, media subculturing was carried out into fresh media tubes. This was repeated twice before genomic DNA was extracted and used for quantification of bacteria. Using an absolute quantification method, the numbers of cells in 1 ml of each sample ranged from 4.07 × 10(6) to 2.73 × 10(9) for total bacteria, 1.34 × 10(3) to 2.17 × 10(5) for F. succinogenes and 5.78 × 10(1) to 3.53 × 10(4) for R. flavefaciens. The mean cell number of F. succinogenes was highest in the FP enrichment medium at approximately 107-fold, whereas for the R. flavefaciens targeted primer, the NDF enrichment media had the highest mean cell number at approximately 4-fold when compared to the rumen content. The data presented here provide evidence of fibre type preference by the two main fibre-degrading bacteria and would help us understand the interaction between fibre type and fibre-degrading microorganisms, which has ramification on camel nutrition at different seasons and environments.
Anjas Asmara Samsudin; André-Denis Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. The effect of fibre source on the numbers of some fibre-degrading bacteria of Arabian camel’s (Camelus dromedarius) foregut origin. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2014, 46, 1161 -1166.
AMA StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin, André-Denis Wright, Rafat Al Jassim. The effect of fibre source on the numbers of some fibre-degrading bacteria of Arabian camel’s (Camelus dromedarius) foregut origin. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2014; 46 (7):1161-1166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin; André-Denis Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. 2014. "The effect of fibre source on the numbers of some fibre-degrading bacteria of Arabian camel’s (Camelus dromedarius) foregut origin." Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, no. 7: 1161-1166.
Mitchell D. Groves; Matthew V. N. O'sullivan; Huub J. M. Brouwers; Toni A. Chapman; Sam Abraham; Darren J. Trott; Rafat Al Jassim; Geoffrey W. Coombs; Robert L. Skov; David Jordan. Staphylococcus aureus ST398 detected in pigs in Australia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2014, 69, 1426 -1428.
AMA StyleMitchell D. Groves, Matthew V. N. O'sullivan, Huub J. M. Brouwers, Toni A. Chapman, Sam Abraham, Darren J. Trott, Rafat Al Jassim, Geoffrey W. Coombs, Robert L. Skov, David Jordan. Staphylococcus aureus ST398 detected in pigs in Australia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2014; 69 (5):1426-1428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitchell D. Groves; Matthew V. N. O'sullivan; Huub J. M. Brouwers; Toni A. Chapman; Sam Abraham; Darren J. Trott; Rafat Al Jassim; Geoffrey W. Coombs; Robert L. Skov; David Jordan. 2014. "Staphylococcus aureus ST398 detected in pigs in Australia." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, no. 5: 1426-1428.
Foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. A total of 283 16S rRNA gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. LIBSHUFF revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.
Anjas Asmara Samsudin; André-Denis G. Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. Cellulolytic Bacteria in the Foregut of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2012, 78, 8836 -8839.
AMA StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin, André-Denis G. Wright, Rafat Al Jassim. Cellulolytic Bacteria in the Foregut of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012; 78 (24):8836-8839.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin; André-Denis G. Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. 2012. "Cellulolytic Bacteria in the Foregut of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 24: 8836-8839.
The molecular diversity of the foregut bacterial community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Central Australia was investigated through comparative analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences prepared from the foregut contents of 12 adult feral camels fed on native vegetation. A total of 267 full‐length 16S rRNA gene clones were examined, with 151 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified at a 99% species‐level identity cut‐off criterion. The prediction of actual diversity in the foregut of the dromedary camel using the Chaol approach was 238 OTUs, while the richness and evenness of the diversity estimated using Shannon index was 4.84. The majority of bacteria in the current study were affiliated with the bacterial phylum Firmicutes (67% of total clones) and were related to the classes Clostridia, Bacilli and Mollicutes, followed by the Bacteroidetes (25%) that were mostly represented by the family Prevotellaceae. The remaining phyla were represented by Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cynophyta, Lentisphaerae, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Sphirochaetes. Moreover, 11 clones of cultivated bacteria were identified as Brevundimonas sp., Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella sp. and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The novelty in this foregut environment is remarkable where 97% of the OTUs were distantly related to any known sequence in the public database.
Anjas Asmara Samsudin; Paul Evans; André-Denis G. Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Environmental Microbiology 2011, 13, 3024 -3035.
AMA StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin, Paul Evans, André-Denis G. Wright, Rafat Al Jassim. Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Environmental Microbiology. 2011; 13 (11):3024-3035.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnjas Asmara Samsudin; Paul Evans; André-Denis G. Wright; Rafat Al Jassim. 2011. "Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)." Environmental Microbiology 13, no. 11: 3024-3035.
The camel is emerging as a new and important animal in the Australian livestock industry. However, little is known regarding the microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract of this ruminant-like animal. This study was carried out to determine the diversity of lactic acid-producing and lactic acid-utilising bacteria in the foregut of the feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Australia. Putative lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the foregut contents of camels by culturing on De Man, Rogosa, Sharpe and lactic acid media. Identification of representative isolates was based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Fermentation end products of glucose (i.e. volatile fatty acids and lactate) were also measured in vitro. The key predominant bacteria identified in this study were closely related to Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Lachnospira pectinoschiza and Prevotella ruminicola. The main L-lactate producers were those isolates closely related to S. bovis, S. ruminantium and Lactococcus garvieae, while the efficient lactate utilisers were S. ruminantium-related isolates. D-lactate was produced by isolates closely related to either L. pectinoschiza or S. ruminantium. The predominant bacteria isolated and characterised in this study are identical and/or closely related to those typically found in true ruminants (e.g. S. ruminantium, B. fibrisolvens, S. bovis). In addition, some of the bacteria isolated represent novel species of Lachnospira and Clostridium in the context of lactic acid bacteria from a large herbivorous host. The results from this study have contributed to our understanding and provide opportunities to reduce foregut acidosis in the camel.
M. B. Ghali; P. T. Scott; G. A. Alhadrami; R. A. M. Al Jassim. Identification and characterisation of the predominant lactic acid-producing and lactic acid-utilising bacteria in the foregut of the feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Australia. Animal Production Science 2011, 51, 597 .
AMA StyleM. B. Ghali, P. T. Scott, G. A. Alhadrami, R. A. M. Al Jassim. Identification and characterisation of the predominant lactic acid-producing and lactic acid-utilising bacteria in the foregut of the feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Australia. Animal Production Science. 2011; 51 (7):597.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. B. Ghali; P. T. Scott; G. A. Alhadrami; R. A. M. Al Jassim. 2011. "Identification and characterisation of the predominant lactic acid-producing and lactic acid-utilising bacteria in the foregut of the feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Australia." Animal Production Science 51, no. 7: 597.
The gastrointestinal tract of the horse has unique characteristics that make it well suited for the ingestion and utilization of roughage. The horse is considered a simple-stomached herbivore and is classed as a hindgut fermenter. The upper segments of the gastrointestinal tract resemble those of a typical simple-stomached animal. The lower have undergone modification to become voluminous and host to a large number of microbial populations similar to those of the compartmental stomach of ruminant animals. The main advantage of this arrangement is the ability of the horse to extract valuable nutrients from the diet before digesta reaches the hindgut where the rigid structural components that resisted enzymatic digestion at the small intestinal level undergo extensive fermentation processes.
Rafat A.M. Al Jassim; Frank M. Andrews. The Bacterial Community of the Horse Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Relation to Fermentative Acidosis, Laminitis, Colic, and Stomach Ulcers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2009, 25, 199 -215.
AMA StyleRafat A.M. Al Jassim, Frank M. Andrews. The Bacterial Community of the Horse Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Relation to Fermentative Acidosis, Laminitis, Colic, and Stomach Ulcers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 2009; 25 (2):199-215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafat A.M. Al Jassim; Frank M. Andrews. 2009. "The Bacterial Community of the Horse Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Relation to Fermentative Acidosis, Laminitis, Colic, and Stomach Ulcers." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 25, no. 2: 199-215.
Aims: To identify and characterize the major lactic acid bacteria in the rumen of dairy cattle grazing improved pasture of rye grass and white clover and receiving a maize silage and grain supplement with and without virginiamycin. Methods and Results: Eighty‐five bacterial isolates were obtained from the rumen of 16 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows. The isolates were initially grouped on the basis of their Gram morphology and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR amplified 16S rDNA. A more definitive analysis was undertaken by comparing the 16S rDNA sequences. Many of the isolates were closely related to other previously characterized rumen bacteria, including Streptococcus bovis, Lactobacillus vitulinus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella bryantii and Selenomonas ruminantium. The in vitro production of l‐ and/or d‐lactate was seen with all but five of the isolates examined, many of which were also resistant to virginiamycin. Conclusion: Supplementation of grain with virginiamycin may reduce the risk of acidosis but does not prevent its occurrence in dairy cattle grazing improved pasture. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study shows that lactic acid production is caused, not only by various thoroughly researched types of bacteria, but also by others previously identified in the rumen but not further characterized.
J.D. Hernandez; P.T. Scott; R.W. Shephard; R.A.M. Al Jassim. The characterization of lactic acid producing bacteria from the rumen of dairy cattle grazing on improved pasture supplemented with wheat and barley grain. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2008, 104, 1754 -1763.
AMA StyleJ.D. Hernandez, P.T. Scott, R.W. Shephard, R.A.M. Al Jassim. The characterization of lactic acid producing bacteria from the rumen of dairy cattle grazing on improved pasture supplemented with wheat and barley grain. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008; 104 (6):1754-1763.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.D. Hernandez; P.T. Scott; R.W. Shephard; R.A.M. Al Jassim. 2008. "The characterization of lactic acid producing bacteria from the rumen of dairy cattle grazing on improved pasture supplemented with wheat and barley grain." Journal of Applied Microbiology 104, no. 6: 1754-1763.
Seventy-two lactic acid producing bacterial isolates (excluding streptococci) were cultured from the gastrointestinal tract of six horses. Two of the horses were orally dosed with raftilose to induce lactic acidosis and laminitis while the remaining four were maintained on a roughage diet. Near complete 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of each isolate. Following RFLP analysis with the restriction enzymesMbo I,Hha I andHin fI, the PCR products from the 18 isolates that producedl- and/ord-lactate were subsequently cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the majority of the isolates were closely related to species within the genusLactobacillus, includingLactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus mucosae andLactobacillus delbrueckii. Four isolates were closely related toMitsuokella jalaludinii. Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) from the equine gastrointestinal tract was dominated by representatives from the genusLactobacillus, but also includedd-lactate-producing bacteria closely related toM. jalaludinii. Identification and characterization of LAB from the equine gastrointestinal tract should contribute to our understanding and management of fermentative acidosis, ulceration of the stomach and laminitis.
Rafat A.M. Al Jassim; Paul T. Scott; Andrea L. Trebbin; Darren Trott; Christopher C. Pollitt. The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2005, 248, 75 -81.
AMA StyleRafat A.M. Al Jassim, Paul T. Scott, Andrea L. Trebbin, Darren Trott, Christopher C. Pollitt. The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2005; 248 (1):75-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafat A.M. Al Jassim; Paul T. Scott; Andrea L. Trebbin; Darren Trott; Christopher C. Pollitt. 2005. "The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract." FEMS Microbiology Letters 248, no. 1: 75-81.